植物生态学报 ›› 2010, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (12): 1414-1423.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.12.007
收稿日期:
2010-01-05
接受日期:
2010-05-16
出版日期:
2010-01-05
发布日期:
2010-12-28
作者简介:
第一联系人:* E-mail: qiong_hou@sina.com
HOU Qiong1(), WANG Ying-Shun2, YANG Ze-Long1, SHI Gui-Hua2
Received:
2010-01-05
Accepted:
2010-05-16
Online:
2010-01-05
Published:
2010-12-28
摘要:
作物系数是计算作物需水量必不可少的参数。利用2008年野外水分试验和4个气象站近26年的土壤水分和气象等常规观测资料, 以相关分析和回归分析等统计学方法为基础, 根据水量平衡原理计算了内蒙古典型草原区的作物系数, 分析了其在生长期和不同站点间的变化规律; 建立了典型草原标准作物系数与返青后年日数和大于0 ℃积温的模拟方程, 相关指数在0.94以上。在分析湿润指数、叶面积指数和盖度与作物系数关系的基础上, 提出标准作物系数的气候修正方法和胁迫条件下作物系数的修正方法。同时, 与修正后的联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐值比较后得出, 生长季标准作物系数的平均值为0.60, 最大值为1.02; 不同生长阶段作物系数的典型值分别为: 初始生长期0.40, 生长中期0.93, 生长后期0.80, 相应的阈值范围为0.35-0.45、0.85-1.00和0.70-0.90。通过旬蒸散量的模拟计算值与蒸渗仪实测结果的比较, 平均相对误差在20%-24%之间, 生长旺盛期大多低于10%, 从而初步证明该文提出的方法在内蒙古典型草原区有较好的适用性。
侯琼, 王英舜, 杨泽龙, 师桂花. 内蒙古典型草原作物系数的动态模拟与确定. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(12): 1414-1423. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.12.007
HOU Qiong, WANG Ying-Shun, YANG Ze-Long, SHI Gui-Hua. Dynamic simulation and definition of crop coefficient for typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(12): 1414-1423. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.12.007
站点 Station | 经度 Longitude (E) | 纬度 Latitude (N) | 海拔高度Altitude (m) | 年降水量 Annual precipi- tation (mm) | Iw4-9 | 年平均气温 Annual mean air temperature (℃) | 年降水变率 Changing ratio of annual precipitation (%) | W0-50 (mm) | γ0-50 (g·m-3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
锡林浩特 Xilinhot | 116°38′ | 43°57′ | 989.5 | 286.6 | 0.28 | 2.6 | 24.6 | 84.9 | 1.41 |
镶黄旗 Xianghuang Banner | 113°50′ | 42°14′ | 1 322.1 | 269.9 | 0.27 | 3.5 | 17.4 | 85.4 | 1.49 |
察哈尔右翼后旗 Qahar Youyi Houqi | 113°11′ | 41°27′ | 1 423.5 | 335.2 | 0.37 | 3.8 | 18.9 | 145.4 | 1.14 |
鄂温克族自治旗 Ewenkizu Autonomous Banner | 119°45′ | 49°09′ | 620.8 | 345.6 | 0.44 | -1.5 | 16.1 | 84.4 | 1.43 |
表1 4个站点的地理坐标和主要气候及土壤特征
Table 1 Geographical coordinates, main characteristics of climate and soil of four meteorological stations
站点 Station | 经度 Longitude (E) | 纬度 Latitude (N) | 海拔高度Altitude (m) | 年降水量 Annual precipi- tation (mm) | Iw4-9 | 年平均气温 Annual mean air temperature (℃) | 年降水变率 Changing ratio of annual precipitation (%) | W0-50 (mm) | γ0-50 (g·m-3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
锡林浩特 Xilinhot | 116°38′ | 43°57′ | 989.5 | 286.6 | 0.28 | 2.6 | 24.6 | 84.9 | 1.41 |
镶黄旗 Xianghuang Banner | 113°50′ | 42°14′ | 1 322.1 | 269.9 | 0.27 | 3.5 | 17.4 | 85.4 | 1.49 |
察哈尔右翼后旗 Qahar Youyi Houqi | 113°11′ | 41°27′ | 1 423.5 | 335.2 | 0.37 | 3.8 | 18.9 | 145.4 | 1.14 |
鄂温克族自治旗 Ewenkizu Autonomous Banner | 119°45′ | 49°09′ | 620.8 | 345.6 | 0.44 | -1.5 | 16.1 | 84.4 | 1.43 |
锡林浩特 Xilinhot | 镶黄旗 Xianghuang Banner | 察哈尔右翼后旗 Qahar Youyi Houqi | 鄂温克族自治旗 Ewenkizu Autonomous Banner | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
阈值 Threshold value (mm) | 概率 Probability (%) | 阈值 Threshold value (mm) | 概率 Probability (%) | 阈值 Threshold value (mm) | 概率 Probability (%) | 阈值 Threshold value (mm) | 概率 Probability (%) | ||||
丰水年 Wet hydrologic year | >300 | 23.1 | >300 | 15.4 | >350 | 22.2 | >380 | 21.4 | |||
平水年 Normal hydrologic year | 300-200 | 38.5 | 300-200 | 61.5 | 350-230 | 55.6 | 380-260 | 53.6 | |||
干旱年 Dry hydrologic year | <200 | 34.6 | <200 | 23.1 | <230 | 22.2 | <260 | 25.0 | |||
