冬季土壤呼吸:不可忽视的地气CO2交换过程

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2007.0048

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冬季土壤呼吸是生态系统释放CO₂的极为重要的组成部分,并显著地影响着碳收支。然而,过去绝大多数工作集中在生长季节土壤呼吸的测定,对年土壤呼吸量的估算大多基于冬季土壤呼吸为零的假设。目前为数不多的研究集中在极地苔原和亚高山,其它植被类型的研究只有零星报道。极地苔原和森林冬季土壤呼吸速率分别为0.002~1.359和0.22~0.67 μmol C·m^-2·s^-1;土壤呼吸的CO₂ 释放量分别为0.55~26.37和22.4~152.0 g C·m^-2,是地气CO₂交换过程中不可忽视的环节。雪是土壤呼吸过程的重要调节者,积雪厚度和覆盖时间的长短均会影响土壤呼吸的强弱;水分的可获取性是重要的限制因素;对于维持活跃的土壤呼吸有一个关键的土壤温度临界值(-7~-5 ℃),低于这个值会因自由水的缺乏而抑制异养微生物的呼吸。如果存在绝缘的积雪层,可溶性碳底物在自由水存在的情况下可控制异养微生物的活力。该文对冬季土壤呼吸的重要性、研究方法、土壤呼吸强度及其影响机制等进行了综述,并讨论了冬季土壤呼吸研究中存在的问题及未来研究方向。

关键词: 冬季土壤呼吸, 碳收支, 雪, 冻原, 森林

Abstract:

Winter CO₂ efflux from soils is a significant component of annual carbon budgets and can greatly determine carbon balance of ecosystems. However, present estimates of annual soil respiration are mostly based on measurements taken during the growing season and assume that microbial respiration in frozen or snow-covered soils is negligible. We analyze methods used, magnitude of winter soil respiration, and influencing factors. There are very few measurements of winter soil respiration except in tundra and alpine ecosystems. Winter CO₂ efflux from soils ranged from 0.002 to 1.359 μmol C·m^-2·s^-1 and 0.22 to 0.67 μmol C·m^-2·s^-1 in tundra and forest ecosystems, respectively. No direct relationship between soil temperature and winter CO₂ efflux from soils was found, but there is a critical threshold for active respiration, typically between -7 and -5 ℃, below which lack of free water limits microbial contributions to winter soil respiration. The depth, timing and duration of snow cover greatly influence the magnitude of winter CO₂ efflux from soils, with water availability an important limiting factor. If insulating snowpack is present, carbon availability also controls heterotrophic activity. We discuss current problems and future research needs.

Key words: winter soil respiration, carbon sequestration, snow, tundra, forest

王娓, 汪涛, 彭书时, 方精云. 冬季土壤呼吸:不可忽视的地气CO₂交换过程. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3): 394-402. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0048

WANG Wei, WANG Tao, PENG Shu-Shi, FANG Jing-Yun. REVIEW OF WINTER CO₂ EFFLUX FROM SOILS: A KEY PROCESS OF CO₂ EXCHANGE BETWEEN SOIL AND ATMOSPHERE. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3): 394-402. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0048

