植物生态学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (1): 14-22.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0002
所属专题: 生态化学计量; 青藏高原植物生态学:群落生态学
常晨晖, 吴福忠, 杨万勤*(), 谭波, 肖洒, 李俊, 苟小林
收稿日期:
2014-07-07
接受日期:
2014-11-06
出版日期:
2015-01-10
发布日期:
2015-01-22
通讯作者:
杨万勤
作者简介:
# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
CHANG Chen-Hui, WU Fu-Zhong, YANG Wan-Qin*(), TAN Bo, XIAO Sa, LI Jun, GOU Xiao-Lin
Received:
2014-07-07
Accepted:
2014-11-06
Online:
2015-01-10
Published:
2015-01-22
Contact:
Wan-Qin YANG
About author:
# Co-first authors
摘要:
倒木是高寒森林生态系统重要的碳(C)库和养分库, 其不同分解阶段的质量变化, 是认识倒木分解过程中C和养分释放的重要基础。以一个分解序列的岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)倒木为研究对象, 研究了心材、边材和树皮在5个分解阶段的C:N:P化学计量特征, 以及木质素和纤维素含量动态。结果显示: I至III分解阶段, 随着分解程度加深, 树皮C含量升高, 而心材和边材C含量降低, 从IV分解阶段开始倒木各组分C含量均开始显著降低。除III分解阶段的心材外, 倒木各组分N含量总体表现为随着分解程度加深而增加的趋势, 除边材N含量在V分解阶段时显著升高外, 其余组分均未达到显著性水平。心材和树皮P含量表现为先降后升的变化趋势, 最小值分别出现在III和II分解阶段; 边材P含量表现为随着分解程度加深而增加。在同一分解阶段, 树皮相对于边材和心材均具有最低的C:N:P化学计量比, 易分解比例Fm也表明树皮更易于分解。边材在I和II分解阶段的C:N:P化学计量比最高, 心材在III到V分解阶段C:N:P化学计量比最高。心材C:P、树皮和边材的C:N和C:P临界值与N和P的初始值成反比。纤维素含量随着倒木分解而降低, 不同分解阶段的纤维素含量表现为: 心材>边材>树皮; 但木质素含量随着分解程度加深而增加, 表现为: 树皮>边材>心材; 倒木3个组分纤维素含量下降均快于木质素, 此外, IV和V分解阶段的树皮木质素与纤维素比值显著增高, 且一直处于较高水平。统计分析结果表明: 倒木N含量显著影响不同分解阶段木质素和纤维素分解。由生态化学计量学理论推测: 树皮分解前期易受N限制, 整个分解阶段均易受P限制, 心材和边材在整个分解阶段均易受N和P限制。
常晨晖, 吴福忠, 杨万勤, 谭波, 肖洒, 李俊, 苟小林. 高寒森林倒木在不同分解阶段的质量变化. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(1): 14-22. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0002
CHANG Chen-Hui,WU Fu-Zhong,YANG Wan-Qin,TAN Bo,XIAO Sa,LI Jun,GOU Xiao-Lin. Changes in log quality at different decay stages in an alpine forest. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(1): 14-22. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0002
项目 Item | 基本特征 Basic characteristics |
---|---|
坡度 Slope degree | 35° |
坡向 Slope aspect | NE 45° |
海拔 Altitude (m) | 3 582 |
树种组成 Species composition | 该林分内岷江冷杉断面积占80%, 方枝柏断面积占林分断面积的20%, 红桦和四川红杉断面积均介于林分总断面积2%-5%。 The proportion of Abies faxoniana basal area to total stand basal area is 80%, and the proportion of Sabina saltuaria basal area to total stand basal area is 20%, while the proportion of the basal area for Betula albosinensis and Larix mastersiana to total stand basal area varied between 2%-5%. |
林分蓄积 Stand volume (t·hm-2) | 337.31 |
粗木质残体储量 Coarse woody debris volume (t·hm-2) | 53 |
土壤特征 Soil characteristics | 雏形土, 土层浅薄, 土体为腐殖质层到母质层的过渡土层。 Soil type is cambisols, with shallow soil depth and tendency of transition from humus layer to parent material layer. |
表1 研究样地基本情况
Table 1 General description of the study sites
项目 Item | 基本特征 Basic characteristics |
---|---|
坡度 Slope degree | 35° |
坡向 Slope aspect | NE 45° |
海拔 Altitude (m) | 3 582 |
