尖峰岭热带山地雨林海南特有木本植物群落结构

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00935

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以海南尖峰岭4.8 hm ²的热带山地雨林原始林为研究对象, 分析了群落内海南特有乔、灌木植物(以下简称特有种)的物种组成、特有种种群的多度和径级结构特点, 分析了保留和剔除特有种对群落物种多样性指数的影响。结果表明, 在4.8 hm ²样地中, 共记录了胸径≥1.0 cm的个体36481株, 隶属于65科134属247种; 其中, 24种为特有种, 占样地内总种数的9.7%; 大多数特有种多度较小, 在群落发展中居从属地位。多数特有种对生境具有选择性, 分布区域相对狭窄, 种实以动物传播型为主。剔除特有种后, 导致群落的Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数极显著下降(p < 0.01), 对Simpson和Pielou均匀度指数影响不显著。由此可见, 特有种不仅对维持尖峰岭山地热带山地雨林的物种多样性具有重要的意义, 也具有较高的科学研究价值。

关键词: 海南岛, 种群动态, 海南特有种子植物, 物种多样性, 热带山地雨林

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to understand the endemic woody species and their distribution, population structure, and roles in maintaining the biodiversity of the montane rain forest of Hainan, China.
Methods We surveyed a 4.8 hm ² permanent plot in the primary montane rain forest of Jianfengling, Hainan and analyzed the species composition, importance value, abundance, and size-class distribution of the community. ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in three diversity indices before and after removing the endemic species.
Important findings A total of 36481 woody plants with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥1.0 cm were recorded. They belong to 65 families, 134 genera, and 247 species. Of these, 24 tree and shrub species are endemic to Hainan Island, comprising 9.7% of the total number of trees in the plot. Most of the endemic species have small abundance and sparse distribution, having minor status in the community composition. Most endemic species had preference to specific habitats, narrow distributions, and their seeds were dispersed mainly by animals. The Margalef and Shannon-Wiener indices declined significantly (p < 0.01) after removing the endemic species, but the Simpson and Pielou indices showed no significant differences. Despite their minor roles in the community, the endemic species are important in maintaining the floristic diversity of the tropical montane rainforest. They are of value for scientific research and conservation.

Key words: Hainan Island, population dynamics, seed plant species endemic to Hainan Island, species diversity, tropical montane rainforest

盛大勇, 庄雪影, 许涵, 李意德, 胡跃华, 时雷雷, 骆土寿, 陈德祥, 林明献. 尖峰岭热带山地雨林海南特有木本植物群落结构. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(9): 935-947. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00935

SHENG Da-Yong, ZHUANG Xue-Ying, XU Han, LI Yi-De, HU Yue-Hua, SHI Lei-Lei, LUO Tu-Shou, CHEN De-Xiang, LIN Ming-Xian. Community structure of endemic woody plants in tropical montane rainforest of Jianfengling, Hainan Island, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(9): 935-947. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00935

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00935

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2012/V36/I9/935

图/表 10

表1 样地重要值(IV)排名前10位的科的属种数及个体数量

Table 1 Number of genera, species and individuals of the top ten families with highest importance value (IV) in the plot

序号 No.	科名 Family	属数 No. of genera	拥有特有种的属数 No. of genera with endemic species		特有种数 No. of endemic species		特有种株数 Individual no. of endemic species	IV
1	樟科 Lauraceae	9	3	30	4	5 855	901	15.58
2	茜草科 Rubiaceae	15	3	26	4	5 777	134	9.30
3	壳斗科 Fagaceae	4	2	20	5	2 034	383	9.20
4	棕榈科 Palmae	3	0	3	0	1 590	0	5.02
5	山矾科 Symplocaceae	1	1	12	1	2 074	26	4.70
6	桃金娘科 Myrtaceae	2	1	9	2	1 510	38	3.98
7	野牡丹科 Melastomataceae	4	0	7	0	2 827	0	3.36
8	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	6	0	8	0	1 437	0	3.23
9	山茶科 Theaceae	7	0	9	0	1 026	0	3.18
10	金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae	1	0	1	0	310	0	2.66

表2 样地前10位优势种的种群特征值

Table 2 Population characteristic values of the top ten dominant species in the plot