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0048

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2007/V31/I3/394

图/表 2

参考文献 89

[1]	Adams JM, Faure H, Fauredenard L (1990). Increases in terrestrial carbon storage from the last glacial maximum to the present. Nature, 348, 711-714. DOI URL
[2]	Bertrand A, Robitaille G, Nadeau P (1994). Effects of soil freezing and drought stress on abscisic acid content of sugar maple sap and leaves. Tree Physiology, 14, 413-425. DOI URL PMID
[3]	Brooks PD, Campbell DH, Tonnessen KA, Heuer K (1999). Natural variability in N export from headwater catchments: snow cover controls on ecosystem N retention. Hydrological Processes, 13, 2191-2201. DOI URL
[4]	Brooks PD, McKnight D, Elder K (2004). Carbon limitation of soil respiration under winter snowpacks: potential feedbacks between growing season and winter carbon fluxes. Global Change Biology, 11, 231-238. DOI URL
[5]	Brooks PD, Schmidt SK, Williams MW (1997). Winter production of CO₂ and N₂O from alpine tundra: environmental controls and relationship to inter-system C and N fluxes. Oecologia, 110, 403-413. DOI URL PMID
[6]	Brooks PD, Williams MW, Schmidt SK (1996). Microbial activity under alpine snowpacks, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry, 32, 93-113.
[7]	Brooks PD, Williams MW, Schmidt SK (1998). Inorganic N and microbial biomass dynamics before and during spring snowmelt. Biogeochemistry, 43, 1-15. DOI URL
[8]	Cerling TE (1984). The stable isotopic composition of modern soil carbonate and its relationship to climate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 71, 229-240. DOI URL
[9]	Chapin FS, Zimov SA, Shaver GR (1996). CO₂ fluctuation at high latitudes. Nature, 383, 585-586.
[10]	Clein JS, Schimel JP (1995). Microbial activity of tundra and taiga soils at sub-zero temperatures. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 27, 1231-1234. DOI URL
[11]	Collin M, Rasmuson A (1988). A comparison of gas diffusivity models for unsaturated porous media. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 53, 1559-1565.
[12]	Conant RT, Dalla-Betta P, Klopatek CC (2004). Controls on soil respiration in semiarid soils. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 36, 945-951.
[13]	de Jong E, Schappert HJV (1971). Calculating of soil respiration and activity from CO₂ profiles in the soil. Soil Science, 113, 328-333. DOI URL
[14]	Decker KL, Wang D, Waite C (2003). Snow removal and ambient air temperature effects on forest soil temperatures in northern Vermont. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 67, 1234-1242.
[15]	Dixon RK, Brown S, Houghton RA (1994). Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science, 263, 185-190. DOI URL PMID
[16]	Elberling B (2007). Annual soil CO₂ effluxes in the High Arctic: the role of snow thickness and vegetation type. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 39, 646-654. DOI URL
[17]	Evans BM, Walker DA, Benson CS (1989). Spatial interrelationships between terrain, snow distribution and vegetation patterns at an arctic foothills site in Alaska. Holarctic Ecology, 12, 270-278.
[18]	Fahnestock JT, Jones MH, Brooks PD (1998). Winter and early spring CO₂ efflux from tundra communities of northern Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere, 103, 29023-29027.
[19]	Fahnestock JT, Jones MH, Welker JM (1999). Wintertime CO₂ efflux from arctic soils: implications for annual carbon budgets. Global Biogeochemistry Cycle, 13, 775-779. DOI URL
[20]	Fisk MC, Schmidt SK, Seastedt TR (1998). Topographic patterns of above- and belowground production and nitrogen cycling in alpine tundra. Ecology, 79, 2253-2266. DOI URL
[21]	Fitzhugh RD (2003). Soil freezing and the acid-base chemistry of soil solutions in a northern hardwood forest. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 67, 1897-1908.
[22]	Fung IY, Tucker CJ, Prentice KC (1987). Application of advanced very high resolution vegetation index to study atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO₂. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 299-301. DOI URL
[23]	Giardina CP, Ryan MG (2002). Total belowground carbon allocation in a fast-growing Eucalyptus plantation estimated using a carbon balance approach. Ecosystems, 5, 487-499. DOI URL
[24]	Groffman PM, Driscoll CT, Fahey TJ (2001). Colder soils in a warmer world: a snow manipulation study in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Biogeochemistry, 56, 135-150. DOI URL
[25]	Groffman PM, Hardy JP, Driscoll CD (2006). Snow depth, soil freezing, and fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in a northern hardwood forest. Global Change Biology, 12, 1748-1760. DOI URL
[26]	Grogan P, Jonasson S (2006). Ecosystem CO₂ production during winter in a Swedish subarctic region: the relative importance of climate and vegetation type. Global Change Biology, 12, 1479-1495. DOI URL
[27]	Hirano T (2005). Seasonal and diurnal variations in topsoil and subsoil respiration under snowpack in a temperate deciduous forest. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002259.
[28]	Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ(2001). Climate Change 2001: the Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovenmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC ). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England,
[29]	Hubbard RM, Ryan MG, Elder K, Rhoades CC (2005). Seasonal patterns in soil surface CO₂ flux under snow cover in 50 and 300 year old subalpine forest. Biogeochemistry, 73, 93-107. DOI URL
