Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2016, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (3): 221-235.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0243
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
Hai-Qing HU1, Xin LU1, Long SUN1,*(), Zhi-Lin QU2, Yu LIANG1, Hai-Yang LI1
Received:
2015-06-26
Revised:
2015-11-27
Online:
2016-03-10
Published:
2016-03-25
Contact:
Long SUN
Hai-Qing HU, Xin LU, Long SUN, Zhi-Lin QU, Yu LIANG, Hai-Yang LI. Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on equilibrium moisture content and time-lag of forest land surface dead fine fuels[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2016, 40(3): 221-235.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX
URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0243
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 平衡含水率随气温变化方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 | 20 | y = (0.3933e - 5)x3 - (0.2141e + 3)x2 + 0.7909x + 0.0781 | 0.966 6 |
Larix gmelinii leaves | 40 | y = -(0.2787e + 4)x3 + 0.0014x2 - 0.0253x + 0.2305 | 0.994 7 |
60 | y = (0.3800e - 4)x3 + 00159x2 - 0.0018x + 0.1707 | 0.990 1 | |
80 | y = (0.1347e - 4)x3 - (0.7339e + 3)x2 + 0.0026x + 0.3091 | 0.999 9 | |
白桦叶片 | 20 | y = - (0.6667e + 6)x3 + (0.8943e - 4)x2 - 0.0055x + 0.1337 | 0.988 9 |
Betula platyphylla leaves | 40 | y = - (0.5733e + 5)x3 + (0.4414e - 4)x2 - 0.0145x + 0.2243 | 0.993 9 |
60 | y = (0.8633e - 4)x3 - 0.0037x2 + 0.0357x + 0.1594 | 0.987 5 | |
80 | y = (0.2026e - 4)x3 - 0.0012x2 + 0.0087x + 0.3316 | 0.996 8 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 | 20 | y = (0.7733e - 5)x3 - (0.2829e + 3)x2 - (0.1876e + 3)x + 0.1024 | 0.999 8 |
Mixture of L. gmelinii | 40 | y = (0.6733e - 5)x3 - (0.1881e + 3)x2 - 0.0046x + 0.1736 | 0.980 7 |
and B. platyphylla leaves | 60 | y = (0.3513e - 4)x3 - 0.0012x2 + (0.7709e - 3)x + 0.2628 | 0.988 9 |
80 | y = (0.1679e - 4)x3 - (0.5594e + 3)x2 - 0.0065x + 0.3746 | 0.999 8 |
Table 1 Equations of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) versus air temperature and coefficient of determination under different relative humidity
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 平衡含水率随气温变化方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 | 20 | y = (0.3933e - 5)x3 - (0.2141e + 3)x2 + 0.7909x + 0.0781 | 0.966 6 |
Larix gmelinii leaves | 40 | y = -(0.2787e + 4)x3 + 0.0014x2 - 0.0253x + 0.2305 | 0.994 7 |
60 | y = (0.3800e - 4)x3 + 00159x2 - 0.0018x + 0.1707 | 0.990 1 | |
80 | y = (0.1347e - 4)x3 - (0.7339e + 3)x2 + 0.0026x + 0.3091 | 0.999 9 | |
白桦叶片 | 20 | y = - (0.6667e + 6)x3 + (0.8943e - 4)x2 - 0.0055x + 0.1337 | 0.988 9 |
Betula platyphylla leaves | 40 | y = - (0.5733e + 5)x3 + (0.4414e - 4)x2 - 0.0145x + 0.2243 | 0.993 9 |
60 | y = (0.8633e - 4)x3 - 0.0037x2 + 0.0357x + 0.1594 | 0.987 5 | |
80 | y = (0.2026e - 4)x3 - 0.0012x2 + 0.0087x + 0.3316 | 0.996 8 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 | 20 | y = (0.7733e - 5)x3 - (0.2829e + 3)x2 - (0.1876e + 3)x + 0.1024 | 0.999 8 |