树种组成 Species composition | 该林分内岷江冷杉断面积占80%, 方枝柏断面积占林分断面积的20%, 红桦和四川红杉断面积均介于林分总断面积2%-5%。 The proportion of Abies faxoniana basal area to total stand basal area is 80%, and the proportion of Sabina saltuaria basal area to total stand basal area is 20%, while the proportion of the basal area for Betula albosinensis and Larix mastersiana to total stand basal area varied between 2%-5%. |
林分蓄积 Stand volume (t·hm-2) | 337.31 |
粗木质残体储量 Coarse woody debris volume (t·hm-2) | 53 |
土壤特征 Soil characteristics | 雏形土, 土层浅薄, 土体为腐殖质层到母质层的过渡土层。 Soil type is cambisols, with shallow soil depth and tendency of transition from humus layer to parent material layer. |
图1 岷江冷杉倒木在不同分解阶段(I-V)的C、N、P含量(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。不同小写字母表示倒木3个组分(心材、边材、树皮)间差异显著(p < 0.05)。I, 新鲜, 树木死亡不足1年; II, 开始腐解, 小刀可刺进几mm; III, 小刀可刺进2 cm; IV, 小刀可刺进2-5 cm; V, 小刀可任意刺穿木质体。
Fig. 1 Contents of C, N, P in logs of Abies faxoniana at different decay stages (I-V) (mean ± SD, n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the three log components (i.e. heartwood, sapwood, and bark) (p < 0.05). I, died less than one year prior to sampling, cambium still fresh; II, cambium decayed, a knife blade penetrates a few millimetres; III, a knife blade penetrates less than 2 cm; IV, a knife blade penetrates 2-5 cm; V, a knife blade penetrates all the way.
分解阶段 Decay stage | 心材 Heartwood | 边材 Sapwood | 树皮 Bark |
---|---|---|---|
I | 6 553:16:1 | 43 974:116:1 | 1 829:27:1 |
II | 7 084:19:1 | 19 762:30:1 | 3 022:53:1 |
III | 14 052:100:1 | 4 840:21:1 | 2 724:35:1 |
IV | 7 041:19:1 | 5 210:18:1 | 1 394:38:1 |
V | 5 757:29:1 | 3 453:26:1 | 1 609:71:1 |
表2 岷江冷杉倒木在不同分解阶段C:N:P的变化特征
Table 2 Variation characteristics of C:N:P in logs of Abies faxoniana at different decay stages
分解阶段 Decay stage | 心材 Heartwood | 边材 Sapwood | 树皮 Bark |
---|---|---|---|
I | 6 553:16:1 | 43 974:116:1 | 1 829:27:1 |
II | 7 084:19:1 | 19 762:30:1 | 3 022:53:1 |
III | 14 052:100:1 | 4 840:21:1 | 2 724:35:1 |
IV | 7 041:19:1 | 5 210:18:1 | 1 394:38:1 |
V | 5 757:29:1 | 3 453:26:1 | 1 609:71:1 |
组分 Component | I | II | III | IV | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C:N | 心材 Heartwood | 411 ± 59a | 386 ± 99a | 166 ± 76b | 373 ± 69a | 275 ± 176ab |
边材 Sapwood | 393 ± 176a | 1 497 ± 89a | 230 ± 54a | 291 ± 77a | 183 ± 135a | |
树皮 Bark | 68 ± 14ab | 59 ± 16bc | 80 ± 20be | 35 ± 21cd | 26 ± 14d | |
C:P | 心材 Heartwood | 6 553 ± 630a | 7 084 ± 33a | 14 052 ± 2 341b | 7 041 ± 49a | 5 757 ± 755a |
边材 Sapwood | 43 974 ± 8 810a | 19 762 ± 11 544b | 4 840 ± 1 461c | 5 210 ± 1 179c | 3 453 ± 270c | |
树皮 Bark | 1 829 ± 326ad | 3 022 ± 69bc | 2 724 ± 186cd | 1 394 ± 916a | 1 609 ± 479a | |
N:P | 心材 Heartwood | 16 ± 1.04a | 19 ± 5.67a | 100 ± 49.71b | 19 ± 3.41a | 29 ± 21.48a |