[30]	IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)(2001). Climate Change 2001: the Scientific Basis. Technical Summary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England,
[31]	Irvine J, Law BE (2002). Contrasting soil respiration in young and old-growth ponderosa pine forests. Global Change Biology, 8, 1183-1194. DOI URL
[32]	Jones HG (1999). The ecology of snow-covered systems: a brief overview of nutrient cycling and life in the cold. Hydrological Processes, 13, 2135-2147. DOI URL
[33]	Kennedy AD (1993). Water as a limiting factor in the antarctic terrestrial environment. Arctic Alpine Research, 25, 308-315. DOI URL
[34]	Kicklighter DW (1994). Aspects of spatial and temporal aggregation in estimating regional carbon dioxide fluxes from temperate forest soils. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 1303-1315. DOI URL
[35]	Kurganova I, de Gerenyu VL, Rozanova L, Sapronov D, Myakshina T, Kudeyarov V (2003). Annual and seasonal CO₂ fluxes from Russian southern taiga soils. Tellus, 55B, 338-344.
[36]	Lafleur PM, Roulet NT, Bubier JL (2003). Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, 17, 1036, doi: 10.1029/2002GB001983
[37]	Laternser M, Schneebeli M (2003). Long-term snow climate trends of the Swiss Alps (1931~99). International Journal of Climatology, 23, 733-750. DOI URL
[38]	Lehrsch GA, Sojka RE, Carter DL (1991). Freezing effects on aggregate stability affected by texture, mineralogy, and organic matter. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55, 1401-1406. DOI URL
[39]	Lipson DA, Schadt CW, Schmidt SK (2002). Changes in microbial community structure and function following snowmelt in an alpine soil. Microbial Ecology, 43, 307-314. DOI URL PMID
[40]	Lipson DA, Schmidt SK, Monson RK (1999). Links between microbial population dynamics and nitrogen availability in an alpine ecosystem. Ecology, 80, 1623-1631. DOI URL
[41]	Lloyd J, Taylor JA (1994). On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Functional Ecology, 8, 315-323. DOI URL
[42]	Marchand PJ (1987). Life in the Cold: an Introduction to Winter Ecology. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, USA,
[43]	Mariko S, Nishimura N, Mo W (2000). Winter CO₂ flux from soil and snow surfaces in a cool-temperate deciduous forest. Japan Ecological Research, 15, 363-372.
[44]	Massman WJ, Sommerfeld RA, Mosier AR (1997). A model investigation of turbulence-driven pressure-pumping effects on the rate of diffusion of CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ through layered snowpacks. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere, 102, 18851-18863. DOI URL
[45]	Massman WJ, Sommerfeld RA, Zeller K (1995). CO₂ flux through a Wyoming seasonal snowpack: diffusional and pressure pumping effects. In: Hudnell L, Rochelle S eds. Biogeochemistry of Snow-Covered Catchments. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Wallingford, UK, 71-79.
[46]	Mast MA, Wickland KP, Striegl RT (1998). Winter fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ from subalpine soils in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, 12, 607-620. DOI URL
[47]	Mazur P (1980). Limits to life at low temperatures and at reduced water contents and water activities. Origins of Life, 10, 137-159. DOI URL PMID
[48]	McDowell NG, Marshall JD, Hooker TD (2000). Estimating CO₂ flux from snowpacks at three sites in the Rocky Mountains. Tree Physiology, 20, 745-753. DOI URL PMID
[49]	Measures J (1975). Role of amino acids in osmoregulation of non- halophilic bacteria. Nature, 257, 398-400. DOI URL PMID
[50]	Melillo JM, Steudler PA, Aber JD (2002). Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climate system. Science, 298, 2173-2176. DOI URL PMID
[51]	Meyer ED, Sinclair NA, Nagy B (1975). Comparison of the survival and metabolic activity of psychrophilic and mesophilic yeasts subjected to freeze-thaw stress. Applied Microbiology, 29, 739-744. URL PMID
[52]	Mikan C, Schimel J, Doyle A (2002). Temperature controls of microbial respiration above and below freezing in Arctic tundra soils. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 34, 1785-1795. DOI URL
[53]	Monson RK (2005). Climatic influences on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange during the transition from wintertime carbon source to springtime carbon sink in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Oecologia, 146, 130-147. DOI URL PMID
[54]	Monson RK, Burns SP, Williams MW (2006a). The contribution of beneath-snow soil respiration to total ecosystem respiration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, 20, GB3030, doi: 10.1029/2005GB002684.
[55]	Monson RK, Turnipseed AA, Sparks JP (2002). Carbon sequestration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Global Change Biology, 8, 459-478. DOI URL
[56]	Monson RK, Lipson DL, Burns SP (2006b). Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition. Nature, 439, 711-714. DOI URL PMID
[57]	Mote PW, Hamlet AF, Clark MP (2005). Declining mountain snow pack in western North America. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86, 39-49. DOI URL
[58]	Nadelhoffer KJ, Giblin AE, Shaver GR (1991). Effects of temperature and substrate quality on element mineralization in six arctic soils. Ecology, 72, 242-253. DOI URL
[59]	Osterkamp TE, Romanovsky VE (1997). Freezing of the active layer on the coastal plain of the Alaskan Arcitic. Permafrost and Periglacial Process, 8, 23-33. DOI URL
[60]	Oechel WC, Vourlitis G, Hastings SJ (1997). Cold season CO₂ emission from arctic soils. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, 11, 163-172. DOI URL
