放牧和模拟增温对藏北高寒草地植物群落特征及生产力的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0288

植物生态学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (10): 853-862.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0288

所属专题：青藏高原植物生态学：群落生态学

放牧和模拟增温对藏北高寒草地植物群落特征及生产力的影响

吴红宝¹,高清竹¹,干珠扎布^1,^*(),李钰²,闫玉龙³,胡国铮¹,王学霞¹,严俊⁴,何世丞⁴

¹中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所, 北京 100081
²北京师范大学环境学院, 北京 100875
³内蒙古大学生命科学学院, 呼和浩特 010021
⁽⁴⁾西藏自治区那曲市草原站, 西藏那曲 852000

收稿日期:2018-11-14 接受日期:2019-09-05 出版日期:2019-10-20 发布日期:2020-02-24
通讯作者: 干珠扎布
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0502003);国家自然科学基金(31570484);国家重点研发计划(31600366);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项基金(BSRF201713)

Effects of grazing and simulated warming on plant community structure and productivity of alpine grassland in Northern Xizang, China

WU Hong-Bao¹,GAO Qing-Zhu¹,Ganjurjav Hasbagan^1,^*(),LI Yu²,YAN Yu-Long³,HU Guo-Zheng¹,WANG Xue-Xia¹,YAN Jun⁴,HE Shi-Cheng⁴

¹Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
²College of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
³School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 0 10021, China
⁽⁴⁾ Nagqu Grassland Station, Nagqu, Xizang 852000, China

Received:2018-11-14 Accepted:2019-09-05 Online:2019-10-20 Published:2020-02-24
Contact: Ganjurjav Hasbagan
Supported by:
the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0502003);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570484);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31600366);the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(BSRF201713)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气候变化和放牧活动对草地植物物种多样性和生产力具有重要影响。为探索藏北高寒草地植物物种多样性和生产力对增温、放牧及其交互作用的响应, 于2011年在藏北高原开始建立增温实验平台, 2016年起增设放牧、增温+放牧实验, 连续2年(2016-2017年)观测了植物群落特征、群落组成、生产力和物种多样性。结果表明, 增温和放牧对高寒草地植物高度和净初级生产力具有显著交互作用。在放牧条件下, 增温对植物高度无显著影响; 但在不放牧条件下, 增温却显著增加了植物高度。在放牧条件下, 增温对净初级生产力的影响存在年际差异, 2016年增温对生产力无显著影响, 2017年增温显著降低了植物净初级生产力; 但在不放牧条件下, 增温对植物净初级生产力无显著影响。增温和放牧对高寒草地植物物种丰富度、盖度、重要值及多样性均无显著交互作用。植物盖度在增温和放牧条件下显著降低, 杂类草物种比例显著增加, 但物种多样性均无显著变化。研究表明, 增温和放牧显著改变高寒草地群落结构。未来气候变化条件下, 放牧活动加剧有可能导致高寒草地生产力降低。

关键词: 增温, 放牧, 增温+放牧, 物种多样性, 净初级生产力

Abstract:

Aims Climate change and grazing activities have important effects on species diversity and productivity of grassland ecosystems. The aim of this study is to reveal the differences in responses of species diversity and productivity to warming, grazing and their interactions in an alpine meadow ecosystem. Methods Warming experiment was established in 2011. In 2016, the grazing experiment and the combination of warming and grazing experiment were added. A two-year continuous field experiment was conducted (from 2016 to 2017) and plant community structure, community composition, productivity and species diversity were monitored. Twelve sites were sampled, and were divided into four treatments: control, warming, grazing and the combination of warming and grazing. All sampled species were classified into three functional groups: sedges, grasses and forbs. The species diversity and productivity were sampled in three different treatments. Important findings Results showed that warming and grazing had significant interaction on vegetation height and net primary productivity in alpine grassland. Under grazing treatment, warming had no significant effect on plant height, while warming significantly increased plant height without grazing. Under grazing treatment, the warming effect on net primary productivity significantly differed between 2016 and 2017. In 2016, warming had no significant effect on net primary productivity, while in 2017, warming significantly decreased net primary productivity. Warming and grazing had no significant interaction on species richness, coverage, species important value and species diversity in the alpine meadow. Under the treatments of warming and grazing, the total vegetation coverage decreased, and the proportion of forbs significantly increased. However, no significant effect of warming or grazing was found on species diversity. This study showed that warming and grazing significantly changed the community structure of alpine grassland. Therefore, with the projected climate change in the future, the intensification of grazing activities may lead to the decrease of alpine meadow productivity.

