杭州西溪湿地植物组成及其与水位光照的关系

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.013

植物生态学报 ›› 2008, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 114-122.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.013

杭州西溪湿地植物组成及其与水位光照的关系

沈琪¹^,², 刘珂³, 李世玉¹, 张骏¹, 蒋跃平⁴, 葛滢¹, 常杰¹^,^*()

1 浙江大学生命科学学院,杭州 310058
2 浙江教育学院,杭州 310012
3 浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院,310007
4 杭州西溪湿地国家公园,杭州 310013

收稿日期:2006-11-15 接受日期:2007-06-09 出版日期:2008-11-15 发布日期:2008-01-30
通讯作者: 常杰
作者简介:* E-mail: jchang@zju.edu.cn
第一联系人：
野外考察中还有刘其霞、盛海燕、杨志焕、关保华、廖建雄、张亮和李伟成等参加,在此表示感谢
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(30370146);浙江省教育厅科研项目(20060332)

RELATIONSHIPS OF PLANT COMPOSITION,WATER LEVEL AND SOLAR RADIATION IN XIXI WETLAND, HANGZHOU, CHINA

SHEN Qi¹^,², LIU Ke³, LI Shi-Yu¹, ZHANG Jun¹, JIANG Yue-Ping⁴, GE Ying¹, CHANG Jie¹^,^*()

¹College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
²Zhejiang Education Institute, Hangzhou 310012, China
³Zhejiang Institute of Environment Protection & Design, Hangzhou 310007, China
⁴Xixi National Wetland Park, Hangzhou 310013, China

Received:2006-11-15 Accepted:2007-06-09 Online:2008-11-15 Published:2008-01-30
Contact: CHANG Jie

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

杭州西溪湿地是在自然湿地基础上,并在一千多年农渔耕作用下形成的城市边缘次生湿地。随着工业化和城市化,它的面积急剧萎缩,植被受干扰,生态脆弱,不久前成立的西溪国家湿地公园已经将保护提上日程。该文在报道这类特殊湿地植被结构和物种多样性的基础上试图回答下列问题:何种小生境利于保护本地和湿地植物多样性?入侵种在各种小生境中的影响如何?怎样防控?根据调查,将西溪湿地草本层的小生境分成5种类型:强光高基、弱光(有树遮光)高基、强光低基、强光高渚和强光低渚。采用分层和随机取样相结合的方法调查这5种小生境下的植物群落组成,以重要值作为变量来计算物种多样性指数并排序。共26个地点,约234 m²的样方。结果显示在农渔耕的背景下,水位高低及光照等自然因子对植物组成具有一定的选择作用。强光高基生境物种丰富度最高,其中本土、木本和豆科植物数量最多,而入侵种、湿生物种数量最低;强光低渚生境的情况正好相反。强光高基生境有利于保持本土植物多样性,降低入侵种的竞争能力,但不利于湿地植物的存在;强光低基有中度本土植物多样性及抵御入侵种的能力,有较大的草本比例和湿地植物比例,是一个保持良好的湿地环境。有利于湿地植物的低湿生境目前在西溪比例较低,湿地植物偏少,这主要与西溪先前人类从事农业和渔业活动有关。在去除影响景观、影响本土物种多样性的入侵种的同时,可考虑增加低湿的生境,并补种湿地物种。

关键词: 生物多样性, 入侵物种, 群落组成, DCA排序, 功能群, 西溪湿地

Abstract:

Aims Xixi wetland is located at the outskirt of Hangzhou, eastern China. Under the influences of human residents, farming and fishing activities for more than one thousand years, Xixi has changed to secondary farming wetland with 70% of the area covered by open water interfaced by narrow dikes and large islets. Urbanization and industrialization during the last 20 years has rapidly shrunken Xixi. We investigated species composition of vascular plants in Xixi to explore: 1) relationships between species composition and habitats, 2) species which should be protected in the restoration of Xixi and methods for their protection, 3) favorable habitats for native and wetland species, and 4) occurrence and effects of invasive exotic species in different habitats and methods for their control.
Methods The herbaceous habitats of Xixi were classified into five types based on plant composition, water level, and solar radiation: blazing high dike (BHD), shading high dike (SHD), blazing low dike (BLD), blazing high islet (BHI), and blazing low islet (BLI). Community composition of the five habitats was studied by quadrat sampling method. Important values (IV) were used to calculate diversity indices and DCA ordination. A total of 26 sites with 234 m² quadrats were sampled in this study.
Important findings There were 119 vascular species belonging to 103 genera and 44 families. Among them, 108 species were native, 11 were invasive exotic; 50 were wetland plants; 6 were legumes, and 35 were grasses or grasses relatives. Results showed that BHD, SHD, BLD, BHI had greater plant species richness than BLI, and BHD had the greatest native species and woody species richness. Invasive exotic species and wetland plant species were prevalent in BLI, and common in BHD, SHD, BLD and BHI. BHD may be in favor of the protection of native species, and may be good for resisting the invasion of exotic species, but may be an unfavorable habitat for wetland plants, BLI was reversed. BLD could maintain moderately native plant species richness and had higher proportions of herbs and wetland plant species. Therefore, well-managed BLD should be emphasized in Xixi for protection and enhancement of native vegetation diversity and wetland plant species richness. The invasive exotic species, such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, which were harmful to the landscape or harmful to maintain native species diversity, must be removed periodically.