[61]	Oechel WC, Vourlitis GL, Hastings SJ (2000). Acclimation of ecosystem CO₂ exchange in the Alaskan Arctic in response to decadal climate warming. Nature, 406, 978-981. DOI URL PMID
[62]	Panikov NS, Flanagan PW, Oechel WC (2006). Microbial activity in soils frozen to below -39 ℃. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 38, 785-794. DOI URL
[63]	Raich JW, Schlesinger WH (1992). The global carbon-dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus, 44B, 81-99.
[64]	Rascher CM, Driscoll CT, Peters NE (1987). Concentration and flux of solutes from snow and forest floor during snowmelt in the west-central Adirondack region of New York. Biogeochemistry, 3, 209-224. DOI URL
[65]	Ron Vaz MD, Edwards AC, Shand CA (1994). Changes in the chemistry of soil solution and acetic-acid extractable P following different types of freeze/thaw episodes. European Journal of Soil Science, 45, 353-359. DOI URL
[66]	Rustad LE, Fernandez IJ (1998). Experimental soil warming effects on CO₂ and CH₄ flux from a low elevation spruce-fir forest soil in Maine, USA. Global Change Biology, 4, 597-605. DOI URL
[67]	Ryan MG, Waring RH (1992). Maintenance respiration and stand development in a subalpine lodgepole pine forest. Ecology, 73, 2100-2108. DOI URL
[68]	Schimel JP, Clein JS (1996). Microbial response to freeze-thaw cycles in tundra and taiga soils. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 28, 1061-1066. DOI URL
[69]	Schimel JP, Fahnestock J, Michaelson G (2006). Cold-season production of CO₂ in arctic soils: can laboratory and field estimates be reconciled through a simple modeling approach? Arctic Antarctic Alpine Research, 38, 249-256. DOI URL
[70]	Schmidt SK, Lipson DA (2004). Microbial growth under the snow: implications for nutrient and allelochemical availability in temperate soils. Plant and Soil, 259, 1-7. DOI URL
[71]	Schimel JP, Mikan C (2005). Changing microbial substrate use in Arctic tundra soils through a freeze-thaw cycle. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 37, 1411-1418. DOI URL
[72]	Sommerfeld RA, Massman WJ, Musselman RC (1996). Diffusional flux of CO₂ through snow: spatial and temporal variability among alpine-subalpine sites. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10, 473-482. DOI URL
[73]	Sommerfeld RA, Mosier AR, Musselman RC (1993). CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O flux through a Wyoming snowpack and implications for global budgets. Nature, 361, 140-142.
[74]	Stottlemyer R, Toczydlowski D (1991). Stream chemistry and hydrologic pathways during snowmelt in a small watershed adjacent Lake Superior. Biogeochemistry, 13, 177-197.
[75]	Stottlemyer R, Toczydlowski D (1996). Precipitation, snowpack, stream-water ion chemistry, and flux in a northern Michigan watershed, 1982-1991. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53, 2659-2672.
[76]	Stottlemyer R, Toczydlowski D (1999). Seasonal changes in precipitation, snowpack, snowmelt, soil water and streamwater chemistry, northern Michigan. Hydrological Processes, 13, 2215-2232.
[77]	Suni T, Berninger F, Markkanen T (2003). Interannual variability and timing of growing-season CO₂ exchange in a boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 2312-2318.
[78]	Suzuki S, Ishizuka S, Kitamura K (2006). Continuous estimation of winter carbon dioxide efflux from the snow surface in a deciduous broadleaf forest. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D17101, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006595.
[79]	Taylor BR, Jones HG (1990). Litter decomposition under snow cover in a balsam fir forest. Canadian Journal of Botany, 68, 112-120.
[80]	Uchida M, Mo W, Nakatsubo T (2005). Microbial activity and litter decomposition under snow cover in a cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 134, 102-109.
[81]	Wang CK, Bond-Lamberty B, Gower ST (2003). Soil surface CO₂ flux in a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 8224, doi: 101029/2001JD000861.
[82]	Welker JM, Fahnestock JT, Jones MH (2000). Annual CO₂ flux in dry and moist Arctic tundra: field responses to increases in summer temperatures and winter snow depth. Climatic Change, 44, 139-150.
[83]	White R, Murray S, Rohweder M (2000). Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems (PAGE): Grassland Ecosystems. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
[84]	Wickland KP, Striegl RG, Mast MA (2001). Carbon gas exchange at a southern Rocky Mountain wetland, 1996-1998. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, 15, 321-335. DOI URL
[85]	Williams MW, Melack JM (1991). Solute chemistry of snowmelt and runoff in an alpine basin, Sierra Nevada. Water Resource Research, 27, 1575-1588. DOI URL
[86]	Winston GC, Stephens BB, Sundquist ET, Hardy JP, Davis RE 1995. Seasonal variability in gas transport through snow in a boreal forest.In: Tonnessen K, Williams MW, Trantor M eds. Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Wallingford, UK, 61-70.
[87]	Winston GC, Sundquist ET, Stephens BB (1997). Winter CO₂ fluxes in a boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 28795-28804 DOI URL
[88]	Zimov SA, Davidov SP, Voropaev YV (1996). Siberian CO₂ efflux in winter as a CO₂ source and cause of seasonality in atmospheric CO₂. Climatic Change, 33, 111-120.
[89]	Zimov SA, Zimova GM, Daviodov SP (1993). Winter biotic activity and production of CO₂ in Siberian soils: a factor in the greenhouse effect. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 5017-5023.

