雪被斑块对川西亚高山森林凋落物冬季分解过程中钾和钠动态的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00051

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

亚高山森林冬季不同厚度雪被斑块下显著的冻融格局差异可能对凋落物分解过程中钾(K)和钠(Na)的动态具有重要影响, 然而已有研究还不足以清晰地认识这一过程。以川西亚高山森林6种代表性树种凋落物为研究对象, 采用凋落物网袋法, 探讨冬季不同厚度雪被斑块下雪被形成期、覆盖期和融化期凋落物分解过程中K和Na元素释放或富集的特征。整个雪被覆盖时期, 6种凋落物分解过程中Na均表现为富集特征, 且以覆盖期最为明显; 而K表现为释放特征, 以雪被融化期释放率最大。相对于其他雪被斑块, 厚型和中型雪被斑块下凋落物K释放率相对较高; 除康定柳(Salix paraplesia)和高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)外, 其他物种凋落物在厚型和中型雪被斑块下Na富集率较高。同时, 统计分析结果表明, 物种和雪被显著影响冬季不同关键时期凋落物K和Na元素动态。除红桦(Betula albosinensis)和方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)凋落物外, 温度因子与凋落物K和Na动态变化呈显著正相关。这些结果表明气候变暖情景下冬季雪被覆盖的减小将抑制亚高山森林冬季凋落物分解过程中K和Na元素的释放, 但是释放程度受凋落物质量和雪被覆盖时期的显著影响。

关键词: 元素动态, 凋落物分解, 雪被斑块, 亚高山森林

Abstract:

Aims Snow patches of varying thickness could play an important role in potassium (K) and sodium (Na) dynamics during litter decomposition in subalpine forests due to significant freeze-thaw events, but the detailed processes are unclear. Our objective was to understand how snow patches would affect the dynamics of K and Na during litter decomposition of six representative woody species in different snow cover periods.
Methods A field experiment was conducted to investigate litter decomposition in a subalpine forest of western Sichuan by using litterbag method. Air-dried litter of Salix paraplesia, Larix mastersiana, Abies faxoniana, Rhododendron lapponicum, Betula albosinensis, and Sabina saltuaria were placed in nylon litterbags, and placed on the forest floor along a snow thickness gradient from forest gap to under the canopy cover. The samples were retrieved at snow formation, during snow cover period, and at snow melt.
Important findings Net Na immobilization during litter decomposition was observed over the entire snow cover season regardless of species, with the highest net immobilization rate occurring during the snow cover stage. In contrast, K was mainly released from litter during the snow cover period, showing rapid K release at the snow melt stage. Compared with the treatments with thin and absence of snow patches, the treatments with thick and moderate snow patches had higher rates of K release during litter decomposition. Although showing less effect on the release of Na compared with K, the snow cover significantly enhanced Na release from decomposing litter of Salix paraplesia, L. mastersiana, A. faxoniana, and R. lapponicum. Statistical analysis indicates that the dynamics of K and Na during litter decomposition are significantly influenced by species and snow cover at different snow cover stages. The rate of K release was positively related to daily mean temperature regardless of species, while the rate of Na release was positively related to daily mean temperature in litter of all species but B. albosinensis and Sabina saltuaria. Results in this study suggest that a decrease in snow cover under the scenario of winter warming would inhibit K and Na release during litter decomposition in winter in the subalpine forests, with the degree of release being related to litter quality.

Key words: element dynamics, litter decomposition, snow patch, subalpine forest

何洁,杨万勤,倪祥银,李晗,徐李亚,吴福忠. 雪被斑块对川西亚高山森林凋落物冬季分解过程中钾和钠动态的影响. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(6): 550-561. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00051

HE Jie,YANG Wan-Qin,NI Xiang-Yin,LI Han,XU Li-Ya,WU Fu-Zhong. Effects of snow patch on the dynamics of potassium and sodium during litter decomposition in winter in a subalpine forest of western Sichuan. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(6): 550-561. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00051

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00051

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I6/550

图/表 10

表1 康定柳、红桦、高山杜鹃、岷江冷杉、方枝柏和四川红杉凋落物中元素的初始值(平均值±标准偏差)

Table 1 Initial nutrient concentrations in litter of Salix paraplesia, Betula albosinensis, Rhododendron lapponicum, Abies faxoniana, Sabina saltuaria and Larix mastersiana (mean ± SD)

物种 Species	C (g·kg^-1)	N (g·kg^-1)	P (g·kg^-1)	K (g·kg^-1)	Na (mg·kg^-1)
康定柳 Salix paraplesia	452.3 ± 16.5^a	11.5 ± 0.3^a	1.1 ± 0.0^a	18.3 ± 0.2^a	21.0 ± 0.7^a
红桦 Betula albosinensis	496.9 ± 14.5^b	13.4 ± 0.2^b	0.9 ± 0.0^b	3.4 ± 0.0^b	36.7 ± 1.8^b
高山杜鹃 Rhododendron lapponicum	502.9 ± 16.0^b	6.7 ± 0.2^c	1.1 ± 0.1^a	3.8 ± 0.0^c	15.9 ± 0.8^c
岷江冷杉 Abies faxoniana	505.6 ± 29.6^b	8.8 ± 0.0^d	1.1 ± 0.1^ac	6.5 ± 0.2^d	30.6 ± 1.2^d
方枝柏 Sabina saltuaria	516.4 ± 17.7^bc	8.8 ± 0.1^d	1.2 ± 0.1^cd	5.7 ± 0.0^e	39.0 ± 5.7^b
四川红杉 Larix mastersiana	543.5 ± 6.3^c	8.6 ± 0.4^d	1.3 ± 0.0^d	6.3 ± 0.1^d	22.3 ± 2.3^a