多年平均降水量 Average annual precipitation (mm) | 238.4 | 240.0 | 295.8 | 320.3 |
表2 4个站点降水年型的划分结果
Table 2 Dividing results of annual precipitation of four meteorological stations
锡林浩特 Xilinhot | 镶黄旗 Xianghuang Banner | 察哈尔右翼后旗 Qahar Youyi Houqi | 鄂温克族自治旗 Ewenkizu Autonomous Banner | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
阈值 Threshold value (mm) | 概率 Probability (%) | 阈值 Threshold value (mm) | 概率 Probability (%) | 阈值 Threshold value (mm) | 概率 Probability (%) | 阈值 Threshold value (mm) | 概率 Probability (%) | ||||
丰水年 Wet hydrologic year | >300 | 23.1 | >300 | 15.4 | >350 | 22.2 | >380 | 21.4 | |||
平水年 Normal hydrologic year | 300-200 | 38.5 | 300-200 | 61.5 | 350-230 | 55.6 | 380-260 | 53.6 | |||
干旱年 Dry hydrologic year | <200 | 34.6 | <200 | 23.1 | <230 | 22.2 | <260 | 25.0 | |||
多年平均降水量 Average annual precipitation (mm) | 238.4 | 240.0 | 295.8 | 320.3 |
月份 Month | ETo (mm) | ETa (mm) | Kc | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008年试验区 Experimental area in 2008 | 丰水年平均值 Average values of wet years | 差异 Difference | 2008年试验值 Experimental values in 2008 | 丰水年平均值 Average values of wet years | 差异 Difference | 2008年试验值 Experimental values in 2008 | 丰水年平均值 Average values of wet years | 差异 Difference | ||
4 | 113.4 | 121.8 | -8.4 | 24.8 | 31.6 | -6.8 | 0.22 | 0.26 | -0.04 | |
5 | 145.8 | 173.2 | -27.4 | 56.4 | 55.1 | 1.3 | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.20 | |
6 | 160.9 | 180.1 | -19.2 | 76.5 | 75.7 | 0.8 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.06 | |
7 | 185.3 | 159.8 | 25.5 | 157.8 | 134.8 | 23.0 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.01 | |
8 | 152.2 | 138.4 | 13.8 | 155.2 | 113.6 | 41.6 | 1.02 | 0.82 | 0.20 | |
9 | 109.0 | 115.4 | -6.4 | 93.9 | 57.7 | 36.2 | 0.86 | 0.50 | 0.36 | |
4-9 | 866.5 | 888.8 | -22.3 | 564.6 | 468.4 | 96.2 | 0.65 | 0.53 | 0.12 |
表3 典型草原生长季作物需水量(ETa)、参考作物蒸散量(ETo)和作物系数(Kc)试验值与丰水年计算值的比较
Table 3 Experimental values of water requirements of crop (ETa), evapotranspiration of reference crop (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc) of typical steppe in growing season compared with calculated values on abundant precipitation years
月份 Month | ETo (mm) | ETa (mm) | Kc | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008年试验区 Experimental area in 2008 | 丰水年平均值 Average values of wet years | 差异 Difference | 2008年试验值 Experimental values in 2008 | 丰水年平均值 Average values of wet years | 差异 Difference | 2008年试验值 Experimental values in 2008 | 丰水年平均值 Average values of wet years | 差异 Difference | ||
4 | 113.4 | 121.8 | -8.4 | 24.8 | 31.6 | -6.8 | 0.22 | 0.26 | -0.04 | |
5 | 145.8 | 173.2 | -27.4 | 56.4 | 55.1 | 1.3 | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.20 | |
6 | 160.9 | 180.1 | -19.2 | 76.5 | 75.7 | 0.8 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.06 | |
7 | 185.3 | 159.8 | 25.5 | 157.8 | 134.8 | 23.0 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.01 | |
8 | 152.2 | 138.4 | 13.8 | 155.2 | 113.6 | 41.6 | 1.02 | 0.82 | 0.20 | |
9 | 109.0 | 115.4 | -6.4 | 93.9 | 57.7 | 36.2 | 0.86 | 0.50 | 0.36 | |
4-9 | 866.5 | 888.8 | -22.3 | 564.6 | 468.4 | 96.2 | 0.65 | 0.53 | 0.12 |
图1 4个站点作物系数(Kc)的变化趋势。察右后旗, 察哈尔右翼后旗; 鄂温克, 鄂温克族自治旗。
Fig. 1 Changing trend of crop coefficient (Kc) of four meteorological stations. Chayouhou, Qahar Youyi Houqi; Ewenki, Ewenkizu Autonomous Banner.
