热带季节雨林林冠上方和林内近地层CO2浓度的时空动态及其成因分析

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.03.004

植物生态学报 ›› 2008, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (3): 555-567.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.03.004

热带季节雨林林冠上方和林内近地层CO₂浓度的时空动态及其成因分析

谭正洪¹^,³, 张一平¹^,^*(), 于贵瑞², 宋清海¹^,³, 高举明¹^,³, 杨振¹^,³, 孙晓敏², 赵双菊⁴

1 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,昆明 650223
2 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
3 中国科学院研究生院,北京 100049
4 云南省建筑材料科学研究设计院,昆明 650221

收稿日期:2007-02-12 接受日期:2007-10-19 出版日期:2008-02-12 发布日期:2008-05-30
通讯作者: 张一平
作者简介:*E-mail:yipingzh@xtbg.ac.cn.
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(40571163);中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KJCX2-YW-432-1);国家科技部“973”计划项目(2002CB412501);中国科学院知识创新工程重大项目(KZCX1-SW-01-01A)

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF CO₂ CONCENTRATION AND ITS CAU-SES IN XISHUANGBANNA TROPICAL SEASONAL RAIN FOREST, CHINA

TAN Zheng-Hong¹^,³, ZHANG Yi-Ping¹^,^*(), YU Gui-Rui², SONG Qing-Hai¹^,³, GAO Ju-Ming¹^,³, YANG Zhen¹^,³, SUN Xiao-Min², ZHAO Shuang-Ju⁴

¹Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
²Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
³Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁴Constructional Material Design and Research Institute of Yunan Province, Kunming 650221, China

Received:2007-02-12 Accepted:2007-10-19 Online:2008-02-12 Published:2008-05-30
Contact: ZHANG Yi-Ping

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探讨西双版纳独特地方气候背景下,热带季节雨林CO₂浓度的时空变化特征和不同时间尺度上环境因素对森林CO₂浓度时间分布的作用,以及为研究热带季节雨林的碳通量、净生态系统交换量(Net ecosystem exchange, NEE)等提供支持,我们利用热带季节雨林林冠上方和林内近地层CO₂浓度连续监测资料,结合同步气象资料进行了统计分析。研究结果表明:在植被生理活动、土壤呼吸以及林内湍流的共同作用下,西双版纳热带季节雨林CO₂浓度表现出明显的日变化、季节变化和林冠上下差异。在日尺度上,林冠上方的CO₂浓度时间变化曲线为“单峰型”,林内近地层CO₂浓度时间变化曲线为“双峰型”,造成林内近地层傍晚第二个峰值的主要因子是地形因子作用下形成的局地环流。在季节尺度上,林冠上方CO₂浓度主要受林冠代谢作用的影响,呈现雨季低、干季高的特点,而林内近地层的CO₂浓度则主要受地表呼吸过程所控制,季节变化趋势与林冠上方相反。林冠上方CO₂浓度低于林内近地层CO₂浓度,且差异较大;在日尺度上,各月(除12月外)CO₂浓度的最大差值皆大于80 mg·m^-3,且出现在傍晚;在季节尺度上,最大值为-62.9 mg·m^-3,出现在10月,最小值为-8.4 mg·m^-3,出现在12月。

关键词: 热带季节雨林, CO₂浓度, 林冠上方, 林内近地层, 西双版纳

Abstract:

Aims Because of its highly diverse flora and unique climate, Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forest (XTSRF) is one of few areas in China characterized by well-protected primary forest types considered to be tropical rainforest. Compared with other rainforests around the world, XTSRF occurs at higher latitude and altitude. Our aim was to investigate variation of CO₂ concentration at different time scales under this unique climate and special geographical situation and determine how environmental variables formed the temporal pattern of CO₂ concentration.

Methods CO₂ concentration in XTSRF was measured continuously by infrared gas analyzers (Li-7500, Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA) and recorded every 30 min with a data-logger (CR5000); meteorological variables were also measured and recorded. The static chamber method was used to measure soil respiration weekly. Leaf area index was measured in the middle of every month using a forest canopy analyzer (LAI-2000).

Important findings The diurnal pattern of CO₂ concentration above canopy (AC) was consistent through the year, with higher values at daytime and lower values at night due to photosynthesis uptake and respiration release, respectively. In contrast, near the forest floor (NF) diurnal patterns were bimodal in most months, with a second peak in late afternoon. Average variation of CO₂ concentration in a year was larger at AC (622.8-686.5 mg·m^-3) than at NF (659-700 mg·m^-3). Difference of CO₂ concentration between AC and NF was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, with the largest value (-62.9 mg·m^-3) in October and the smallest (-8.4 mg·m^-3) in December. The “flushing" phenomenon in the early morning was primarily affected by stability of the atmospheric boundary layer. In long foggy days and under low wind velocities, forests in the valley had little air circulation, but local circulation resulted in sharp increases of CO ₂ concentration in the afternoon. CO₂ concentration of NF and AC were dominated by soil respiration and canopy metabolism, respectively.