图1 不同关键时期雪被覆盖厚度的变化(平均值±标准偏差)。SP1, 厚雪被斑块; SP2, 中雪被斑块; SP3, 薄雪被斑块。

Fig. 1 Changes in the thickness of snow patches in different critical periods (mean ± SD). SP1, thick snow patch; SP2, moderate snow patch; SP3, thin snow patch.

图2 川西亚高山森林不同雪被斑块下凋落物温度和气温动态。SP1, 厚雪被斑块; SP2, 中雪被斑块; SP3, 薄雪被斑块; SP4, 无雪被斑块。

Fig. 2 The dynamics of litter and air temperatures under different snow patches in the subalpine forest of western Sichuan. SP1, thick snow patch; SP2, moderate snow patch; SP3, thin snow patch; SP4, absence of snow patch.

图3 不同雪被斑块下凋落物分解过程中K含量的动态变化(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。IS, 初始时期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。SP1, 厚雪被斑块; SP2, 中雪被斑块; SP3, 薄雪被斑块; SP4, 无雪被斑块。不同小写字母表示同一关键时期不同雪被斑块间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Dynamics of K concentration in litter during decomposition under different snow patches (mean ± SD, n = 3). IS, initial stage; SC, snow cover stage; SF, snow formation stage; SM, snow melt stage. SP1, thick snow patch; SP2, moderate snow patch; SP3, thin snow patch; SP4, absence of snow patch. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) among different snow patches within the same critical periods.

图4 不同雪被斑块下凋落物分解过程中Na含量动态变化(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。图注同图3。

Fig. 4 Dynamics of Na concentration in litter during decomposition under different snow patches (mean ± SD, n = 3). See Fig. 3 for notes.

图5 不同关键时期各雪被斑块下凋落物分解过程中的K释放率(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。图注同图3。FT, 冻融时期。

Fig. 5 Rate of K release from litter during decomposition under different snow patches in different critical periods (mean ± SD, n = 3). See Fig. 3 for notes. FT, freeze-thaw period.

图6 不同关键时期各雪被斑块下凋落物分解过程中Na释放率(平均值±标准偏差, n=3)。图注同图3。FT, 冻融时期。

Fig. 6 Rate of Na release from litter during decomposition under different snow patches in different critical periods (mean ± SD, n = 3). See Fig. 3 for notes. FT, freeze-thaw period.

图7 不同关键时期各雪被斑块下凋落物每天的K和Na释放速率(n = 3)。IS, 初始时期; SC, 雪被覆盖期; SF, 雪被形成期; SM, 雪被融化期。SP1, 厚雪被斑块; SP2, 中雪被斑块; SP3, 薄雪被斑块; SP4, 无雪被斑块。*表示不同雪被斑块间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 7 Rates of daily K and Na release from litter under different snow patches in different critical periods (n = 3). IS, initial stage; SC, snow cover stage; SF, snow formation stage; SM, snow melt stage. SP1, thick snow patch; SP2, moderate snow patch; SP3, thin snow patch; SP4, absence of snow patch. * indicates significant differences among different snow patches (p < 0.05).

表2 雪被覆盖时期各树种凋落物元素释放率、释放速率与凋落物日平均温度的相关分析(n = 36)

Table 2 Correlations of the rate and daily rate of element release with daily mean litter temperature in different tree species during the snow cover period (n = 36)

	康定柳 Salix paraplesia	四川红杉 Larix mastersiana	岷江冷杉 Abies faxoniana	高山杜鹃 Rhododendron lapponicum	红桦 Betula albosinensis	方枝柏 Sabina saltuaria
K释放率 Rate of K release	0.630^**	0.401^*	0.780^**	0.711^**	0.555^**	0.732^**
K释放速率 Daily rate of K release	0.712^**	0.334^*	0.780^**	0.731^**	0.654^**	0.805^**
Na释放率 Rate of Na release	0.767^**	0.424^**	0.703^**	0.817^**	-0.706^**	-0.087
Na释放速率 Daily rate of Na release	0.838^**	0.399^*	0.774^**	0.885^**	-0.861^**	-0.202

表3 不同关键时期雪被和物种与各阶段元素释放率双因素方差分析结果(n = 72)

Table 3 Summary of two-way ANOVA on the effects of snow patch and species on the rate of element release in different critical periods (n = 72)

	K释放率 Rate of K release				Na释放率 Rate of Na release
	SF	SC	SM	FT	SF	SC	SM	FT
A	4.114^*	7.785^**	5.894^**	5.378^**	222.571^**	78.155^**	13.751^**	104.938^**
B	164.946^**	24.376^**	22.351^**	106.188^**	984.280^**	1146.744^**	743.108^**	1979.735^**
C	7.676^**	10.262^**	17.226^**	10.350^**	123.474^**	32.632^**	63.561^**	44.114^**

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