植物生态学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (4): 430-441.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0135
出版日期:
2018-04-20
发布日期:
2018-03-21
基金资助:
Qian YANG1,2,Wei WANG2*(),Hui ZENG1,2*()
Online:
2018-04-20
Published:
2018-03-21
摘要:
人为干扰及气候变化导致内蒙古草地发生了大面积退化, 氮添加是促进退化草地生产力恢复的一项重要措施。该文基于2011年建立的氮肥添加实验平台, 以3个不同退化程度(中度退化、重度退化、极度退化)草地群落为研究对象, 设置对照、10、20、30、40和50 g·m -2·a -1 6种氮添加处理, 分析氮添加对退化草地恢复过程中群落多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明: (1)氮添加降低了中度、重度退化草地恢复进程中物种丰富度和多样性, 对极度退化草地恢复进程中物种丰富度和多样性无明显影响。(2)氮添加促进了3个不同退化程度草地恢复进程中群落地上生物量的增加。(3)氮添加显著增加了群落中禾草的地上生物量及其在群落地上生物量中所占的比例, 降低了杂类草在群落地上生物量中的比例, 但对杂类草地上生物量无显著影响。研究表明在利用施肥措施治理退化草地的过程中, 需要充分考虑草地退化程度以及由氮添加引起的群落多样性和生产力的改变对草地生态系统功能的影响。
杨倩, 王娓, 曾辉. 氮添加对内蒙古退化草地植物群落多样性和生物量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(4): 430-441. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0135
Qian YANG, Wei WANG, Hui ZENG. Effects of nitrogen addition on the plant diversity and biomass of degraded grasslands of Nei Mongol, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(4): 430-441. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0135
图1 研究区域及样地分布图。EDG, 极度退化草地; MDG, 中度退化草地; SDG, 重度退化草地。
Fig. 1 Study area and the spatial distribution of study sites. EDG, extremely degraded grassland; MDG, moderately degraded grassland; SDG, severely degraded grassland.
名称 Term | 极度退化草地 EDG | 重度退化草地 SDG | 中度退化草地 MDG |
---|---|---|---|
物种组成 Species composition | 羊草、黄囊薹草、马唐、狗尾草、沙蓬藜等 Leymus chinensis; Carex korshinskyi; Digitaria sanguinalis; Setaria viridis; Agriophyllum squarrosum; Chenopodium acuminatum et al. | 拂子茅、贝加尔针茅、硬质早熟禾、黄囊薹草、腺毛委陵菜、星毛委陵菜、冷蒿、紫羊茅、冰草、狼毒、糙隐子草、阿尔泰狗娃花等 Calamagrostis epigeios; Stipa baicalensis; Poa sphondylodes; Carex korshinskyi; Potentilla longifolia; Potentilla acaulis; Artemisia frigida; Festuca rubra; Agropyron cristatum; Stellera chamaejasme; Cleistogenes squarrosa; Heteropappus altaicus et al. | 拂子茅、贝加尔针茅、羊草、硬质早熟禾、腺毛委陵菜、黄囊薹草、冷蒿、紫羊茅、冰草、糙隐子草、阴山胡枝子、阿尔泰狗娃花等 Calamagrostis epigeios; Stipa baicalensis; Leymus chinensis; Poa sphondylodes; Potentilla longifolia; Carex korshinskyi; Artemisia frigida; Festuca rubra; Agropyron cristatum; Cleistogenes squarrosa; Lespedeza inschanica; Heteropappus altaicus et al. |
顶极种相对盖度 Relative coverage of climax species (%) | 34.48 | 39.53 | 54.05 |
退化指示种相对盖度 Relative coverage of degradation indicators (%) | 34.48 | 32.56 | 29.73 |
一年生植物相对盖度 Relative coverage of annuals (%) | 31.04 | 27.91 | 16.22 |
土壤全碳 Soil total carbon (%) | 0.83 | 1.67 | 2.06 |
土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen (%) | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.17 |
砂粒含量 Sand content (%) | 66.10 | 57.30 | 58.40 |
草地退化指数 Grassland degradation index | 0.379 | 0.543 | 0.642 |
表1 实验样地的土壤和植被基本属性
Table 1 Plant and soil characteristics at the experimental sites
名称 Term | 极度退化草地 EDG | 重度退化草地 SDG | 中度退化草地 MDG |
---|---|---|---|
物种组成 Species composition | 羊草、黄囊薹草、马唐、狗尾草、沙蓬藜等 Leymus chinensis; Carex korshinskyi; Digitaria sanguinalis; Setaria viridis; Agriophyllum squarrosum; Chenopodium acuminatum et al. | 拂子茅、贝加尔针茅、硬质早熟禾、黄囊薹草、腺毛委陵菜、星毛委陵菜、冷蒿、紫羊茅、冰草、狼毒、糙隐子草、阿尔泰狗娃花等 Calamagrostis epigeios; Stipa baicalensis; Poa sphondylodes; Carex korshinskyi; Potentilla longifolia; Potentilla acaulis; Artemisia frigida; Festuca rubra; Agropyron cristatum; Stellera chamaejasme; Cleistogenes squarrosa; Heteropappus altaicus et al. | 拂子茅、贝加尔针茅、羊草、硬质早熟禾、腺毛委陵菜、黄囊薹草、冷蒿、紫羊茅、冰草、糙隐子草、阴山胡枝子、阿尔泰狗娃花等 Calamagrostis epigeios; Stipa baicalensis; Leymus chinensis; Poa sphondylodes; Potentilla longifolia; Carex korshinskyi; Artemisia frigida; Festuca rubra; Agropyron cristatum; Cleistogenes squarrosa; Lespedeza inschanica; Heteropappus altaicus et al. |