Key words: species diversity, invasive exotic species, community composition, DCA ordination, functional groups, Xixi wetland

沈琪, 刘珂, 李世玉, 张骏, 蒋跃平, 葛滢, 常杰. 杭州西溪湿地植物组成及其与水位光照的关系. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(1): 114-122. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.013

SHEN Qi, LIU Ke, LI Shi-Yu, ZHANG Jun, JIANG Yue-Ping, GE Ying, CHANG Jie. RELATIONSHIPS OF PLANT COMPOSITION,WATER LEVEL AND SOLAR RADIATION IN XIXI WETLAND, HANGZHOU, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(1): 114-122. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.013

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.013

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I1/114

图/表 8

参考文献 22

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生境类型 Habitats	特征描述 Character description	样方重复数量 Numbers of replicated quadrates
光照强地势高的基(强光高基) Blazing high dike (BHD)	宽1~3 m、长≥10 m,狭长条带;强光照;垂直距离水面≥2.0 m Long narrow strip; 1-3 m in width, more than 10 m in length; blazing; vertically equal to or more than 2 m high from ground water level	5
光照强地势低的基(强光低基) Blazing low dike (BLD)	宽1~3 m、长≥10 m,狭长条带; 强光照;垂直距离水面≤1.0 m Long narrow strip; 1-3 m in width, more than 10 m in length; blazing; vertically equal to less than 1.0 m high from ground water level	5
光照弱地势高的基(弱光高基) Shading high dike (SHD)	宽1~3 m、长≥10 m,狭长条带;有遮荫;垂直距离水面≥2.0 m Long narrow strip; 1-3 m in width, more than 10 m in length; shading; vertically equal to or more than 2 m high from ground water level	4
光照强地势高的渚(强光高渚) Blazing high islet (BHI)	面积较大,成方形的地块;强光照;垂直距离水面≥2.0 m Large squares; blazing; vertically equal to or more than 2 m high from ground water level	6
光照强地势低的渚(强光低渚) Blazing low islet (BLI)	面积较大,成方形的地块;强光照;垂直距离水面≤1.0 m Large squares; blazing; vertically equal to less than 1.0 m high from ground water level	6

生境类型 Habitats	特征描述 Character description	样方重复数量 Numbers of replicated quadrates
光照强地势高的基(强光高基) Blazing high dike (BHD)	宽1~3 m、长≥10 m,狭长条带;强光照;垂直距离水面≥2.0 m Long narrow strip; 1-3 m in width, more than 10 m in length; blazing; vertically equal to or more than 2 m high from ground water level	5
光照强地势低的基(强光低基) Blazing low dike (BLD)	宽1~3 m、长≥10 m,狭长条带; 强光照;垂直距离水面≤1.0 m Long narrow strip; 1-3 m in width, more than 10 m in length; blazing; vertically equal to less than 1.0 m high from ground water level	5
光照弱地势高的基(弱光高基) Shading high dike (SHD)	宽1~3 m、长≥10 m,狭长条带;有遮荫;垂直距离水面≥2.0 m Long narrow strip; 1-3 m in width, more than 10 m in length; shading; vertically equal to or more than 2 m high from ground water level	4
光照强地势高的渚(强光高渚) Blazing high islet (BHI)	面积较大,成方形的地块;强光照;垂直距离水面≥2.0 m Large squares; blazing; vertically equal to or more than 2 m high from ground water level	6
光照强地势低的渚(强光低渚) Blazing low islet (BLI)	面积较大,成方形的地块;强光照;垂直距离水面≤1.0 m Large squares; blazing; vertically equal to less than 1.0 m high from ground water level	6

	强光高基 BHD	弱光高基 SHD	强光低基 BLD	强光高渚 BHI	强光低渚 BLI
喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides		√	√	√	√
鸡屎藤 Paederia scandens	√		√	√	√
爵床 Rostellularia procumbens	√	√	√	√
狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon	√		√	√
丝茅 Imperata koenigii		√	√	√
显子草 Phaenosperma globosa		√	√		√
铁苋菜 Acalypha australis		√		√
牛膝 Achyranthes bidentata	√	√
荩草 Arthraxon hispidus	√	√
构树 Broussonetia papyrifera	√	√
野塘蒿 Conyza bonariensis				√	√
忍冬 Lonicera japonica	√		√
石荠 Mosla scabra	√				√
野蔷薇 Rosa multiflora		√	√
狗尾草 Setaria viridis	√			√
垂穗苔草 Carex dimorpholepis					√
芦荻 Miscanthus sacchariflorus			√
芦苇 Phragmites australis					√
水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper					√
杠板归 Polygonum perfoliatum					√