Mixture of L. gmelinii | 40 | y = (0.6733e - 5)x3 - (0.1881e + 3)x2 - 0.0046x + 0.1736 | 0.980 7 |
and B. platyphylla leaves | 60 | y = (0.3513e - 4)x3 - 0.0012x2 + (0.7709e - 3)x + 0.2628 | 0.988 9 |
80 | y = (0.1679e - 4)x3 - (0.5594e + 3)x2 - 0.0065x + 0.3746 | 0.999 8 |
气温 Air tempe- rature (℃) | 相对湿度 Relative humi- dity (%) | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 决定 系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 决定 系数 Coefficient of determi- nation (R2) | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 决定 系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 20 | y = 0.0763 + 0.7502exp(-0.0959t) | 0.994 1 | y = 0.1090 + 0.6817exp(-0.0793t) | 0.994 3 | y = 0.0954 + 0.7567exp(-0.0872t) | 0.997 2 |
40 | y = 0.1346 + 0.7134exp(-0.0811t) | 0.994 9 | y = 0.1612 + 0.6449exp(-0.0653t) | 0.990 6 | y = 0.1453 + 0.6858exp(-0.0678t) | 0.988 7 | |
60 | y = 0.2127 + 0.6171exp(-0.0656t) | 0.996 7 | y = 0.2537 + 0.5559exp(-0.0474t) | 0.989 9 | y = 0.2388 + 0.5515exp(-0.0524t) | 0.984 7 | |
80 | y = 0.3056 + 0.5030exp(-0.0454t) | 0.983 6 | y = 0.3493 + 0.4769exp(-0.0357t) | 0.991 8 | y = 0.3304 + 0.5058exp(-0.0416t) | 0.995 3 | |
10 | 20 | y = 0.0723 + 0.7777exp(-0.1144t) | 0.996 3 | y = 0.0843 + 0.7230exp(-0.0974t) | 0.997 2 | y = 0.0796 + 0.7726exp(-0.1043t) | 0.995 5 |
40 | y = 0.0916 + 0.7293exp(-0.0859t) | 0.990 4 | y = 0.1210 + 0.6995exp(-0.0821t) | 0.998 3 | y = 0.1209 + 0.7302exp(-0.0942t) | 0.997 3 | |
60 | y = 0.1854 + 0.6218exp(-0.0673t) | 0.985 9 | y = 0.2403 + 0.5778exp(-0.0631t) | 0.987 4 | y = 0.1916 + 0.6068exp(-0.0645t) | 0.976 2 | |
80 | y = 0.2766 + 0.5367exp(-0.0539t) | 0.992 9 | y = 0.3163 + 0.4952exp(-0.0438t) | 0.977 1 | y = 0.2693 + 0.5429exp(-0.0498t) | 0.993 4 | |
15 | 20 | y = 0.0495 + 0.7928exp(-0.1567t) | 0.992 2 | y = 0.0731 + 0.7392exp(-0.1262t) | 0.996 9 | y = 0.0625 + 0.7660exp(-0.1227t) | 0.994 2 |
40 | y = 0.0667 + 0.7667exp(-0.1246t) | 0.997 1 | y = 0.0815 + 0.7332exp(-0.1139t) | 0.998 1 | y = 0.0766 + 0.7684exp(-0.1098t) | 0.994 6 | |
60 | y = 0.1501 + 0.6801exp(-0.1036t) | 0.995 9 | y = 0.1366 + 0.6214exp(-0.0846t) | 0.994 6 | y = 0.1086 + 0.6858exp(-0.0851t) | 0.994 7 | |
80 | y = 0.2284 + 0.6192exp(-0.0648t) | 0.996 8 | y = 0.2731 + 0.4999exp(-0.0510t) | 0.990 1 | y = 0.2092 + 0.6259exp(-0.0547t) | 0.994 3 | |
20 | 20 | y = 0.0435 + 0.7602exp(-0.2031t) | 0.985 5 | y = 0.0515 + 0.7774exp(-0.1917t) | 0.978 3 | y = 0.0470 + 0.7741exp(-0.1928t) | 0.979 3 |
40 | y = 0.0621 + 0.7208exp(-0.1818t) | 0.992 9 | y = 0.0682 + 0.7349exp(-0.1711t) | 0.992 2 | y = 0.0655 + 0.7504exp(-0.1567t) | 0.989 5 | |
60 | y = 0.0806 + 0.7157exp(-0.1236t) | 0.994 1 | y = 0.0863 + 0.6989exp(-0.0991t) | 0.996 2 | y = 0.0810 + 0.7189exp(-0.1174t) | 0.998 3 | |
80 | y = 0.1774 + 0.6130exp(-0.0760t) | 0.991 2 | y = 0.1927 + 0.6004exp(-0.0691t) | 0.986 3 | y = 0.1539 + 0.6745exp(-0.0695t) | 0.995 8 | |
25 | 20 | y = 0.0246 + 0.7845exp(-0.2366t) | 0.981 4 | y = 0.0424 + 0.7462exp(-0.2749t) | 0.976 2 | y = 0.0418 + 0.7459exp(-0.2298t) | 0.997 1 |