序号 No.	种名 Species name	生长习性 Growth habit	相对优势度 Relative dominance	相对密度 Relative density	相对频度 Relative frequency	重要值 Importance value
1	大叶蒲葵 Livistona saribus	乔木状 Tree like	8.67	0.53	0.91	3.37
2	三角瓣花 Prismatomeris tetrandra	灌木 Shrub	0.35	7.83	1.27	3.15
3	海南蕈树 Altingia obovata	乔木 Tree	6.23	0.85	0.91	2.66
4	柏拉木 Blastus cochinchinensis	灌木 Shrub	0.19	6.51	0.73	2.48
5	厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis	乔木 Tree	1.97	2.87	1.24	2.03
6	海南韶子 Nephelium topengii	乔木 Tree	2.30	2.13	1.23	1.89
7	油丹 Alseodaphne hainanensis	乔木 Tree	3.77	0.71	1.08	1.85
8	九节 Psychotria asaitica	灌木 Shrub	0.64	3.23	1.25	1.71
9	红鳞蒲桃 Syzygium hancei	乔木 Tree	1.08	2.82	1.17	1.69
10	粗毛野桐 Mallotus hookerianus	乔木 Tree	1.37	2.65	1.03	1.68

图1 特有种与非特有种的重要值分布。

Fig. 1 Distribution of importance value of endemic and non-endemic species.

图2 样方中特有种群的多度分布。1, 海南韶子; 2, 东方琼楠; 3, 东方肖榄; 4, 红柯; 5, 海南山胡椒; 6, 尖峰润楠; 7, 乐东锥; 8, 瘤果柯; 9, 瘤果粗叶木; 10, 中华耳草; 11, 尖峰岭锥; 12, 调羹树; 13, 单花山矾; 14, 密鳞紫金牛; 15, 尖峰蒲桃; 16, 海南紫荆木; 17, 万宁柯; 18, 海南蜜茱萸; 19, 方枝蒲桃; 20, 琼岛染木树; 21, 洼皮冬青; 22, 毛柿; 23, 长柄琼楠; 24, 黄果粗叶木。

Fig. 2 Abundance distribution of the endemic populations in the plot. 1, Nephelium topengii; 2, Beilschmiedia tungfangensis; 3, Platea parvifolia; 4, Lithocarpus fenzelianus; 5, Lindera robusta; 6, Machilus monticola; 7, Castanopsis ledongensis; 8, Lithocarpus handelianus; 9, Lasianthus verrucosus; 10, Hedyotis cathayana; 11, Castanopsis jianfenglingensis; 12, Heliciopsis lobata; 13, Symplocos ovatilobata; 14, Ardisia densilepidotula; 15, Syzygium jienfunicum; 16, Madhuca hainanensis; 17, Lithocarpus elmerrillii; 18, Melicope chunii; 19, Syzygium tephrodes; 20, Saprosma merrillii; 21, Ilex nuculicava; 22, Diospyros strigosa; 23, Beilschmiedia longipetiolata; 24, Lasianthus calycinus.

Table 3 Comparison of fruit type, seed dispersal and local distribution of endemic species to Hainan

表4 剔除海南特有种前后群落中物种丰富度、多样性以及均匀度的比较(平均值±标准偏差)

Table 4 Comparison of indices of community species richness, diversity and evenness before and after removing endemic species to Hainan Island (mean ± SD)

指数 Index	保留特有种的指数值 Index values including endemic species	剔除特有种后的指数值 Index values after excluding endemic species	剔除特有种前后的指数差值 Difference of index values before and after excluding endemic species
Margalef index (D′)	22.89 ± 0.57	20.79 ± 0.39	2.10 ± 0.18^*
Shannon-Wiener index (H′)	4.36 ± 0.01	4.29 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.01^*
Simpson index (S′)	0.98 ± 0.00	0.97 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.00
Pielou index (E′)	0.83 ± 0.00	0.83 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00