Key words: tropical seasonal rain forest, CO₂ concentration, airspace above canopy, airspace near floor in canopy, Xishuangbanna

谭正洪, 张一平, 于贵瑞, 宋清海, 高举明, 杨振, 孙晓敏, 赵双菊. 热带季节雨林林冠上方和林内近地层CO₂浓度的时空动态及其成因分析. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(3): 555-567. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.03.004

TAN Zheng-Hong, ZHANG Yi-Ping, YU Gui-Rui, SONG Qing-Hai, GAO Ju-Ming, YANG Zhen, SUN Xiao-Min, ZHAO Shuang-Ju. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF CO₂ CONCENTRATION AND ITS CAU-SES IN XISHUANGBANNA TROPICAL SEASONAL RAIN FOREST, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(3): 555-567. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.03.004

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图/表 9

图1 2006年西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠上方(Cup)和林内近地层(Cdown)CO2浓度月平均值日变化特征 Cup: 48.8 m高处的CO2浓度 CO2 concentration at height of 48.8 m Cdown: 4.2 m高处的CO2浓度 CO2 concentration at height of 4.2 m

Fig.1 Diurnal variations of monthly averaged CO2 concentration in airspace above canopy (Cup) and near floor in canopy (Cdown) in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forest in 2006

图2 2006年西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠上方与林内近地层CO2浓度差月平均值日变化特征 a:雾凉季Fog-cool season b:干热季Dry-hot season c:雨季前期Early rain season d:雨季末期Later rain season

Fig.2 Diurnal variations of difference of CO2 concentration between airspaces above canopy and near floor in canopy in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forest in 2006

图3 2006年西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠上方和林内近地层CO2浓度及其差值季节变化特征 Cup:48.8 m高处的CO2浓度 CO2 concentration at height of 48.8 m Cdown: 4.2 m高处的CO2浓度 CO2 concentration at height of 4.2 m Diff: 48.8 m高处的CO2浓度与4.2 m高处的CO2浓度之差 CO2 concentration differences between 48.8 and 4.2 m height a:昼间 Daytime b:夜间 Nighttime c:全天 All day

Fig.3 Seasonal variations of CO2 concentration in airspace above canopy and near floor in canopy and their differences in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forest in 2006

图4 2006年西双版纳热带季节雨林环境因子的季节变化特征 Ws: 5 cm深处土壤含水量 Soil water content at depth of 5 cm LAI: 叶面积指数 Leaf area index Ts: 5 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at depth of 5 cm Tc: 冠层平均温度 Canopy temperature PAR4m: 4 m高处光合有效辐射 Photosynthetically active radiation at height of 4 m a: 5 cm深处土壤含水量与叶面积指数 Soil water content at 5 cm depth and leaf area index b: 5 cm深处土壤温度、冠层温度与4 m高处光合有效辐射 Soil temperature at 5 cm depth, canopy temperature and photosynthetically active radiation at 4 m height

Fig.4 Seasonal variations of environmental factors in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forest in 2006

图5 2004年西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠上方大气稳定度频度分布日变化(杨振等,2007)

Fig.5 Diurnal variations of atmospheric stability frequency distribution in airspace above canopy in Xishuangbanna seasonal tropical rain forest in 2004 (Yang et al., 2007)

图6 2006年西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠上方大气风向日变化

Fig.6 Diurnal variations of wind direction in airspace above canopy in Xishuangbanna seasonal tropical rain forest in 2006

图7 2006年西双版纳热带季节雨林CO2浓度的季节变化与相应的环境因子的关系 Cup:林冠上方大气(48.8 m)CO2浓度 CO2 concentration in airspace above canopy at 48.8 m height PAR70m:70 m高处光合有效辐射强度 Photosynthetically active radiation at 70 m height Cdown:林内近地层大气(4.2 m)CO2浓度 CO2 concentration in airspace near floor in canopy at 4.2 m height Rsoil:土壤呼吸通量 Soil respiration flux a:林冠上方CO2浓度与70 m高处的光合有效辐射 CO2 concentration in airspace above canopy at 70 m height and photosynthetically active radiation at 70 m height b:林内近地层CO2浓度与土壤呼吸通量 CO2 concentration in airspace near floor in canopy at 4.2 m height and soil respiration flux

Fig.7 Relationships between CO2 concentrations and environmental factors at seasonal scale in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forest in 2006

表1 2006年西双版纳热带季节雨林CO2浓度与环境因子之间的相关系数

Table 1 Correlation coefficient of CO2 and environmental factors in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forest in 2006

	4.2 m高处光合有效辐射 Photosynthetically active radiation at 4.2 m height	70 m高处光合有效辐射 Photosynthetically active radiation at 70 m height	叶面积指数 Leaf area index	冠层温度 Canopy temperature	5 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at 5 cm depth	5 cm深处土壤湿度 Soil moisture at 5 cm depth	土壤呼吸 Soil respiration flux
48.8 m高处CO₂浓度 CO₂ concentration at height of 48.8 m	0.29	0.21	-0.63	-0.30	-0.44	-0.44	-0.46
4.2 m高处CO₂浓度 CO₂ concentration at height of 4.2 m	0.46	0.49	-0.12	0.75	0.63	0.41	0.60

图8 2003~2006年西双版纳热带季节雨林5 cm深处土壤温度和5 cm深处土壤含水量的年间变化 Ts:5 cm深处土壤温度Soil temperature at depth of 5 cm Ws:5 cm深处土壤含水量Soil water content at depth of 5 cm ——:日平均数值Daily average value ■:月平均数值Monthly average value a:土壤温度 Soil temperature b:土壤含水量 Soil water content

Fig.8 Inter-annual variations of soil temperature at depth of 5 cm and soil water content at depth of 5 cm in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forest from 2003 to 2006

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热带季节雨林林冠上方和林内近地层CO₂浓度的时空动态及其成因分析

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF CO₂ CONCENTRATION AND ITS CAU-SES IN XISHUANGBANNA TROPICAL SEASONAL RAIN FOREST, CHINA

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