皇甫川流域柠条林地水分动态模拟——坡度、坡向、植被密度与土壤水分的关系

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2005.0122

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在皇甫川流域,随着林草覆盖度的增加,植被与水的矛盾日益突出,其中一个重要的问题就是植被密度与土壤水分之间的矛盾。土壤水分的降低影响了植被的生长,甚至导致了部分植被的死亡,因此对土壤水分与植被密度之间的关系进行研究非常重要,有助于合理造林密度的确定。在已有研究及实验观测的基础上,建立了柠条(Caragana intermedia)林地土壤水分动态模拟模型,模型考虑了主要的土壤、植物过程,包括土壤性状、降雨入渗、植物蒸腾、地表蒸发等;模拟了从1971至2000年,30年里各种立地条件(不同盖度、坡向和坡度)下的柠条林地土壤水分、蒸腾和蒸发等的日动态过程。通过比较不同立地条件下的土壤水分动态,研究了皇甫川流域典型柠条林地土壤水分与植被盖度、坡向和坡度之间的关系,并得出了它们之间的关系式。由得到的平地上柠条的适宜密度,同时结合上述关系式,得出了不同坡度、坡向的适宜密度。坡度小于10°时,适宜造林密度对坡度反应敏感,在10°~30°时,适宜盖度对坡度反应不敏感。对于小于10°的坡地,植被建设时要特别注意设计合理的植被密度。

关键词: 土壤水分动态, 蒸散模拟, 模拟模型, 柠条

Abstract:

With an increase in vegetation coverage, there can be a decrease in soil water content due to uptake and evapotranspiration by the vegetation. At high planting densities, poor growth and even mortality has occurred due to the decrease in soil water content. Hence, a better understanding of the relationship between soil water content and the density of plants is important for designing effective restoration projects. To study these relationships, we developed a soil water dynamic simulation model of a Caragana intermedia woodland under different slope gradients and slope aspect in the Huangfuchuan watershed conditions based on previous studies and field experiments. The model took into account soil characteristics, precipitation infiltration, vegetation transpiration, and soil evaporation. Daily changes in soil water content, transpiration, and evaporation of Caragana intermedia woodlands with different vegetation coverage, slope gradient, and slope aspect was simulated from 1971 to 2000. Through model simulations, we determined the functional relationships among soil water content, plant coverage and slope as well as the optimal plant density on flat slopes. With further simulations, we determined the effects of slope gradient and slope aspect on soil water content. When slope gradient was less than 10 degrees, the optimal planting density was sensitive to slope gradient. In the range of 10 and 30 degrees, planting density was not sensitive to slope gradient. Therefore, when reconstructing vegetation, it is important to consider planting densities on the hillsides with slope gradients less than 10 degrees.

Key words: Soil water dynamics, Evapotranspiration, Simulation model, Caragana intermedia

贾海坤, 刘颖慧, 徐霞, 王昆, 高琼. 皇甫川流域柠条林地水分动态模拟——坡度、坡向、植被密度与土壤水分的关系. 植物生态学报, 2005, 29(6): 910-917. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2005.0122

JIA Hai-Kun, LIU Ying-Hui, XU Xia, WANG Kun, GAO Qiong. SIMULATION OF SOIL WATER DYNAMICS IN A CARAGANA INTERMEDIA WOODLAND IN HUANGFUCHUAN WATERSHED: RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SLOPE, ASPECT, PLANT DENSITY AND SOIL WATER CONTENT. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2005, 29(6): 910-917. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2005.0122

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2005.0122

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2005/V29/I6/910

图/表 9

图1 柠条林地土壤水分动态模拟模型结构图

Fig.1 Structure of the modle of soil water dynamic of Caragana intermedia woodland

表1 土壤特征指标

Table 1 Soil character indexes

特征指标 Character indexes				数值 Value
砂粒含量 Sand-grain fraction				82.16%
粉粒含量 Silt fraction				6.78%
黏粒含量 Clay fraction				11.06%
田间持水量 Field moisture capacity				0.19 m³·m^-3
剩余含水量 Residual moisture content				0.025 m³·m^-3
饱和含水量 Saturation moisture content				0.37 m³·m^-3
萎蔫含水量 Wilting point moisture				0.027 m³·m^-3
饱和导水率 Saturated hydraulic conductivity				10 cm·h^-1
容重 Bulk density				1.44 g³·cm^-3