边材 Sapwood | 116 ± 34.01a | 30 ± 28.37b | 21 ± 6.00b | 18 ± 3.55b | 26 ± 13.81b | |
树皮 Bark | 27 ± 1.19a | 53 ± 13.49ab | 35 ± 7.48a | 38 ± 17.54a | 71 ± 30.80b |
表3 岷江冷杉倒木在不同分解阶段C:N、C:P和N:P的变化特征(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)
Table 3 Variation characteristics of C:N, C:P and N:P in logs of Abies faxoniana at different decay stages (mean ± SD, n = 3)
组分 Component | I | II | III | IV | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C:N | 心材 Heartwood | 411 ± 59a | 386 ± 99a | 166 ± 76b | 373 ± 69a | 275 ± 176ab |
边材 Sapwood | 393 ± 176a | 1 497 ± 89a | 230 ± 54a | 291 ± 77a | 183 ± 135a | |
树皮 Bark | 68 ± 14ab | 59 ± 16bc | 80 ± 20be | 35 ± 21cd | 26 ± 14d | |
C:P | 心材 Heartwood | 6 553 ± 630a | 7 084 ± 33a | 14 052 ± 2 341b | 7 041 ± 49a | 5 757 ± 755a |
边材 Sapwood | 43 974 ± 8 810a | 19 762 ± 11 544b | 4 840 ± 1 461c | 5 210 ± 1 179c | 3 453 ± 270c | |
树皮 Bark | 1 829 ± 326ad | 3 022 ± 69bc | 2 724 ± 186cd | 1 394 ± 916a | 1 609 ± 479a | |
N:P | 心材 Heartwood | 16 ± 1.04a | 19 ± 5.67a | 100 ± 49.71b | 19 ± 3.41a | 29 ± 21.48a |
边材 Sapwood | 116 ± 34.01a | 30 ± 28.37b | 21 ± 6.00b | 18 ± 3.55b | 26 ± 13.81b | |
树皮 Bark | 27 ± 1.19a | 53 ± 13.49ab | 35 ± 7.48a | 38 ± 17.54a | 71 ± 30.80b |
组分 Component | I | II | III | IV | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
木质素:N Lignin:N | 心材 Heartwood | 181 ± 48ab | 179 ± 83ab | 112 ± 52a | 244 ± 44b | 224 ± 95ab |
边材 Sapwood | 218 ± 57a | 773 ± 986a | 143 ± 34a | 237 ± 84a | 212 ± 179a | |
树皮 Bark | 61 ± 16a | 66 ± 19a | 78 ± 19a | 52 ± 38a | 44 ± 15a | |
木质素:P Lignin:P | 心材 Heartwood | 2 882 ± 647a | 3 161 ± 784a | 9 435 ± 577b | 4 609 ± 353c | 5 200 ± 1 259c |
边材 Sapwood | 24 244 ± 4 849a | 10 410 ± 5 464a | 3 028 ± 1 005a | 4 125 ± 789a | 3 824 ± 506a | |
树皮 Bark | 1 643 ± 368a | 3 367 ± 176a | 2 655 ± 165a | 2 022 ± 1 402a | 2 882 ± 309a | |
纤维素:N Cellulose:N | 心材 Heartwood | 276 ± 27a | 248 ± 31ab | 77 ± 52 c | 183 ± 51bd | 100 ± 62cd |
边材 Sapwood | 228 ± 80a | 864 ± 1 167a | 119 ± 28a | 172 ± 21a | 72 ± 35a | |
树皮 Bark | 31 ± 6a | 23 ± 7a | 36 ± 9a | 11 ± 4a | 17 ± 11a | |
纤维素:P Cellulose:P | 心材 Heartwood | 4 403 ± 214ab | 4 701 ± 842a | 6 355 ± 3 463b | 3 417 ± 551ab | 2 102 ± 201a |
边材 Sapwood | 24 771 ± 3 043a | 11 068 ± 6 874a | 2 498 ± 712a | 3 106 ± 479a | 1 519 ± 372a | |
树皮 Bark | 836 ± 169a | 1 187 ± 79a | 1 235 ± 124a | 441 ± 262a | 1 016 ± 437a |
表4 岷江冷杉倒木在不同分解阶段木质素:N, 木质素:P和纤维素:N, 纤维素:P变化特征(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)
Table 4 Characteristics of lignin:N, lignin:P, cellulose:N and cellulose:P in logs of Abies faxoniana at different decay stages (mean ± SD, n = 3)
组分 Component | I | II | III | IV | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