群落类型 Tundra community type	平均土壤呼吸速率 Mean CO₂ efflux (μmol C· m^-2· s^-1)	变化范围 Seasonal range of measurements (μmol C· m^-2· s^-1)	样本数 Number of samples	冬季CO₂排放量 Estimated winter CO₂ efflux rates (g C·m^-2)
草丛(酸性) Tussock (Acidic)	0.68	0.002~1.360	352	20.95
河岸 (河柳) Riparian (Riverside willow)	0.05	0.006~0.420	180	12.82
湿生莎草 Wet sedge	0.05	0.020~0.830	150	12.19
自然河道Natural drifts	0.11	0.003~0.520	119	26.37
石南灌丛Dry heath	0.05	0.002~1.210	92	9.46
水道Water track	0.16	0.066~0.749	30	21.65
草丛 (非酸性) Tussock (Nonacidic)	0.01	0.007~0.082	20	2.10
湿生矮灌丛 Moist dwarf shrub	0.02	0.019~0.088	20	0.55
干扰/再生植被Disturbed/Revegetated	0.03	0.010~0.186	20	4.55
平均Average	0.11	0.002~1.359		12.30

群落类型 Tundra community type	平均土壤呼吸速率 Mean CO₂ efflux (μmol C· m^-2· s^-1)	变化范围 Seasonal range of measurements (μmol C· m^-2· s^-1)	样本数 Number of samples	冬季CO₂排放量 Estimated winter CO₂ efflux rates (g C·m^-2)
草丛(酸性) Tussock (Acidic)	0.68	0.002~1.360	352	20.95
河岸 (河柳) Riparian (Riverside willow)	0.05	0.006~0.420	180	12.82
湿生莎草 Wet sedge	0.05	0.020~0.830	150	12.19
自然河道Natural drifts	0.11	0.003~0.520	119	26.37
石南灌丛Dry heath	0.05	0.002~1.210	92	9.46
水道Water track	0.16	0.066~0.749	30	21.65
草丛 (非酸性) Tussock (Nonacidic)	0.01	0.007~0.082	20	2.10
湿生矮灌丛 Moist dwarf shrub	0.02	0.019~0.088	20	0.55
干扰/再生植被Disturbed/Revegetated	0.03	0.010~0.186	20	4.55
平均Average	0.11	0.002~1.359		12.30