40 | y = 0.0338 + 0.7880exp(-0.2139t) | 0.993 7 | y = 0.0470 + 0.7328exp(-0.1925t) | 0.993 8 | y = 0.0446 + 0.7779exp(-0.2039t) | 0.982 9 | |
60 | y = 0.0601 + 0.7739exp(-0.1612t) | 0.987 5 | y = 0.0752 + 0.7267exp(-0.1389t) | 0.996 9 | y = 0.0703 + 0.7309exp(-0.1257t) | 0.994 8 | |
80 | y = 0.1274 + 0.6767exp(-0.1064t) | 0.997 1 | y = 0.1325 + 0.6731exp(-0.1085t) | 0.996 2 | y = 0.1248 + 0.6735exp(-0.0977t) | 0.997 0 |
Appendix table 1 Equations of moisture content dynamics of fuels under different air temperature and relative humidity
气温 Air tempe- rature (℃) | 相对湿度 Relative humi- dity (%) | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 决定 系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 决定 系数 Coefficient of determi- nation (R2) | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 决定 系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 20 | y = 0.0763 + 0.7502exp(-0.0959t) | 0.994 1 | y = 0.1090 + 0.6817exp(-0.0793t) | 0.994 3 | y = 0.0954 + 0.7567exp(-0.0872t) | 0.997 2 |
40 | y = 0.1346 + 0.7134exp(-0.0811t) | 0.994 9 | y = 0.1612 + 0.6449exp(-0.0653t) | 0.990 6 | y = 0.1453 + 0.6858exp(-0.0678t) | 0.988 7 | |
60 | y = 0.2127 + 0.6171exp(-0.0656t) | 0.996 7 | y = 0.2537 + 0.5559exp(-0.0474t) | 0.989 9 | y = 0.2388 + 0.5515exp(-0.0524t) | 0.984 7 | |
80 | y = 0.3056 + 0.5030exp(-0.0454t) | 0.983 6 | y = 0.3493 + 0.4769exp(-0.0357t) | 0.991 8 | y = 0.3304 + 0.5058exp(-0.0416t) | 0.995 3 | |
10 | 20 | y = 0.0723 + 0.7777exp(-0.1144t) | 0.996 3 | y = 0.0843 + 0.7230exp(-0.0974t) | 0.997 2 | y = 0.0796 + 0.7726exp(-0.1043t) | 0.995 5 |
40 | y = 0.0916 + 0.7293exp(-0.0859t) | 0.990 4 | y = 0.1210 + 0.6995exp(-0.0821t) | 0.998 3 | y = 0.1209 + 0.7302exp(-0.0942t) | 0.997 3 | |
60 | y = 0.1854 + 0.6218exp(-0.0673t) | 0.985 9 | y = 0.2403 + 0.5778exp(-0.0631t) | 0.987 4 | y = 0.1916 + 0.6068exp(-0.0645t) | 0.976 2 | |
80 | y = 0.2766 + 0.5367exp(-0.0539t) | 0.992 9 | y = 0.3163 + 0.4952exp(-0.0438t) | 0.977 1 | y = 0.2693 + 0.5429exp(-0.0498t) | 0.993 4 | |
15 | 20 | y = 0.0495 + 0.7928exp(-0.1567t) | 0.992 2 | y = 0.0731 + 0.7392exp(-0.1262t) | 0.996 9 | y = 0.0625 + 0.7660exp(-0.1227t) | 0.994 2 |
40 | y = 0.0667 + 0.7667exp(-0.1246t) | 0.997 1 | y = 0.0815 + 0.7332exp(-0.1139t) | 0.998 1 | y = 0.0766 + 0.7684exp(-0.1098t) | 0.994 6 | |
60 | y = 0.1501 + 0.6801exp(-0.1036t) | 0.995 9 | y = 0.1366 + 0.6214exp(-0.0846t) | 0.994 6 | y = 0.1086 + 0.6858exp(-0.0851t) | 0.994 7 | |
80 | y = 0.2284 + 0.6192exp(-0.0648t) | 0.996 8 | y = 0.2731 + 0.4999exp(-0.0510t) | 0.990 1 | y = 0.2092 + 0.6259exp(-0.0547t) | 0.994 3 | |
20 | 20 | y = 0.0435 + 0.7602exp(-0.2031t) | 0.985 5 | y = 0.0515 + 0.7774exp(-0.1917t) | 0.978 3 | y = 0.0470 + 0.7741exp(-0.1928t) | 0.979 3 |
40 | y = 0.0621 + 0.7208exp(-0.1818t) | 0.992 9 | y = 0.0682 + 0.7349exp(-0.1711t) | 0.992 2 | y = 0.0655 + 0.7504exp(-0.1567t) | 0.989 5 | |
60 | y = 0.0806 + 0.7157exp(-0.1236t) | 0.994 1 | y = 0.0863 + 0.6989exp(-0.0991t) | 0.996 2 | y = 0.0810 + 0.7189exp(-0.1174t) | 0.998 3 | |
