植物生态学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (10): 1103-1112.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0070

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季风对亚洲热带植物分布格局的影响

姜超, 谭珂, 任明迅*()   

  1. 海南大学热带农林学院,环南海陆域生物多样性研究中心, 海口 570228
  • 出版日期:2017-10-10 发布日期:2017-12-24
  • 通讯作者: 任明迅
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31670230)

Effects of monsoon on distribution patterns of tropical plants in Asia

Chao JIANG, Ke TAN, Ming-Xun REN*()   

  1. Research Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of the South China Sea, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
  • Online:2017-10-10 Published:2017-12-24
  • Contact: Ming-Xun REN

摘要:

亚洲是全球季风气候最典型的区域, 也是热带植物分布距离赤道最远的地区。揭示季风对热带植物迁移与进化的影响规律, 有利于深入认识东亚植被分布和生物多样性形成与维持机制。亚洲地区夏季盛行东亚季风、南亚季风和西北太平洋季风。历史上, 季风盛行的时间与早期被子植物在东南亚群岛、华夏古陆起源的时间大致吻合, 季风可能促进了被子植物的快速分化与扩散。季风是热带植物得以向北扩散到我国滇黔桂交界区和雅鲁藏布江河谷的根本原因, 并导致了热带季节性雨林、热带季雨林、干旱河谷稀树灌丛或草原、海南岛西部滨海稀树草原等特殊植被的形成。亚洲的三大夏季风在高山纵横、大河奔流和石灰岩地貌密布的中国西南与中南半岛一带交汇、叠加, 使之成为一些典型热带类群的物种多样与特有种分布中心。这可能是中国-缅甸生物多样性热点地区形成与维持的一个重要原因。随着全球气候变暖, 季风可能促进热带植物的进一步北迁, 增加中国南方植物区系的热带植物成分。

关键词: 热带季雨林, 热带季节性雨林, 扩散, 物种分化, 岩溶地貌

Abstract:

Comparing with other regions, Asia is mostly dominated by the monsoon climate and tropical plants can be found at the furthest places away from the equator. Understanding the role of monsoon in the dispersal and evolution of tropical plants is helpful for exploring the distribution patterns of vegetation and mechanisms underlying the origin and maintenance of biodiversity in Asia. In summer, there are three types of monsoon in Asia, i.e. East Asia Monsoon, South Asia Monsoon, North-west Pacific Ocean Monsoon. The summer monsoon climate in Asia originated at about 40 Ma, when the early angiosperm evolved and started its diversification in Southeast Asia and South China. It suggested that the monsoon may facilitate the quick speciation and spread of early angiosperm. Monsoon climate facilitates the northward spread of Asia’s tropical plants and some tropical plants can be found even at Yarlung Zangbo River and the boundaries of Guizhou-Guangxi-Yunnan. Such effetcs largely change distribution patterns of zonal vegetation and even causes local vegetation types in some places with unusual topography such as tropical seasonal rainforests, monsoon rainforests, savanna and grassland along dry-hot valley in Southwest China, coastal savanna in West Hainan Island. The three summer monsoons interact at Southwest China and Indo-China Peninsula and these regions are dominated by limestone landscapes and high mountains with big rivers. Some Asia-endemic tropical taxa even formed a diversification and endemism center at this region, which may be a reason for the formation and maintenance of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots with global warming, the monsoon may further promote the northward spread of tropical plants and may have fundamental effects on biodiversity and flora evolution in South China.

Key words: tropical monsoon rainforest, tropical seasonal rainforest, dispersal, speciation, karst