地点 Location	生态系统类型 Ecosystem types	冬季CO₂排放量 Winter CO₂ efflux
美国科罗拉多州Colorado, USA	针叶林Coniferous	143、145 (Monson et al., 2002)
芬兰 Finland	针叶林 Coniferous	60~90 (Suni et al., 2003)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	45 (Brooks et al., 1999)
美国怀俄明州Wyoming, Glees, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	110 (Sommerfeld et al., 1993)
加拿大 Canada	针叶林 Coniferous	40~55 (Winston et al., 1997)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	71 (Hubbard et al., 2005)
美国爱达荷州Idoho, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	132 (McDowell et al., 2000)
加拿大 Canada	落叶林 Deciduous	89~132 (Lafleur et al., 2003)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	落叶林Deciduous	81 (Brooks et al., 1999)
美国怀俄明州Wyoming, Glees, USA	落叶林Deciduous	152 (Sommerfeld et al., 1993)
日本歧阜县 Gifu Prefecture, Japan	落叶林Deciduous	22.4 (Mariko et al., 2000)

地点 Location	生态系统类型 Ecosystem types	冬季CO₂排放量 Winter CO₂ efflux
美国科罗拉多州Colorado, USA	针叶林Coniferous	143、145 (Monson et al., 2002)
芬兰 Finland	针叶林 Coniferous	60~90 (Suni et al., 2003)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	45 (Brooks et al., 1999)
美国怀俄明州Wyoming, Glees, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	110 (Sommerfeld et al., 1993)
加拿大 Canada	针叶林 Coniferous	40~55 (Winston et al., 1997)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	71 (Hubbard et al., 2005)
美国爱达荷州Idoho, USA	针叶林 Coniferous	132 (McDowell et al., 2000)
加拿大 Canada	落叶林 Deciduous	89~132 (Lafleur et al., 2003)
美国科罗拉多州 Colorado, USA	落叶林Deciduous	81 (Brooks et al., 1999)
美国怀俄明州Wyoming, Glees, USA	落叶林Deciduous	152 (Sommerfeld et al., 1993)
日本歧阜县 Gifu Prefecture, Japan	落叶林Deciduous	22.4 (Mariko et al., 2000)

