植物生态学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (1): 1-13.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0001
• • 下一篇
吴云1,3, 刘玉蓉1,3, 彭瀚1, 杨勇2,3, 刘光立1,*(), 操国兴4, 张强1,3
收稿日期:
2014-08-11
接受日期:
2014-12-09
出版日期:
2015-01-01
发布日期:
2015-01-22
通讯作者:
刘光立
作者简介:
# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
WU Yun1,3, LIU Yu-Rong1,3, PENG Han1, YANG Yong2,3, LIU Guang-Li1,*(), CAO Guo-Xing4, ZHANG Qiang1,3
Received:
2014-08-11
Accepted:
2014-12-09
Online:
2015-01-01
Published:
2015-01-22
Contact:
Guang-Li LIU
About author:
# Co-first authors
摘要:
为了探明高山植物全缘叶绿绒蒿(Meconopsis integrifolia)的繁育系统特点和其对高山气候环境的繁殖适应特征, 我们沿海拔梯度选择了5个样地(样地1 (4452 m)、样地2 (4215 m)、样地3 (4081 m)、样地4 (3841 m)、样地5 (3681 m))对其传粉生态学进行了连续2年的观察试验。结果发现, 样地1、2的全缘叶绿绒蒿的单花寿命显著长于样地3、4和5。花开放早期柱头高于花药, 之后花药不断伸长, 并在开放中后期与柱头接触, 说明全缘叶绿绒蒿具有不完全雌雄异位的花部特征。自然状态下, 柱头可授能力持续期约8天(雌蕊先熟), 但花药于开花第5天才散粉, 花粉寿命约2天, 说明全缘叶绿绒蒿为雌雄异熟, 但存在一定的重叠期。人工授粉试验表明, 全缘叶绿绒蒿自交部分亲和, 且不存在无融合生殖现象。各样地中自然对照的结实率显著低于人工异交处理的结实率, 说明自然状态下全缘叶绿绒蒿存在一定程度的传粉限制。传粉昆虫观察发现, 样地1和2的传粉昆虫主要是蝇类, 样地3、4和5的传粉昆虫主要是蝇类和蓟马(Thripidae spp.), 蝇类在不同植株间的活动能够保证异花传粉结实, 同时, 蝇类和蓟马在花内的活动会引起“协助自交”。全缘叶绿绒蒿约65%的观察个体存在“自动自交”。蝇类在各样地的访花频率存在显著差异, 样地1访花频率最低, 样地2访花频率最高。各样地的结实由于异花传粉者的不足而受到传粉限制。两种不同类型的自交机制恰恰为该植物异花传粉者不足提供了一定程度的繁殖补偿。全缘叶绿绒蒿不分泌花蜜, 当环境温度降低时, 采取为昆虫提供保温庇护场所的方式来吸引传粉者。
吴云, 刘玉蓉, 彭瀚, 杨勇, 刘光立, 操国兴, 张强. 高山植物全缘叶绿绒蒿在不同海拔地区的传粉生态学研究. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0001
WU Yun, LIU Yu-Rong, PENG Han, YANG Yong, LIU Guang-Li, CAO Guo-Xing, ZHANG Qiang. Pollination ecology of alpine herb Meconopsis integrifolia at different altitudes. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0001
图1 全缘叶绿绒蒿生境及各项特征。A, B, C, D和E分别为全缘叶绿绒蒿的生境、花形、植株形态、开花早期和开花末期的雌雄蕊位置。图1B中a、b分别表示柱头高度和最高雄蕊高度。
Fig. 1 Habitat and floral traits of Meconopsis integrifolia in this study. A, Habitat of M. integrifolia; B, Flower; C, Whole plant; D and E, Showing the relative position between stamen and stigma at the early and end of blossom, respectively. a and b in Fig. 1B show the height of stigma and stamen, respectively.
样地 Plot | 海拔高度 Elevation (m) | 花寿命 Floral longevity (d) |
---|---|---|
1 | 4 452 | 15.81 ± 0.37 a |
2 | 4 215 | 14.11 ± 0.46 b |
3 | 4 081 | 13.03 ± 0.40 c |
4 | 3 841 | 11.64 ± 0.26 d |
5 | 3 681 | 12.61 ± 0.39 c |
表1 不同海拔样地全缘叶绿绒蒿的花寿命(平均值±标准误差, n = 20)
Table 1 Floral longevity of Meconopsis integrifolia in plots of different elevations (mean ± SE, n = 20)
样地 Plot | 海拔高度 Elevation (m) | 花寿命 Floral longevity (d) |
---|---|---|
1 | 4 452 | 15.81 ± 0.37 a |
2 | 4 215 | 14.11 ± 0.46 b |
3 | 4 081 | 13.03 ± 0.40 c |
4 | 3 841 | 11.64 ± 0.26 d |
5 | 3 681 | 12.61 ± 0.39 c |
图2 各海拔样地全缘叶绿绒蒿柱头与最高花药高度差随花开放时间的变化(平均值±标准误差, n = 20)。
Fig. 2 Changes in the height difference between stigma and the highest stamen of Meconopsis integrifolia with time (mean ± SE, n = 20).