图2 柠条累计根系分布虚线表示实际测量的根系分布,实线为拟合得到的根系分布函数

Fig.2 Cumulative root distributions of Caragana intermedia The dashed for measured data, the real line for fitted

图3 1998和1999年生长季中模拟与实测土壤水分

Fig.3 Simulated versus measured soil water content (SWC) in the growing season of 1998-1999

图4 1998和1999年生长季中模拟与实测月蒸腾量

Fig.4 Simulated versus measured transpiration in the growing seasons of 1998-1999

图5 1991~2000年平均土壤水分与盖度和坡度的关系(南坡,180°)

Fig.5 1991-2000 yearly mean soil water content versus coverage-slope (aspect=180°)

图6 1991~2000年平均土壤水分与盖度和坡向的关系(坡度30°)

Fig.6 Mean soil water content between 1991-2000 versus coverage and aspect (slope=30°)

表2 不同坡向上坡度与土壤水分的关系

Table 2 Types of function between soil water content and slope of different aspect

坡度 Slope	0°	45°	90°	135°	180°
土壤水分与坡度的关系 Soil water content versus slope	↗	↗	∩	∪	↘

图7 适宜盖度与坡度关系(南坡)

Fig.7 Suitable coverage versus slope (aspect=180°)

参考文献 31

[1]	Allen RG (1986). A penman for all seasons. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 112,348-368.
[2]	Cui XY (崔骁勇), Chen ZZ (陈佐忠), Du ZC (杜占池) (2001). Study on light- and water- use characteristics of main plants in semiarid steppe. Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报), 10(2),14-21. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	Fu BP (傅抱璞), Weng DM (翁笃明), Yu JM (虞静明) (1994). Microclimate (小气候学). China Meteorological Press, Beijing,197-227. (in Chinese)
[4]	Fu BJ (傅伯杰) (1991). Study on land assessment in the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 5,1-7. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	Gao Q, Zhao P, Zeng X, Cai X, Shen W (2002). A model of stomatal conductance to quantify the relationship between leaf transpiration, microclimate and soil water stress. Plant, Cell and Environment, 5,1373-1381.
[6]	Gao QZ (高清竹), Yang J (杨吉力), Li GQ (李国强), Jin ZP (金争平), Wang ZW (王正文) (2000). A study on the water regime of Thymus serpyllum community in Huangfuchuan watershed. Acta Agrestia Sinica (中国草地), 5,23-27. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]	Gao QZ (高清竹) (2003). Land Use Security Pattern for Farming-pastoral Zone of North China, a Case Study at Changchuan Watershed (农牧交错带长川流域土地利用安全格局研究). Ph. D. dissertation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing,19-51. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]	Jiang DS (蒋定生) (1997). Soil and Water Loss and Its' Management Patterns in the Loess Plateau (黄土高原水土流失与治理模式). China Water Power Press, Beijing,106-122. (in Chinese)
[9]	Jin ZP (金争平), Shi PJ (史培军), Hou FC (侯福昌), Zhao HX (赵焕勋) (1992). Soil Erosion System Models and Management Patterns in Huangfuchuan Watershed (黄河皇甫川流域土壤侵蚀系统模型和治理模式). China Ocean Press, Beijing,234-242. (in Chinese)
[10]	Jin ZP (金争平), Miao ZY (苗宗义), Wang ZW (王正文), Yan ZQ (阎占卿), Yang J (杨吉力), Li LY (李立业), Fu FL (付福林), Jia ZB (贾志斌), Chai JH (柴建华), Han XS (韩学士), Lin F (蔺丰) (2003). Study on Soil and Water Conservation and the Development of Farming and Grazing in Pishayan Area (砒砂岩区水土保持与农牧业发展研究). Yellow River Water Resources Press, Zhengzhou,48-63. (in Chinese)
[11]	Liu JD (刘建栋), Fu BP (傅抱璞), Yu Q (于强) (1998). The study on Penman-Monteith model taking account of the factors of the environment used for water transfer calculation. Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Scinece Edition) (南京大学学报(自然科学版)), 34,359-364. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	Liu XZ (刘贤赵), Kang SZ (康绍忠) (1998). An introduction to models of rainfall interception by forest canopy. Journal of Northwest Forestry College (西北林学院学报), 13,26-30. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]	Luo TX, Neilson RP, Tian H, Vørøsmarty CJ, Zhu H, Liu S (2002). A model for seasonality and distribution of leaf area index of forests and its application to China. Journal of Vegetation Science, 13,817-830.