Key words: warming, grazing, the combination of warming and grazing, species diversity, net primary productivity

吴红宝, 高清竹, 干珠扎布, 李钰, 闫玉龙, 胡国铮, 王学霞, 严俊, 何世丞. 放牧和模拟增温对藏北高寒草地植物群落特征及生产力的影响. 植物生态学报, 2019, 43(10): 853-862. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0288

WU Hong-Bao, GAO Qing-Zhu, Ganjurjav Hasbagan, LI Yu, YAN Yu-Long, HU Guo-Zheng, WANG Xue-Xia, YAN Jun, HE Shi-Cheng. Effects of grazing and simulated warming on plant community structure and productivity of alpine grassland in Northern Xizang, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2019, 43(10): 853-862. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0288

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2018.0288

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2019/V43/I10/853

图/表 10

图1 藏北高寒草地试验区气温和降水量(2016-2017年)。

Fig. 1 Mean diurnal air temperature and precipitation in the experiment site of alpine grassland in Northern Xizang (from 2016 to 2017).

图2 开顶式气室增温设备示意图。

Fig. 2 The diagram of the warming equipment used here— open top chamber.

图3 对照(CK)、增温(W)、放牧(G)及增温+放牧(WG)处理下气温、土壤温度及湿度的差异(2016年和2017年4-8月)

Fig. 3 Mean air temperature, temperature and moisture of the soil (from April to August in 2016 and 2017) in control (CK), warming (W), grazing (G) and warming + grazing (WG) plots.

表1 年份、增温、放牧及其交互作用对藏北高寒草地植物高度、盖度、物种重要值、净初级生产力及物种多样性影响的多因素方差分析结果(p值)

Table 1 Results (p value) of the three way ANOVA of year, warming, grazing and their interaction effects on height, coverage, species important value, net primary productivity and species diversity index of alpine grassland in Northern Xizang

因子 Factor	高度 Height			盖度 Coverage	物种重要值 Species important value			净初级生产力 Net primary productivity	物种多样性指数 Species diversity index
因子 Factor	莎草类 Sedges	禾草类 Grasses	杂类草 Forbs	盖度 Coverage	莎草类 Sedges	禾草类 Grasses	杂类草 Forbs	净初级生产力 Net primary productivity	Species richness index	Shannon- Weiner index	Pielou index
Y	0.061	0.032	0.480	0.481	0.052	0.412	0.446	0.074	0.209	0.907	0.078
W	<0.001	<0.001	0.001	<0.001	0.055	0.773	0.174	0.618	1.000	0.543	0.331
G	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.004	0.008	0.445	0.003	0.503	0.396	0.872	0.236
Y × W	0.065	0.055	0.396	0.444	0.716	0.191	0.199	0.158	0.668	0.523	0.511
Y × G	0.380	0.283	0.143	0.092	0.482	0.177	0.290	0.122	0.001	0.019	0.470
W × G	0.003	0.001	0.001	0.376	0.882	0.103	0.066	0.048	1.000	0.617	0.347
Y × W × G	0.903	0.103	0.587	0.926	0.169	0.201	0.708	0.145	0.209	0.332	0.904

图4 对照(CK)、增温(W)、放牧(G)及增温+放牧(WG)处理下藏北高寒草地植物高度的差异(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母表示同一植物类群间高度的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Mean vegetation height (mean ± SE) in the control (CK), warming (W), grazing (G) and warming + grazing (WG) plots of alpine meadow in Northern Xizang. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in height in group plant (p < 0.05).

