植物生态学报 ›› 2004, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (4): 562-578.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2004.0076

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于空间分析的保护生物学研究

江洪1,2, 马克平3, 张艳丽4, 朱春全5, James R. STRITTHOLT1   

  1. (1 保护生物学研究所,俄勒冈州卡瓦里斯,美国97333)(2 南京大学国际地球系统科学研究所, 南京210093) (3 中国科学院植物研究所植被数量生态学重点实验室,北京100093)(4 俄勒冈州立大学,美国97333)(5 世界自然基金会中国项目处,北京100006)
  • 收稿日期:2003-07-21 出版日期:2004-04-12 发布日期:2004-04-12
  • 通讯作者: 江洪

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY BASED ON THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS

JIANG Hong1,2, MA Ke-Ping3, ZHANG Yan-Li4, ZHU Chun-Quan5, and James R. STRITTHOLT1   

  1. (1 Conservation Biology Institute, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA)
  • Received:2003-07-21 Online:2004-04-12 Published:2004-04-12
  • Contact: JIANG Hong

摘要:

保护生物学家和生态学家早就认识到只有准确地辨识保护对象的空间位置、 范围、 及其相邻的关系(例如边缘)和连接度, 以及依存的地形和气候等生境条件, 才能发现生物种群和生境在空间的扩散与收缩、 增长与灭绝的动态, 揭示分布的格局, 从而系统、 全面地了解保护对象和生境的存在状态、 破碎程度和变化趋势, 进行有效的自然保护。 得益于新兴的空间分析技术, 保护生物学自20世纪90年代以来取得了很大的进步。基于空间分析的保护生物学研究是最近10年左右大力发展的新保护生物学的重要基础。 该文结合作者的研究工作,综述了基于空间分析的保护生物学项目, 探讨了保护生物学发展历史、 主要研究方法与应用、 以及今后的可能发展趋势。 在生物多样性的丰度和分布的空间解绎部分,通过综述世界保护监测中心的图解全球生物多样性的工作, 如国家尺度的生物多样性水平、 植物多样性的分布中心和维管束植物科的多样性等的空间分布 ,介绍了 Dobson等图示美国主要濒危植物、 鸟类、 鱼类和软体动物等4个主要类群在县(County) 为基本空间单位上分布的空间格局, 讨论了生物多样性空间解绎的意义。在第二部分用世界资源研究所的全球森林监测(Global forest watch)项目, 美国的国家保护缺失区分析(GAP analysis)项目, 美国林务局的无路自然区域(Roadless area)保护项目和加拿大自然审计(Nature audit)项目, 以及北美和东亚生物多样性空间分布的比较分析和生物入侵的空间分析等具体实例来说明生物多样性空间分布变化比较分析方法的应用。 过去20年来, 面向空间格局的生态学和保护生物学研究得到了快速的发展, 特别是空间格局的描述、 由地统计演变而成的空间统计、 地理信息系统、 基于个体(或栅格)的空间解绎模拟模型、 基于斑块(Patch)的种群理论及其发展(如复合种群理论, 源汇模型等)等。在第三部分, 以美国森林破碎度空间格局分析和美国太平洋西北演替后期森林的空间格局分析为例, 介绍了空间格局分析在保护生物学中的应用。 同时介绍了澳大利亚保护生态学家Lindenmayer 和美国著名景观生态学家Franklin 2002年提出的模板(Matrix)保护理论,把保护的眼光不局限在面积不多而且分散的保护区中,应注意景观模板和保护区相邻的原生区域的综合保护, 这样将大大扩展保护的范围, 并且平衡保护与发展的关系。最后, 介绍了在保护生物学中已有一定应用的空间模型和模拟, 包括了空间解绎模型(Spatial explicit model)、 基于过程(Process-based)的空间模拟模型、 面向代理(Agent-based)的空间适应模拟模型(SWAM)以及与此有关的动态全球植被模型(DGVM)。 通过上面的讨论和综述, 预测一个新的保护生物学的分支: 空间保护生物学, 已经逐渐成熟问世, 这门基于现代信息技术和空间技术的新学科已经而且还将为全球生物多样性的研究和保育作出重大的贡献。

关键词: 空间分析, 保护生物学, 生物多样性, 空间格局, 空间模拟, 空间统计

Abstract:

The use of spatial analysis in conservation biology as a research tool has grown tremendously over the past decade and a half. Although conservation biologists and ecologists have recognized the potential of spatial information for informing conservation biology and policy for a long time, such as for studying changes and trends in populations and habitats, it has been only recently that spatial analysis has been incorporated into most conservation biology studies. Since the 1990s, conservation biology has developed quickly by the application of spatial analysis technologies. In this paper, we review the history, methodologies and applications of this tool, and the potential for growth and other applications by using some projects and works in which the authors were involved as examples. First, we discussed the use of spatially explicit data on biodiversity and its distribution, and the significance of using spatially explicit methods in conservation biology was summarized. We presented patterns of biodiversity at the global scale and country level, and discussed plant diversity centers and vascular plant family diversity as monitored by the World Conservation Monitor Center (WCMC). We also discussed the spatial distribution of four groups (plant, birds, fishes and molluscs) of endangered species in the United States. Mapping the spatial distribution of biodiversity is a useful comparative tool for analyzing the patterns, magnitude and extent of biodiversity, changes in spatial distributions at different temporal scales, understanding the relationships between populations and habitats, and for conservation by spatial overlap analysis as in GAP analysis. Second, we reviewed various conservation projects including Global Forest Watch of World Resource Institute, National GAP Analysis of United States, Roadless Area of Forest Service-USA, and Nature Audit of Canada. Also, some examples from the literature were used, such as a comparative study of plant diversity richness between East Asia and North America and the spatial analysis of biological invasions. The spatial analysis of patterns of biodiversity and habitats were discussed in the third part of this paper. During the last two decades, pattern-oriented ecology and conservation biology has made a lot progress, especially spatial pattern analyses, spatial statistics originating from geo-statistics, geographic information systems, spatially explicit model-based growth of individuals (grid), population theory based on patch analysis (e.g., metapopulations and source-sink models), and so on. The application of spatial pattern analysis in conservation biology was summarized by examining two conservation projects: the forest fragmentation analysis of the USA and late seral forests spatial pattern analysis in the Pacific Northwest, USA. We also presented the theory of “Matrix conservation” by Lindenmayer and Franklin, “Conserving Forest Biodiversity, A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach”(2002). We agree with the authors of this new initiative that extends conservation efforts beyond nature reserves to integrated conservation strategies that balance conservation and development at landscape or regional scales. Lastly, models that are used widely in conservation biology, the spatially explicit model, process-based spatial model, agent-based spatial adaptation model (SWAM) and Dynamics Global Vegetation Model (DGVM), were discussed.This new branch of conservation, spatial conservation biology, has matured as a new discipline that contains a lot of spatial and information technology and may make more contributions to the global biodiversity conservation.

Key words: Spatial analysis, Conservation biology, Biodiversity, Spatial pattern, Spatial modeling, Spatial statistics