表5 特有种群群落学特征及密度级

Table 5 Endemic species with community characteristic values and density class

海南特有种 Endemic species to Hainan	多度 Abundance	相对优势度 Relative dominance	相对密度 Relative density	相对频度 Relative frequency	重要值 Importance value	密度级 Density class
密鳞紫金牛 Ardisia densilepidotula	23	0.07	0.06	0.23	0.12	D
长柄琼楠 Beilschmiedia longipetiolata	1	0.04	0.00	0.01	0.02	D
东方琼楠 Beilschmiedia tungfangensis	679	1.51	1.86	1.05	1.47	A
尖峰岭锥 Castanopsis jianfenglingensis	37	0.11	0.10	0.16	0.12	D
乐东锥 Castanopsis ledongensis	93	0.62	0.25	0.24	0.37	C
毛柿 Diospyros strigosa	2	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.01	D
中华耳草 Hedyotis cathayana	38	0.00	0.10	0.13	0.08	D
调羹树 Heliciopsis lobata	27	0.02	0.07	0.21	0.10	D
洼皮冬青 Ilex nuculicava	4	0.04	0.01	0.04	0.03	D
黄果粗叶木 Lasianthus calycinus	1	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	D
瘤果粗叶木 Lasianthus verrucosus	84	0.01	0.23	0.44	0.23	C
海南山胡椒 Lindera robusta	120	0.24	0.33	0.48	0.35	C
万宁柯 Lithocarpus elmerrillii	16	0.17	0.04	0.10	0.10	D
红柯 Lithocarpus fenzelianus	144	3.31	0.39	0.65	1.45	C
瘤果柯 Lithocarpus handelianus	93	0.12	0.25	0.40	0.26	C
尖峰润楠 Machilus monticola	101	0.11	0.28	0.39	0.26	C
海南紫荆木 Madhuca hainanensis	20	0.12	0.05	0.15	0.11	D
海南蜜茱萸 Melicope chunii	18	0.01	0.05	0.17	0.08	D
海南韶子 Nephelium topengii	777	2.30	2.13	1.23	1.89	A
东方肖榄 Platea parvifolia	408	1.03	1.12	1.13	1.09	B
琼岛染木树 Saprosma merrillii	11	0.00	0.03	0.07	0.04	D
单花山矾 Symplocos ovatilobata	26	0.01	0.07	0.23	0.10	D
尖峰蒲桃 Syzygium jienfunicum	22	0.04	0.06	0.20	0.10	D
方枝蒲桃 Syzygium tephrodes	16	0.00	0.04	0.14	0.06	D

图3 密度>1株·hm-2的特有种的种群结构。I, 初龄树1.0 cm ≤ DBH < 2.5 cm; II, 幼龄树 2.5 cm ≤ DBH < 7.5 cm; III, 轻龄树7.5 cm ≤ DBH < 15 cm; IV, 中龄树15 cm ≤ DBH < 30 cm; V, 成龄树 DBH ≥ 30 cm。DBH, 胸径。

Fig. 3 Population structure of endemic species with density of more than 1 tree·hm-2. I, seedling 1.0 cm ≤ DBH < 2.5 cm; II, sapling 2.5 cm ≤ DBH < 7.5 cm; III, young tree 7.5 cm ≤ DBH < 15 cm; IV, middle-aged tree 15 cm≤ DBH < 30 cm; V, adult tree DBH ≥ 30 cm. DBH, diameter at breast height.

图4 样地中24个特有种的Pearson半矩阵关联图。1, 长柄琼楠; 2, 单花山矾; 3, 调羹树; 4, 东方琼楠; 5, 东方肖榄; 6, 方枝蒲桃; 7, 海南蜜茱萸; 8, 海南山胡椒; 9, 海南韶子; 10, 海南紫荆木; 11, 红柯; 12, 黄果粗叶木; 13, 尖峰岭锥; 14, 尖峰蒲桃; 15, 尖峰润楠; 16, 乐东锥; 17, 瘤果粗叶木; 18, 瘤果柯; 19, 毛柿; 20, 密鳞紫金牛; 21, 琼岛染木树; 22, 洼皮冬青; 23, 万宁柯; 24, 中华耳草。

Fig. 4 Pearson’s correlation semi matrix diagram of 24 endemic species in the study site. 1, Beilschmiedia long- ipetiolata; 2, Symplocos ovatilobata; 3, Heliciopsis lobata; 4, Beilschmiedia tungfangensis; 5, Platea parvifolia; 6, Syzygium tephrodes; 7, Melicope chunii; 8, Lindera robusta; 9, Nephelium topengii; 10, Madhuca hainanensi; 11, Lithocarpus fenzelianus; 12, Lasianthus calycinus; 13, Castanopsis jianfenglingensis; 14, Syzygium jienfunicum; 15, Machilus monticola; 16, Castanopsis ledongensis; 17, Lasianthus verrucosus; 18, Lithocarpus handelianus; 19, Diospyros strigosa; 20, Ardisia densilepidotula; 21, Saprosma merrillii; 22, Ilex nuculicava; 23, Lithocarpus elmerrillii; 24, Hedyotis cathayana.

图5 基于Pearson相关性的24个特有种聚类图。种序号同图4。

Fig. 5 Clustering dendrogram of 24 endemic species based on Pearson’s correlation. Species serial number is the same as in Fig. 4.

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