模拟方程式 Simulation equations | R2 | F | 拟合率 Fitting ratio (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
标准作物系数 Standard crop coefficients | Kcs = -5.21 × 10-0.7D3 + 0.000258D2 - 0.0338D + 1.4712 | 0.922 5 | 43.6** | 86.8 |
Kcs = -1.6 × 10-10Tj3 + 6.33 × 10-07Tj2 - 0.000346Tj + 0.4666 | 0.904 2 | 34.6** | 91.4 | |
LAI | LAID = -5.45 × 10-10Tj3 + 2.45 × 10-0.6Tj2 - 0.0018Tj + 0.5141 | 0.982 5 | 153.5** | 81.5 |
植被盖度 Coverage of vegetation | GDD = -1.9 × 10-5Tj2 + 0.09Tj - 25 | 0.932 2 | 171.9** | 78.1 |
表4 内蒙古典型草原水分适宜条件下的标准作物系数(Kcs)、叶面积指数(LAI)和盖度的动态模拟方程
Table 4 Dynamic simulating equations of standard crop coefficient (Kcs), leaf area index (LAI) and coverage of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia under appropriate conditions of water
模拟方程式 Simulation equations | R2 | F | 拟合率 Fitting ratio (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
标准作物系数 Standard crop coefficients | Kcs = -5.21 × 10-0.7D3 + 0.000258D2 - 0.0338D + 1.4712 | 0.922 5 | 43.6** | 86.8 |
Kcs = -1.6 × 10-10Tj3 + 6.33 × 10-07Tj2 - 0.000346Tj + 0.4666 | 0.904 2 | 34.6** | 91.4 | |
LAI | LAID = -5.45 × 10-10Tj3 + 2.45 × 10-0.6Tj2 - 0.0018Tj + 0.5141 | 0.982 5 | 153.5** | 81.5 |
植被盖度 Coverage of vegetation | GDD = -1.9 × 10-5Tj2 + 0.09Tj - 25 | 0.932 2 | 171.9** | 78.1 |
月份 Month | 锡林浩特 Xilinhot | 镶黄旗 Xianghuang Banner | 察右后旗 Chayouhou | 鄂温克 Ewenki | 4站平均 Average of four stations | 标准误差 Standard error | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | ||||||
4 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.042 8 | 0.038 7 | |||||
5 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.045 5 | 0.088 9 | |||||
6 | 0.55 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.068 6 | 0.101 8 | |||||
7 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.125 4 | 0.127 8 | |||||
8 | 0.62 | 0.79 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.86 | 0.70 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.267 1 | 0.240 8 | |||||
9 | 0.88 | 0.56 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 0.63 | 0.073 5 | 0.174 6 | |||||
4-9 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.050 3 | 0.054 5 |
表5 典型丰水年(2003和1998年)作物系数2种计算方法的比较
Table 5 Comparison of crop coefficient values calculated with two methods in typical wet years (2003 and 1998)
月份 Month | 锡林浩特 Xilinhot | 镶黄旗 Xianghuang Banner | 察右后旗 Chayouhou | 鄂温克 Ewenki | 4站平均 Average of four stations | 标准误差 Standard error | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | KcLocal | KcObservation | ||||||
4 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.042 8 | 0.038 7 | |||||
5 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.045 5 | 0.088 9 | |||||
6 | 0.55 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.068 6 | 0.101 8 | |||||
7 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.125 4 | 0.127 8 | |||||
8 | 0.62 | 0.79 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.86 | 0.70 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.267 1 | 0.240 8 | |||||
9 | 0.88 | 0.56 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 0.63 | 0.073 5 | 0.174 6 | |||||
4-9 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.050 3 | 0.054 5 |
年度 Year | 降水量 Precipitation (mm) | 实测蒸散量 Observed evapotranspiration (mm) | 叶面积指数(LAI)修正值 Evapotranspiration values revised with method of leaf area index (LAI) (mm) | 盖度修正值 Evapotranspiration values revised with method of coverage (mm) | 相对误差 Relative error (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LAI法 Method of LAI | 盖度法 Method of coverage | |||||
2003 | 361.3 | 354.1 | - | 351.1 | - | 0.85 |
2006 | 141.1 | 152.6 | - | 165.1 | - | -8.2 |
2008 | 203.6 | 202.4 | 196.0 | 195.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
表6 各代表年生长季(4-9月)实测和计算总蒸散量结果的比较
Table 6 Comparison of total evapotranspiration between observed and calculated values on growing season (from April to September) in typical years
年度 Year | 降水量 Precipitation (mm) | 实测蒸散量 Observed evapotranspiration (mm) | 叶面积指数(LAI)修正值 Evapotranspiration values revised with method of leaf area index (LAI) (mm) | 盖度修正值 Evapotranspiration values revised with method of coverage (mm) | 相对误差 Relative error (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LAI法 Method of LAI | 盖度法 Method of coverage | |||||
2003 | 361.3 | 354.1 | - | 351.1 | - | 0.85 |
2006 | 141.1 | 152.6 | - | 165.1 | - | -8.2 |
2008 | 203.6 | 202.4 | 196.0 | 195.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
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