表2 对照、增温、放牧及增温+放牧处理下藏北高寒草地群落物种组成及其重要值(2017年)

Table 2 Species composition and their important values of alpine grassland communities under treatments of control, warming, grazing and the combination of warming and grazing in Northern Xizang in 2017

植物类群 Plant group	物种 Species	CK	W	G	WG
莎草类 Sedges	高山嵩草 Kobresia pygmaea	0.420	0.354	0.475	0.448
	青藏薹草 Carex moorcroftii	0.109	0.118	-	-
	矮生嵩草 Kobresia humilis	0.028	-	-	-
禾草类 Grasses	紫花针茅 Stipa purpurea	-	-	0.113	0.179
禾草类 Grasses	草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis	0.197	0.238	-	-
杂类草 Forbs	垫状点地梅 Androsace tapete	0.003	0.002	-	-
	星状雪兔子 Saussurea stella	-	-	0.064	0.033
	矮火绒草 Leontopodium nanum	-	-	0.040	-
	蓝花棘豆 Oxytropis caerulea	0.032	0.041	0.058	-
	藏豆 Stracheya tibetica	-	0.019	-	0.064
	蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum	-	-	0.014	0.025
	肉果草 Lancea tibetica	0.052	0.034	-	0.007
	短穗兔耳草 Lagotis brachystachya	0.008	0.030	0.034	0.024
	二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca	0.043	0.069	0.068	0.071
	钉柱委陵菜 Potentilla saundersiana	0.047	0.061	0.073	0.075
	多裂委陵菜 Potentilla multifida	0.047	0.034	0.061	0.074
	山莓草 Sibbaldia procumbens	0.014	-	-	-

图5 对照(CK)、增温(W)、放牧(G)及增温+放牧(WG)处理下藏北高寒草地物种重要值的差异。

Fig. 5 Mean species important values in control (CK), warming (W), grazing (G) and warming + grazing (WG) plots of alpine grassland in Northern Xizang.

图6 对照(CK)、增温(W)、放牧(G)及增温+放牧(WG)处理下藏北高寒草地植物盖度及净初级生产力的差异(平均值+标准误差)。不同小写字母表示不同处理间盖度和净初级生产力的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 6 Mean vegetation coverage and net primary production (mean + SE) in control (CK), warming (W), grazing (G) and warming + grazing (WG) plots of alpine grassland in Northern Xizang. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in coverage and net primary production in different treatments (p < 0.05).

图7 对照(CK)、增温(W)、放牧(G)及增温+放牧(WG)处理下藏北高寒草地物种多样性的差异(平均值+标准误差)。不同小写字母表示不同处理间物种多样性的差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 7 Mean species diversity (mean + SE) in control (CK), warming (W), grazing (G) and warming + grazing (WG) plots of alpine grassland in Northern Xizang. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in species diversity in different treatments (p < 0.05)

图8 增温(W)、放牧(G)及增温+放牧(WG)处理下藏北高寒草地群落结构、物种多样性及生产力的差异(平均值+标准误差)。不同小写字母表示处理效应间的差异(p < 0.05); **, 代表处理效应与零之间的差异(p < 0.01)。

Fig. 8 Community structure, species diversity and productivity (mean + SE) in warming (W), grazing (G) and warming + grazing (WG) plots of alpine grassland in Northern Xizang. Different lowercase letters indicate differences in treatment effect (p < 0.05); **, indicate differences between treatment effect and zero (p < 0.01).

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放牧和模拟增温对藏北高寒草地植物群落特征及生产力的影响

Effects of grazing and simulated warming on plant community structure and productivity of alpine grassland in Northern Xizang, China

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