冬季土壤呼吸:不可忽视的地气CO₂交换过程

REVIEW OF WINTER CO₂ EFFLUX FROM SOILS: A KEY PROCESS OF CO₂ EXCHANGE BETWEEN SOIL AND ATMOSPHERE

全文

PDF (PC)

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 2

参考文献 89

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	张慧玲, 张耀艺, 彭清清, 杨静, 倪祥银, 吴福忠. 中亚热带同质园不同生活型树种微量元素重吸收效率的差异[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(7): 978-987.
[2]	张中扬, 宋希强, 任明迅, 张哲. 附生维管植物生境营建作用的生态学功能[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(7): 895-911.
[3]	赖硕钿, 吴福忠, 吴秋霞, 朱晶晶, 倪祥银. 雪被去除减缓岷江冷杉凋落叶易分解碳释放[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(5): 672-686.
[4]	张尧, 陈岚, 王洁莹, 李益, 王俊, 郭垚鑫, 任成杰, 白红英, 孙昊田, 赵发珠. 太白山不同海拔森林根际土壤微生物碳利用效率差异性及其影响因素[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(2): 275-288.
[5]	万春燕, 余俊瑞, 朱师丹. 喀斯特与非喀斯特森林乔木叶性状及其相关性网络的差异[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(10): 1386-1397.
[6]	郝晴, 黄昌. 森林地上生物量遥感估算研究综述[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(10): 1356-1374.
[7]	党宏忠, 张学利, 韩辉, 石长春, 葛玉祥, 马全林, 陈帅, 刘春颖. 樟子松固沙林林水关系研究进展及对营林实践的指导[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(9): 971-983.
[8]	董涵君, 王兴昌, 苑丹阳, 柳荻, 刘玉龙, 桑英, 王晓春. 温带不同材性树种树干非结构性碳水化合物的径向分配差异[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(6): 722-734.
[9]	刘谣, 焦泽彬, 谭波, 李晗, 王丽霞, 刘思凝, 游成铭, 徐振锋, 张丽. 川西亚高山森林凋落物去除对土壤腐殖质动态的影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(3): 330-339.
[10]	于海英, 杨莉琳, 付素静, 张志敏, 姚琦馥. 暖温带森林木本植物展叶始期对低温和热量累积变化的响应[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(12): 1573-1584.
[11]	周楷玲, 赵玉金, 白永飞. 基于Sentinel-2A数据的东北森林植物多样性监测方法研究[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(10): 1251-1267.
[12]	刘超, 李平, 武运涛, 潘胜难, 贾舟, 刘玲莉. 一种基于数码相机图像和群落冠层结构调查的草地地上生物量估算方法[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(10): 1280-1288.
[13]	赵晏平, 王忠武, 温都日根, 赵玉金, 白永飞. 基于Sentinel-2数据的草地植物功能多样性遥感反演及其与生产力的关系[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(10): 1234-1250.
[14]	王嘉童, 牛春跃, 胡天宇, 李文楷, 刘玲莉, 郭庆华, 苏艳军. 三维辐射传输模型在森林生态系统研究中的应用与展望[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(10): 1200-1218.
[15]	毛瑾, 朵莹, 邓军, 程杰, 程积民, 彭长辉, 郭梁. 冬季增温和减雪对黄土高原典型草原土壤养分和细菌群落组成的影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(8): 891-902.