心叶凹唇姜的开花格局和雄性先熟机制

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.03.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

心叶凹唇姜 (Boesenbergia longiflora) 是分布于亚洲热带的一种姜科植物, 在我国滇南地区成片生长于石灰山贫瘠的岩石缝隙和路边林下的冲积土壤上。心叶凹唇姜的花寿命为两天, 第1天为严格的雄性阶段, 第2天为严格的雌性阶段, 是典型的花内雄性先熟, 一朵花的雌、雄性阶段没有重叠, 因而完全避免了自花授粉的发生。对这两种生境 (石灰山贫瘠的岩石缝隙和路边林下) 下的心叶凹唇姜的4个野外种群 (在云南省普洱市的翠云乡彩虹洞、南岛河、澜沧县惠民乡和西双版纳州绿石林森林公园) 和栽培植株的开花格局进行调查后发现, 大多数个体在同一时间内只有一个花序开花, 并且每隔一天才开一朵花, 只有10%左右的植株同时具有雄性阶段和雌性阶段的花, 这样的开花格局有效地降低了同株异花授粉发生的可能。心叶凹唇姜的平均花粉-胚珠比 (Pollen-ovuleratio) 为291, 应该是以异交为主的混合交配系统。其自然种群存在着花粉限制, 彩虹洞、南岛河和绿石林3个不同种群的平均结籽率都不到60%, 这可能与其较小的花展示有关。心叶凹唇姜为泛化传粉植物, 不同种群的有效传粉昆虫种类各不相同。在两种不同的生境条件下, 心叶凹唇姜花的大小和开花格局都没有显著的差异, 大多数个体同时只具有一种性阶段的花, 说明心叶凹唇姜这种独特的开花格局是长期进化的结果。心叶凹唇姜通过隔一天开一朵花的开花格局, 配合雄性先熟机制, 有效地降低了自交的发生。

关键词: 雄性先熟, 开花格局, 花生物学, 心叶凹唇姜, 姜科

Abstract:

Aims Boesenbergia longiflora (Wallich) Kuntze is a perennial protandrous ginger widely distributed in Asian tropics. It usually grows in crevices of calcareous rocks of limestone monsoon rainforests or in sedimentation soil on the roadside, forming patches in the understory. Its floral longev-ity is 2 days. Flowers are in male stage during the first day and in female stage during the second day of flowering. Autogamy is avoided because two sexual functions are not overlapping in a single flower. Our objectives were to investigate if any other floral mechanism reinforced protandry to avoid geitonogamy and to determine the pollinators and their visiting patterns on the flowers in different sexual stages of different populations.

Methods Flowering phenology was monitored once a week for two years. Floral morphology was studied and compared for three populations of different habitats. Flowering pattern was studied by investigating number of flowering inflorescences and flowers in male or in female stage in four populations and under cultivation. We also investigated natural seed-sets and plant density for different populations. Pollinators were observed in three populations.

Important findings Most of individuals of B. longiflora had only one flowering inflorescence at a time and produced one flower every other day. About 10% of all individuals investigated had male and female stage flowers at the same time, both in four natural populations and under cultivation. The pollination system was generalized with different insects as pollinators, including Apis florae, Bombus sp., Amegilla fimrata, Anthophora plagiata, Amegilla yunnansis, Nmia ellioti and Apis cerana in different populations. Plant and floral sizes did not differ significantly among populations. The flowering pattern of most individuals was one flower every other day, which reinforced protandry and avoided selfing.

Key words: protandry, flowering pattern, floral biology, Boesenbergia longiflora, Zingiberaceae

杨淑霞, 高江云. 心叶凹唇姜的开花格局和雄性先熟机制. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(3): 449-459. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.03.004

YANG Shu-Xia, GAO Jiang-Yun. FLOWERING PATTERN AND PROTANDRY IN BOESENBERGIA LONGIFLORA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(3): 449-459. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.03.004

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.03.004

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2009/V33/I3/449

图/表 7

图1 在两种不同生境条件下的心叶凹唇姜植株和处于不同性阶段的花 a:生长于石灰山贫瘠的岩石缝隙中的心叶凹唇姜植株Plants of B.longiflora growing in infertile cracks and crevices of calcareous rocks b:生长于路边林下冲积土壤上的心叶凹唇姜植株Plants of B.longiflora growing in sedimentation soil on the roadside c:心叶凹唇姜的花在开花的第一天处于雄性阶段Flowers of B.longiflora remain in the male stage on the first day of flowering d:心叶凹唇姜的花在开花的第二天处于雌性阶段Flower of B.longiflora remain in the female stage on the second day of flowering

Fig.1 Plants of Boesenbergia longiflora in two different habitats and flowers in different sexual phases

表1 心叶凹唇姜3个种群的植株和花部大小

Table 1 Plant and floral size of Boesenbergia longiflora among three populations

图2 2007年花期内94株盆栽植株每天的开花数

Fig.2 The number of flowers produced by 94 potted plants during the flowering period of 2007

图3 2007年花期内94株盆栽植株同时具有不同性阶段的花的植株占每天开花植株的比例

Fig.3 Proportion of plants with flowers in different sexual stages to all flowering plants of the 94 potted plants during the flowering period of 2007 (n=94)

图4 同时具有不同性阶段花的植株占种群中开花植株的比例 CHD、NDH:同表1 The codes are the same as in Table1 HMX:Huimingxiang population, in Pu’er, 22°16′N, 100°04′E, in sedimentation soil on the roadside LSL:Lushilin population, in Xishuangbanna, 21°41′N, 101°25′E, in crevices of calcareous rocks of limestone monsoon rainforest

Fig.4 Proportion of plants with flowers in different sexual stages to all flowering plants in the populations

图5 不同种群的植株间的最小平均距离 CHD、NDH:同表1 The codes are the same as in Table1 HMX、LSL:同图4 The codes are the same as in Fig.4误差线上方相同的字母 (a、b、c或d) 表示单因素方差分析中没有显著统计差异的组Statistically homogeneous grouping based on a one-way analysis of variance are indicated by the same letter (a, b, c or d) above the bars

Fig.5 The average minimum distances of individuals of Boesenbergia longiflora in four populations

图6 心叶凹唇姜不同种群传粉昆虫的访花频率 a:惠民乡种群HMX b:南岛河种群NDH c:绿石林种群LSL NDH:同表1 The codes are the same as in Table 1 HMX、LSL:同图4 The codes are the same as in Fig.4

Fig.6 The visiting frequency of pollinators to flowers of Boesenbergia longiflora in different populations

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