叶附生苔植物物种多样性分布格局及生态成因

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0359

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

叶附生苔植物(以下简称叶附生苔)是一类附生在维管植物叶片表面的、一般只出现在热带雨林和常绿阔叶林中的苔类植物。它们具有重要的生态功能, 如影响碳、氮、水循环, 对气候变化和森林破碎化反应敏感, 可用作环境变化的指示植物。该文对叶附生苔的形态特性、物种多样性的研究历史和进展、地理分布格局, 以及对环境的要求(附主和生境的特性)等进行了综述, 探讨了叶附生苔多样性分布格局形成的可能原因, 即环境(空气湿度高、林冠层发育好、干扰少)和适应特征(无性繁殖、形体微小)的选择。根据全球叶附生苔研究进展状况及所存在的问题提出未来可开展的研究方向, 如叶附生苔的形成原因、与附主间的物质交换和能量流动机制、在森林生态系统中的生态功能、气候变化指示作用研究等, 大尺度上的研究也值得关注。

关键词: 苔藓植物, 物种多样性, 地理分布, 环境

Abstract:

Epiphyllous liverworts form a special group of bryophytes that primarily grow on leaves of understory vascular plants, occurring in constantly moist and warm evergreen forest in tropical and subtropical regions. Epiphyllous liverworts may influence ecosystem processes including carbon, nitrogen and water cycles. Furthermore, they are very sensitive to climate change and forest fragmentation, and can be used as bioindicators for changes in ecological conditions and escalating loss of biodiversity. In this paper, we reviewed studies on morphological traits, species diversity, geographical distribution and environmental conditions (including characteristics of hosts and habitats) of epiphyllous liverworts, discussed the possible reasons for the mechanisms underlying the diversity pattern of epiphyllous liverworts. According to these studies, we proposed that further ecological studies on epiphyllous liverworts should be more focused on their formation, mechanisms of matter exchange and energy flux, ecological functions in forest ecosystem, the response to climate changes and their broader-scale ecology.

Key words: bryophytes, species diversity, geographical distribution, environment

姜炎彬, 邵小明. 叶附生苔植物物种多样性分布格局及生态成因. 植物生态学报, 2016, 40(5): 523-532. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0359

Yan-Bin JIANG, Xiao-Ming SHAO. Diversity and distribution pattern of epiphyllous liverworts and its ecological determinants. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016, 40(5): 523-532. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0359

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0359

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2016/V40/I5/523

图/表 2

图1 叶附生苔植物的地理分布区系及北界记录。★代表的北界记录分别是加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省和英国奇尔特恩山。AND, 安第斯山脉; ANT, 安的列斯群岛; AUA, 澳大利亚、塔斯马尼亚、新西兰和附近南太平洋诸岛; CAF, 刚果民主共和国、卢旺达和布隆迪; EAF, 东非埃塞俄比亚至莫桑比克; GUI, 圭亚那; ICH, 中南半岛的孟加拉吉大港丘陵地区至越南; IND, 印度及喜马拉雅山、卡西丘陵、孟加拉和斯里兰卡; LSA, 南美亚马逊河流域和其他低地如乔科省和奥里诺科河流域; MAC, 马卡罗尼西亚; MAD, 马达加斯加、塞舌尔、科摩罗和马斯克林群岛; MAL, 东南亚群岛; MEL, 包括新几内亚、新不列颠、俾斯麦、所罗门群岛、新赫布里底群岛和新喀里多尼亚等的美拉尼西亚; MEA, 墨西哥到巴拿马; OAS, 中国、韩国和日本南部的琉球群岛等东亚地区; OCE, 火山列岛和加罗林群岛至夏威夷群岛、斐济至复活节岛的大洋洲太平洋地区; SAF, 南非; SBR, 巴西东南部高原以及巴拉圭和阿根廷的米西奥内斯省; TSA, 南美温带地区; USA, 美国东南部; WAF, 西非几内亚至刚果。21个地理分布区系的划分参照Pócs (1996)。

Fig. 1 Floristic regions where epiphyllous liverworts occur. ★ represents the north records of British Columbia and Chiltern Hills, England. AND, The Andes; ANT, The Antilles; AUA, Australasia, including Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and the neighbouring islands; CAF, Central Africa including Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi, EAF, East Africa from Ethiopia to Mozambique; GUI, The Guyanas; ICH, Indochina from the Chittagong Hills of Bangladesh to Vietnam; IND, India with the Himalayas, Khasia Hills and lowland Bangladesh and Sri Lanka; LSA, Amazonia and other lowland parts of South America such as Choco and the Orinoco basin; MAC, Macaronesia; MAD, Madagascar and the Seychelles, Comoro and Mascarene Islands; MAL, The Malesian Archipelago; MEA, Mesoamerica from Mexico to Panama; MEL, Melanesia, including the whole New Guinea, New Britain, the Bismarck and Solomon Islands, New Hebrides and New Caledonia ; OAS, East Asia including China, South Korea and Southern Japan; OCE, Oceania, the Pacific from Volcano and the Carolines to Hawaiian Islands and from Fiji to Easter Islands. SAF, South Africa; SBR, The southeastern highlands of Brazil, with Paraguay and the Province Misiones in Argentina; TSA, temperate South America; USA, the southeastern part of United States; WAF, West Africa from Guinea to the Congo. 21 floristic regions were drawn according to Pócs (1996).

图2 叶附生苔植物在美国的分布地点。物种分布记录从Risk等(2011)中获取。

Fig. 2 Occurrences of epiphyllous liverworts in USA. Presence localities were obtained from Risk et al. (2011).

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