顶极种相对盖度 Relative coverage of climax species (%) | 34.48 | 39.53 | 54.05 |
退化指示种相对盖度 Relative coverage of degradation indicators (%) | 34.48 | 32.56 | 29.73 |
一年生植物相对盖度 Relative coverage of annuals (%) | 31.04 | 27.91 | 16.22 |
土壤全碳 Soil total carbon (%) | 0.83 | 1.67 | 2.06 |
土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen (%) | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.17 |
砂粒含量 Sand content (%) | 66.10 | 57.30 | 58.40 |
草地退化指数 Grassland degradation index | 0.379 | 0.543 | 0.642 |
响应 Response | 名称 Term | df | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
物种丰富度 Species richness | DT | 2 | 40.64 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 8.50 | <0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 2.27 | 0.035 | |
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | DT | 2 | 12.84 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 5.06 | 0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 1.50 | 0.179 | |
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass | DT | 2 | 42.08 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 9.53 | <0.001 | |
DT×N | 10 | 1.30 | 0.264 |
表2 氮添加处理、退化类型以及它们的交互作用对群落物种丰富度、多样性和地上生物量的双因素方差分析
Table 2 Results of two-way ANOVA on the effects of nitrogen (N) on plant species richness, species diversity and aboveground biomass under different levels of degradations
响应 Response | 名称 Term | df | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
物种丰富度 Species richness | DT | 2 | 40.64 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 8.50 | <0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 2.27 | 0.035 | |
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | DT | 2 | 12.84 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 5.06 | 0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 1.50 | 0.179 | |
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass | DT | 2 | 42.08 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 9.53 | <0.001 | |
DT×N | 10 | 1.30 | 0.264 |
图2 氮添加对不同退化草地恢复进程中物种丰富度(A)、物种多样性(B)的影响(平均值±标准误差)。单因素方差分析, Duncan’s多重比较进行处理间差异分析, 不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。每个样地, 以氮添加量为连续变量, 对物种丰富度进行回归参数估计(物种丰富度=截距+斜率×氮添加量)。NS, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。EDG, 极度退化草地; MDG, 中度退化草地; SDG, 重度退化草地。
Fig. 2 Effects of nitrogen addition on plant species richness (A) and species diversity (B) at different degraded grasslands (mean ± SE). The letters indicted significant differences in Duncan’s multiple (p < 0.05) range tests based on one-way ANOVA; NS indicates non-significant (p > 0.05). For each site, regression confidents were estimated based on linear models with nitrogen treatment as the independent variables (species richness = Intercept + slope × nitrogen addition amount). NS, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001. EDG, extremely degraded grassland; MDG, moderately degraded grassland; SDG, severely degraded grassland.