	强光高基 BHD	弱光高基 SHD	强光低基 BLD	强光高渚 BHI	强光低渚 BLI
喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides		√	√	√	√
鸡屎藤 Paederia scandens	√		√	√	√
爵床 Rostellularia procumbens	√	√	√	√
狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon	√		√	√
丝茅 Imperata koenigii		√	√	√
显子草 Phaenosperma globosa		√	√		√
铁苋菜 Acalypha australis		√		√
牛膝 Achyranthes bidentata	√	√
荩草 Arthraxon hispidus	√	√
构树 Broussonetia papyrifera	√	√
野塘蒿 Conyza bonariensis				√	√
忍冬 Lonicera japonica	√		√
石荠 Mosla scabra	√				√
野蔷薇 Rosa multiflora		√	√
狗尾草 Setaria viridis	√			√
垂穗苔草 Carex dimorpholepis					√
芦荻 Miscanthus sacchariflorus			√
芦苇 Phragmites australis					√
水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper					√
杠板归 Polygonum perfoliatum					√

重要值IV	全部样方 Total	强光高基 BHD	弱光高基 BHD	强光低基 BLD	强光高渚 BHI	强光低渚 BLI
阔叶类草本植物 Forbs	1.24±0.43	0.88±0.18^b	1.23±0.29^b	0.95±0.39^ab	1.55±0.40^a	1.53±0.27^a
禾草及类禾草 Grasses or grasses relatives	1.25±0.36	1.14±0.33	1.10±0.25	1.48±0.37	1.38±0.33	1.21±0.42
豆科植物 Legumes	0.07±0.11	0.17±0.16	0.03±0.062	0.08±0.17	0.05±0.05	0.02±0.050
本土植物 Native	2.59±0.24	2.79±0.14^a	2.81±0.16^a	2.75±0.033^a	2.43±0.16^b	2.29±0.11^b
入侵菊科植物 Invasive exotic species of Compositae	0.22±0.17	0.15b±0.12^b	0.11±0.13^bc	0.09±0.094^c	0.29±0.16^ab	0.38±0.17^a
入侵喜旱莲子草 Invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides	0.18±0.14	0.04±0.041^d	0.07±0.062^cd	0.16±0.076^bc	0.23±0.15^ab	0.34±0.098^a

杭州西溪湿地植物组成及其与水位光照的关系

RELATIONSHIPS OF PLANT COMPOSITION,WATER LEVEL AND SOLAR RADIATION IN XIXI WETLAND, HANGZHOU, CHINA

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物种数(种) Species number	强光高基 BHD	弱光高基 SHD	强光低基 BLD	强光高渚 BHI	强光低渚 BLI
总物种数 Overall	23.8±6.14^a	17.7±4.03^b	18.0±1.22^b	16.8±4.07^b	11.2±3.19^c
阔叶类草本 Forbs	9.6±3.21^a	8.7±3.09^ab	7.4±2.41^ab	9.8±3.71^a	6.3±1.63^b
禾草类 Grasses	6.8±2.77^ab	3.2±0.96^c	7.0±2.35^a	5.0±0.89^ab	3.7±2.50^bc
豆科植物 Legumes	1.0±0.71^a	0.5±0.58^ab	0.4±0.55^ab	0.5±0.55^ab	0.2±0.41^b
本土物种 Native species	21.0±4.74^a	15.2±3.86^ab	16.2±1.48^b	13.2±3.13^b	8.3±2.58^c
入侵种 Invasive exotic species	2.8±2.17^ab	2.5±1.29^ab	1.8±0.84^b	3.7±1.03^a	2.5±0.55^b
木本植物 Woody plants	5.4±1.52^a	4.2±1.26^a	3.2±2.77^ab	0.7±0.82^b	1.2±0.75^b
湿地植物 Wetland species	6.4±1.14	5.2±2.63	8.4±3.58	7.3±2.80	6.2±3.12

生境 Habitats	整块湿地 Whole Xixi	强光高基 BHD	弱光高基 SHD	强光低基 BLD	强光高渚 BHI	强光低渚 BLI
Shannon-Wienes指数H'	2.54±0.35	2.92±0.31^a	2.53±0.38^ab	2.66±0.10^ab	2.49±0.25^bc	2.20±0.29^c
均匀度指数 J	0.91±0.047	0.93±0.041	0.88±0.097	0.92±0.018	0.89±0.039	0.92±0.021
本土植物的H' H' of native species	2.20±0.431	2.67±0.304^a	2.43±0.247^a	2.44±0.089^a	1.98±0.123^b	1.63±0.215^c

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