木质素:N Lignin:N | 心材 Heartwood | 181 ± 48ab | 179 ± 83ab | 112 ± 52a | 244 ± 44b | 224 ± 95ab |
边材 Sapwood | 218 ± 57a | 773 ± 986a | 143 ± 34a | 237 ± 84a | 212 ± 179a | |
树皮 Bark | 61 ± 16a | 66 ± 19a | 78 ± 19a | 52 ± 38a | 44 ± 15a | |
木质素:P Lignin:P | 心材 Heartwood | 2 882 ± 647a | 3 161 ± 784a | 9 435 ± 577b | 4 609 ± 353c | 5 200 ± 1 259c |
边材 Sapwood | 24 244 ± 4 849a | 10 410 ± 5 464a | 3 028 ± 1 005a | 4 125 ± 789a | 3 824 ± 506a | |
树皮 Bark | 1 643 ± 368a | 3 367 ± 176a | 2 655 ± 165a | 2 022 ± 1 402a | 2 882 ± 309a | |
纤维素:N Cellulose:N | 心材 Heartwood | 276 ± 27a | 248 ± 31ab | 77 ± 52 c | 183 ± 51bd | 100 ± 62cd |
边材 Sapwood | 228 ± 80a | 864 ± 1 167a | 119 ± 28a | 172 ± 21a | 72 ± 35a | |
树皮 Bark | 31 ± 6a | 23 ± 7a | 36 ± 9a | 11 ± 4a | 17 ± 11a | |
纤维素:P Cellulose:P | 心材 Heartwood | 4 403 ± 214ab | 4 701 ± 842a | 6 355 ± 3 463b | 3 417 ± 551ab | 2 102 ± 201a |
边材 Sapwood | 24 771 ± 3 043a | 11 068 ± 6 874a | 2 498 ± 712a | 3 106 ± 479a | 1 519 ± 372a | |
树皮 Bark | 836 ± 169a | 1 187 ± 79a | 1 235 ± 124a | 441 ± 262a | 1 016 ± 437a |
图2 岷江冷杉倒木在不同分解阶段(I-V)木质素、纤维素含量及木质素纤维素变化特征(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。不同小写字母表示倒木3个组分(心材、边材、树皮)间差异显著(p < 0.05)。I, 新鲜, 树木死亡不足1年; II, 开始腐解, 小刀可刺进几mm; III, 小刀可刺进2 cm; IV, 小刀可刺进2-5 cm; V, 小刀可任意刺穿木质体。
Fig. 2 Characteristics of lignin, cellulose content and the ratio of lignin to cellulose for various decay stages (I-V) (mean ± SD, n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the three log components (i.e. heartwood, sapwood, and bark) (p < 0.05). I, died less than one year prior to sampling, cambium still fresh; II, cambium decayed, a knife blade penetrates a few millimetres; III, a knife blade penetrates less than 2 cm; IV, a knife blade penetrates 2-5 cm; V, a knife blade penetrates all the way.
组分 Component | 心材 Heartwood | 边材 Sapwood | 树皮 Bark | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | N | P | N | P | |||
木质素:纤维素 Lignin:cellulose | 0.573* | -0.125 | 0.528* | 0.481 | 0.442 | -0.027 | ||
木质素 Lignin | 0.522* | -0.106 | 0.302 | 0.532* | -0.400 | -0.551* | ||
纤维素 Cellulose | -0.437 | 0.260 | -0.410 | -0.587* | -0.618* | -0.324 |
表5 不同分解阶段岷江冷杉倒木木质素:纤维素, 木质素, 纤维素和N、P含量的Pearson相关性分析
Table 5 Pearson correlation analysis among lignin:cellulose, lignin, cellulose and N and P contents in logs of Abies faxoniana at different decay stages
组分 Component | 心材 Heartwood | 边材 Sapwood | 树皮 Bark | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | N | P | N | P | |||
木质素:纤维素 Lignin:cellulose | 0.573* | -0.125 | 0.528* | 0.481 | 0.442 | -0.027 | ||
木质素 Lignin | 0.522* | -0.106 | 0.302 | 0.532* | -0.400 | -0.551* | ||
纤维素 Cellulose | -0.437 | 0.260 | -0.410 | -0.587* | -0.618* | -0.324 |
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