图3 氮添加对不同程度退化草地恢复进程中地上生物量(A)、地上生物量响应比率(B)的影响(平均值±标准误差)。单因素方差分析、Duncan’s多重比较进行处理间差异分析, 不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。每个样地, 以氮添加量为连续变量, 对地上生物量进行回归参数估计(地上生物量=截距+斜率×氮添加量)。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。EDG, 极度退化草地; MDG, 中度退化草地; SDG, 重度退化草地。
Fig. 3 Effects of nitrogen addition on aboveground biomass (A) and aboveground biomass response ratio (B) at different degraded communities (mean ± SE). The letters indicate significantly different in Duncan’s multiple (p < 0.05) range tests from one-way ANOVA. For each site, regression coefficients were estimated by using a linear model with N treatment as the independent variable (aboveground biomass = intercept + slope × nitrogen addition amount). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001. EDG, extremely degraded grassland; MDG, moderately degraded grassland; SDG, severely degraded grassland.
响应 Response | 名称 Term | df | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
禾草生物量 Grass biomass | DT | 2 | 11.70 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 11.76 | <0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 0.72 | 0.696 | |
禾草百分比 Grass percentage (%) | DT | 2 | 12.70 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 7.34 | <0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 0.81 | 0.616 | |
杂类草生物量 Forb biomass | DT | 2 | 28.28 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 1.13 | 0.358 | |
DT × N | 10 | 1.35 | 0.238 | |
杂类草百分比 Forb percentage (%) | DT | 2 | 12.35 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 7.01 | <0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 0.80 | 0.738 |
表3 氮添加处理、退化类型以及两者的交互作用对不同功能群地上生物量及其在群落地上生物量中所占比例(%)的双因素方差分析
Table 3 Results of two-way ANOVA on the effects of nitrogen (N)-treatment and degradation type on aboveground biomass of plant functional groups and their proportions of the community aboveground biomass
响应 Response | 名称 Term | df | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
禾草生物量 Grass biomass | DT | 2 | 11.70 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 11.76 | <0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 0.72 | 0.696 | |
禾草百分比 Grass percentage (%) | DT | 2 | 12.70 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 7.34 | <0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 0.81 | 0.616 | |
杂类草生物量 Forb biomass | DT | 2 | 28.28 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 1.13 | 0.358 | |
DT × N | 10 | 1.35 | 0.238 | |
杂类草百分比 Forb percentage (%) | DT | 2 | 12.35 | <0.001 |
N | 5 | 7.01 | <0.001 | |
DT × N | 10 | 0.80 | 0.738 |
图4 氮添加对不同程度退化草地恢复进程中功能群地上生物量的影响(平均值±标准误差)。单因素方差分析、Duncan’s多重比较进行处理间差异分析, 不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05), NS表示差异不显著。EDG, 极度退化草地; MDG, 中度退化草地; SDG, 重度退化草地。
Fig. 4 Change in aboveground biomass (mean ± SE) with nitrogen addition on aboveground biomass by plant function groups under three levels of degraded grassland. The different letters indicate significant differences in Duncan’s multiple (p < 0.05) range tests from one-way ANOVA, NS indicates non-significant (p > 0.05). EDG, extremely degraded grassland; MDG, moderately degraded grassland; SDG; severely degraded grassland.
图5 氮添加对不同程度退化草地恢复进程中功能群地上生物量在群落地上总生物量中所占比例的影响(平均值±标准误差)。单因素方差分析、Duncan’s多重比较进行处理间差异分析, 不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。EDG, 极度退化草地; MDG, 中度退化草地; SDG, 重度退化草地。
Fig. 5 Proportion of aboveground biomass in the total biomass varied with nitrogen addition, plant functional groups (grass vs forb), and degradation level (mean ± SE). The different letters indicate the significant difference from the Duncan’s multiple (p < 0.05) range tests (one-way ANOVA). EDG, extremely degraded grassland; MDG, moderately degraded grassland; SDG, severely degraded grassland.
图6 氮添加对不同程度退化草地基尼系数(基于功能群植物高度不对称)的影响(平均值±标准误差)。EDG, 极度退化草地; MDG, 中度退化草地; SDG, 重度退化草地。
Fig. 6 Change in Gini coefficiesed on the asymmetry of plant functional groups height with nitrogen addition rate at grasslands under three different levels of degradations (mean ± SE). EDG, extremely degraded grassland; MDG, moderately degraded grassland; SDG, severely degraded grassland.
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