[14]	Miao ZY (苗宗义) (1992). The Comprehensive Managements on Soil and Water Loss: Study on the Developmental Experiments of Agriculture, Forestry and Animal (黄土高原综合治理皇甫川流域水土流失综合治理农林牧全面发展试验研究). China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing,12-42. (in Chinese)
[15]	Niu XW (牛西午) (2003). Studies on Caragana (柠条研究). Science Press, Beijing,48-49. (in Chinese)
[16]	Nouvellon Y, Rambal S, Lo Seen D, Moran MS, Lhomme JP, Bèguè A, Chebouni AG, Kerr Y (2000). Modeling of daily fluxes of water and carbon from shortgrass steppes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 100,137-153.
[17]	Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL (1985). Prediction of soil water properties for hydrologic modeling. In: Jones E, Ward TJ eds. Watershed Management in the Eighties. ASCE, New York,293-299.
[18]	Rawls WJ, Brakensiel DL, Saxton KE (1982). Estimation of soil water properties. Transactions, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 25,1316-1330.
[19]	Richard GA, Luis SP, Dirk R, Martin S (1998). Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements - FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, Available via DIALOG. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/X0490E00.htm.
[20]	Running SW, Coughlan JC (1988). A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. I. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes. Ecological Modelling, 42,125-154.
[21]	Ryel RJ, Caldwell MM, Yoder CK, Or D, Leffler AJ (2002). Hydraulic redistribution in a stand of Artemisia tridentata: evaluation of benefits to transpiration assessed with a simulation model. Oecologia, 130,173-184. DOI URL PMID
[22]	Schennk HJ, Robert BJ (2002). The global biogeography of roots. Ecological Monographs, 72,311-328.
[23]	Wang J (王军), Fu BJ (傅伯杰), Jiang XP (蒋小平) (2002). Review on research of soil moisture heterogeneity. Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究), 9(1):1-5. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	Yang J (杨吉力), Gao QZ (高清竹), Li GQ (李国强), He LH (何立环), Jin ZP (金争平), Wang ZW (王正文) (2002). A study on the water ecology of dominant artificial shrubs in Huangfuchuan watershed. Journal of Natural Resources (自然资源学报), 17,87-94. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]	Yang J (杨吉力), Song BY (宋炳煜), Piao SJ (朴顺姬), Tong C (仝川), Gao QZ (高清竹) (2003) Experimental study on ecological use of water of a small catchment in Huangfuchuan area. Journal of Natural Resources (自然资源学报), 18,513-521. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]	Yang WZ (杨文治), Yu CZ (余存祖) (1992). Regional Management and Evaluation in the Loess Plateau (黄土高原区域治理与评价). Science Press, Beijing,190-297. (in Chinese)
[27]	Yi CX (仪垂祥), Liu KY (刘开瑜), Zhou T (周涛) (1996). Research on a formula of rainfall interception by vegetation. Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation (土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报), 2,47-49. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	Zhang GH (张光辉), Liang YM (梁一民) (1995). The seasonal change of artificial grassland coverage and its' soil and water conservation benefit in loess hilly region. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持通报), 15(2),38-43. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]	Zhang GH (张光辉), Liang YM (梁一民) (1996). A summary of impact of vegetation coverage on soil and water conservation benefit. Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究), 3(2),104-110. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]	Zhou YH (周允华), Xiang YQ (项月琴), Luan LK (栾禄凯) (1996). Climatological estimationof quantum flux densities. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (气象学报), 54,447-455. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	Zhu ZC (朱志诚) (1993). The main characteristics of the vegetation and its impact on the soil essence in the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi province. Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica (植物生态学与地植物学学报), 17,280-286. (in Chinese with English abstract)