样地 Plot | 蕾期 Bud | 开花后时间 Time after flowering (d) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
1 | - | + | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | - | - |
2 | - | + | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | - | - |
3 | - | + | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | - | - | - |
4 | - | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | - | - | - |
5 | - | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | - |
表2 不同海拔样地全缘叶绿绒蒿柱头可授性
Table 2 Stigma receptivity of Meconopsis integrifolia at different elevation plots
样地 Plot | 蕾期 Bud | 开花后时间 Time after flowering (d) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
1 | - | + | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | - | - |
2 | - | + | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | - | - |
3 | - | + | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | - | - | - |
4 | - | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | - | - | - |
5 | - | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | - |
图3 各样地全缘叶绿绒蒿花粉活力随时间的变化(平均值±标准误差)。
Fig. 3 Changes in pollen viability of Meconopsis integrifolia with time in plots of different elevations (mean ± SE).
图4 不同海拔样地全缘叶绿绒蒿的昆虫访花频率(平均值±标准误差)。不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 4 Flower visiting frequency of Meconopsis integrifolia in plots of different elevations (mean ± SE). Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
处理 Treatment | 样地1 Plot 1 | 样地2 Plot 2 | 样地3 Plot 3 | 样地4 Plot 4 | 样地5 Plot 5 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | 结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | 结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | 结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | 结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | |||||
对照 Control | 34.5 ± 2.44b (n = 20) | 60.0 | 37.8 ± 5.43b (n = 20) | 75.0 | 50.4 ± 5.42a (n = 20) | 65.0 | 52.4 ± 7.65b (n = 18). | 60.0 | 49.8 ± 2.73b (n = 20) | 65.0 | ||||
去雄不套网 Emasculation without netting | 27.8 ± 4.98b (n = 20) | 50.0 | 31.3 ± 5.94b (n = 18) | 45.0 | 28.0 ± 11.82b (n = 20) | 60.0 | 32.1 ± 7.06c (n = 20) | 42.1 | 30.7 ± 0.50c (n = 20) | 65.0 | ||||
套网 Netting without emasculation | 15.8 ± 3.95c (n = 19) | 30.0 | 17.7 ± 6.42c (n = 20) | 45.0 | 20.4 ± 4.37b (n = 20) | 40.0 | 25.4 ± 4.78c (n = 19) | 35.0 | 19.5 ± 3.31d (n = 20) | 35.0 | ||||
人工自交 Manual selfing | 41.9 ± 3.11a (n = 20) | 55.0 | 50.1 ± 6.84a (n = 20) | 60.0 | 52.5 ± 4.35a (n = 20) | 65.0 | 58.2 ± 4.56b (n = 16) | 68.75 | 59.1 ± 2.26b (n = 19) | 63.2 | ||||
人工异交 Manual outcrossing | 55.1 ± 10.01a (n = 19) | 70.0 | 66.2 ± 5.30a (n = 20) | 85.0 | 64.3 ± 4.79a (n = 20) | 85.0 | 76.2 ± 2.18a (n = 19) | 75.0 | 71.5 ± 2.47a (n = 20) | 80.0 |
表3 不同海拔样地5种繁育系统试验的结实率(平均值±标准误)和坐果率
Table 3 Seed set rate (mean ± SE) and fruit set rate of five different breeding treatments of Meconopsis integrifolia at different elevation plots
处理 Treatment | 样地1 Plot 1 | 样地2 Plot 2 | 样地3 Plot 3 | 样地4 Plot 4 | 样地5 Plot 5 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | 结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | 结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | 结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | 结实率 Seed set rate (%) | 坐果率 Fruit set rate (%) | |||||
对照 Control | 34.5 ± 2.44b (n = 20) | 60.0 | 37.8 ± 5.43b (n = 20) | 75.0 | 50.4 ± 5.42a (n = 20) | 65.0 | 52.4 ± 7.65b (n = 18). | 60.0 | 49.8 ± 2.73b (n = 20) | 65.0 | ||||
去雄不套网 Emasculation without netting | 27.8 ± 4.98b (n = 20) | 50.0 | 31.3 ± 5.94b (n = 18) | 45.0 | 28.0 ± 11.82b (n = 20) | 60.0 | 32.1 ± 7.06c (n = 20) | 42.1 | 30.7 ± 0.50c (n = 20) | 65.0 | ||||
套网 Netting without emasculation | 15.8 ± 3.95c (n = 19) | 30.0 | 17.7 ± 6.42c (n = 20) | 45.0 | 20.4 ± 4.37b (n = 20) | 40.0 | 25.4 ± 4.78c (n = 19) | 35.0 | 19.5 ± 3.31d (n = 20) | 35.0 | ||||
人工自交 Manual selfing | 41.9 ± 3.11a (n = 20) | 55.0 | 50.1 ± 6.84a (n = 20) | 60.0 | 52.5 ± 4.35a (n = 20) | 65.0 | 58.2 ± 4.56b (n = 16) | 68.75 | 59.1 ± 2.26b (n = 19) | 63.2 | ||||
人工异交 Manual outcrossing | 55.1 ± 10.01a (n = 19) | 70.0 | 66.2 ± 5.30a (n = 20) | 85.0 | 64.3 ± 4.79a (n = 20) | 85.0 | 76.2 ± 2.18a (n = 19) | 75.0 | 71.5 ± 2.47a (n = 20) | 80.0 |
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