陆地植被的固碳功能与适用于碳贸易的生物固碳方式

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2006.0029

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

碳贸易的核心问题是要有足够的碳封存量在抵消CO₂的排放之后还能有碳额度进入市场买卖。该文结合固碳概念,从固碳技术、减量成本、对生态系统碳汇功能的影响等多方面对目前存在的和有潜力的各种减排与固碳途径进行了比较分析,认为陆地植被对CO₂的吸收是最安全有效的固碳过程,它们能够在一定的浓度范围内吸收CO₂,从而节省分离、提纯等技术的费用。进而该文分别对森林、草地、农田等3种陆地植被的固碳功能与不同固碳策略对固碳效果的影响两个方面进行详细具体的比较分析,得出森林生态系统具有强大的碳吸收能力,草地与农田土壤有机碳库在固碳方面的作用也十分显著。最后结合我国实际,提出4项适用于碳贸易的生物固碳方式,即保护天然林,推广种植速生丰产人工林;保育天然草地、建设人工草地;建立规模化沼气产业链;注重利用边际土地种植生物质能源,促进生物质能源的开发。

关键词: 碳贸易, 固碳, 陆地植被, 碳汇/源, 生物质能源

Abstract:

The Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms that would allow transfers or crediting of emission reductions achieved in other countries. Reductions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission are attained at the lowest possible cost, with equal benefit to the environment. Developing countries can benefit from the investment of funds available for project development, gain new emission_reduction technology, and earn a profit by selling their emission reductions credit. The core issue of carbon trade is whether there is enough carbon sequestration credit for trading after offsetting the CO₂ emission. This paper compared and synthesized most of the potential and existing manners of CO₂ emission reduction and carbon sequestration in current aspects of techniques, cost_effective, effect on the carbon sink of ecosystem and other aspects. Large_scale biogas cogeneration or co_firing in coal power stations with cost_effective and energy_saving measures can reach better emission_reduction benefit and carbon sequestration efficiency. The process of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystem, which can remove carbon from the atmosphere and sequester it in biomass and soil, is most safety and efficiency, with no expense of CO₂ separation and purification as well. Not only forest ecosystem possesses one of the most reliable carbon sequestration processes, but also the large_scale grassland soil and farmland soil do have. As a result, some projects related to CO₂ emission reduction and carbon sequestration, such as establishing natural forest and grassland reserves, planting high_yield woodland, setting up artificial pasture with high productivity and stable yield, adopting way of eco_agriculture, remaining more straw in the field, making the best use of marginal land to grow bio_energy,promoting the exploitation of bio_energy and other projects, which are cost_efficient and suitable for China, should be conducted to enforce and increase carbon sequestration of terrestrial ecosystem in accordance with their respective characters.

Key words: Carbon trade, Carbon sequestration, Terrestrial ecosystem, Carbon sinks/sources, Bio_energy

李新宇, 唐海萍. 陆地植被的固碳功能与适用于碳贸易的生物固碳方式. 植物生态学报, 2006, 30(2): 200-209. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0029

LI Xin_Yu, TANG Hai_Ping. CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANNERS SUITABLE FOR CARBON TRADE IN CHINA AND FUNCTION OF TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(2): 200-209. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0029

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2006.0029

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2006/V30/I2/200

图/表 3

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温室气体 GHG	GWP	大气滞留周期 Atmospheric lifetime	排放来源 Sources of emission
CO₂	1		燃烧化石燃料、砍伐森林 Fuels burning, disafforestation
CH₄	21		垃圾填埋场、农畜产品生产过程(如家畜肠发酵及粪便管理)、天然气与石油系统及煤矿 Decomposition of municipal solid wastes, agricultural processes such as wetland rice cultivation, enteric fermentation in animals, and the decomposition of animal wastes, by_product of coal mining and incomplete fossil fuel combustion
HFC_23	11 700	264	灭火设备、半导体工厂、喷雾剂 Fire_extinguishing equipment, semiconductor manufacturing, magnesium casting
HFC_43	1300	17.1	溶剂 Solvent
HFC_134	1300	14.6	电冰箱、空调、喷雾剂 Refrigerator, air_condition, sprayer
HFC_143	3800	48.3	电冰箱、空调 Refrigerator, air_condition
HFC_152	140	1.5	电冰箱、空调、喷雾剂 Refrigerator, air_condition, sprayer
HFC_227	2900	36.5	灭火设备、喷雾剂 Fire_extinguishing equipment, sprayer
HFC_236	6300	209	电冰箱、空调、灭火设备 Refrigerator, air_condition, fire_extinguishing equipment
SF₆	23900	3200	电力设施、半导体、镁制品 Electric power transmission and distribution, semiconductor manufacturing, magnesium casting
PFCs	6500-9200	2600-50000	铝制品、半导体、灭火设备 Aluminum smelting, semiconductor manufacturing, fire_extinguishing equipment
PFC/PFPEs	7400	3200	溶剂 Solvent

温室气体 GHG	GWP	大气滞留周期 Atmospheric lifetime	排放来源 Sources of emission
CO₂	1		燃烧化石燃料、砍伐森林 Fuels burning, disafforestation
CH₄	21		垃圾填埋场、农畜产品生产过程(如家畜肠发酵及粪便管理)、天然气与石油系统及煤矿 Decomposition of municipal solid wastes, agricultural processes such as wetland rice cultivation, enteric fermentation in animals, and the decomposition of animal wastes, by_product of coal mining and incomplete fossil fuel combustion
HFC_23	11 700	264	灭火设备、半导体工厂、喷雾剂 Fire_extinguishing equipment, semiconductor manufacturing, magnesium casting
HFC_43	1300	17.1	溶剂 Solvent
HFC_134	1300	14.6	电冰箱、空调、喷雾剂 Refrigerator, air_condition, sprayer
HFC_143	3800	48.3	电冰箱、空调 Refrigerator, air_condition
HFC_152	140	1.5	电冰箱、空调、喷雾剂 Refrigerator, air_condition, sprayer
HFC_227	2900	36.5	灭火设备、喷雾剂 Fire_extinguishing equipment, sprayer
HFC_236	6300	209	电冰箱、空调、灭火设备 Refrigerator, air_condition, fire_extinguishing equipment
SF₆	23900	3200	电力设施、半导体、镁制品 Electric power transmission and distribution, semiconductor manufacturing, magnesium casting
PFCs	6500-9200	2600-50000	铝制品、半导体、灭火设备 Aluminum smelting, semiconductor manufacturing, fire_extinguishing equipment
PFC/PFPEs	7400	3200	溶剂 Solvent

处理 Treatments	占最大量 Rate of carbon fixing (%)
农作物 Cropland	15.0
老龄林变成人工林 Aged stand to sapling forest	30.8
农地变人工林 Cropland to sapling forest	30.7
农地变老龄林 Cropland to aged stand	82.8
低火灾危害林分 Low fire risk	87.7
低火灾及保护林分 Low fire risk and protection	92.9
中等程度火灾林分 Moderate fire risk	71.8
中等程度火灾及保护林分 Moderate fire risk and protection	91.8

处理 Treatments	占最大量 Rate of carbon fixing (%)
农作物 Cropland	15.0
老龄林变成人工林 Aged stand to sapling forest	30.8
农地变人工林 Cropland to sapling forest	30.7
农地变老龄林 Cropland to aged stand	82.8
低火灾危害林分 Low fire risk	87.7
低火灾及保护林分 Low fire risk and protection	92.9
中等程度火灾林分 Moderate fire risk	71.8
中等程度火灾及保护林分 Moderate fire risk and protection	91.8