80 | y = 0.1774 + 0.6130exp(-0.0760t) | 0.991 2 | y = 0.1927 + 0.6004exp(-0.0691t) | 0.986 3 | y = 0.1539 + 0.6745exp(-0.0695t) | 0.995 8 | |
25 | 20 | y = 0.0246 + 0.7845exp(-0.2366t) | 0.981 4 | y = 0.0424 + 0.7462exp(-0.2749t) | 0.976 2 | y = 0.0418 + 0.7459exp(-0.2298t) | 0.997 1 |
40 | y = 0.0338 + 0.7880exp(-0.2139t) | 0.993 7 | y = 0.0470 + 0.7328exp(-0.1925t) | 0.993 8 | y = 0.0446 + 0.7779exp(-0.2039t) | 0.982 9 | |
60 | y = 0.0601 + 0.7739exp(-0.1612t) | 0.987 5 | y = 0.0752 + 0.7267exp(-0.1389t) | 0.996 9 | y = 0.0703 + 0.7309exp(-0.1257t) | 0.994 8 | |
80 | y = 0.1274 + 0.6767exp(-0.1064t) | 0.997 1 | y = 0.1325 + 0.6731exp(-0.1085t) | 0.996 2 | y = 0.1248 + 0.6735exp(-0.0977t) | 0.997 0 |
Fig. 1 Curves of dynamics of moisture content in different fuels under different air temperature and relative humidity. A, Larix gmelinii leaves. B, Betula platyphylla leaves. C, Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves. a, b, c, and d show relative humidity of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, respectively.
气温 Air temperature | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | |
5 ℃ | 1.00 | 0.719 | 0.399 | 0.166 | 0.070 | 1.00 | 0.724 | 0.314 | 0.103 | 0.044* | 1.00 | 0.597 | 0.202 | 0.089 | 0.055 |
10 ℃ | - | 1.00 | 0.619 | 0.284 | 0.120 | - | 1.00 | 0.511 | 0.089 | 0.120 | - | 1.00 | 0.374 | 0.152 | 0.084 |
15 ℃ | - | - | 1.00 | 0.543 | 0.237 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.488 | 0.235 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.525 | 0.296 |
20 ℃ | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.466 | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.528 | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.606 |
25 ℃ | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | 1.00 |
Appendix table 2 Significance level of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) under different air temperature
气温 Air temperature | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | |
5 ℃ | 1.00 | 0.719 | 0.399 | 0.166 | 0.070 | 1.00 | 0.724 | 0.314 | 0.103 | 0.044* | 1.00 | 0.597 | 0.202 | 0.089 | 0.055 |
10 ℃ | - | 1.00 | 0.619 | 0.284 | 0.120 | - | 1.00 | 0.511 | 0.089 | 0.120 | - | 1.00 | 0.374 | 0.152 | 0.084 |
15 ℃ | - | - | 1.00 | 0.543 | 0.237 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.488 | 0.235 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.525 | 0.296 |
20 ℃ | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.466 | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.528 | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.606 |
25 ℃ | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | 1.00 |
Fig. 2 Comparison between equilibrium moisture content (EMC) predicted by EMC-air temperature model and that of measurements. A, Larix gmelinii leaves. B, Betula platyphylla leaves. C, Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves.
相对湿度 Relative humidity | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | |
20% | 1.00 | 0.269 | 0.026* | 0.001** | 1.00 | 0.343 | 0.060 | 0.002** | 1.00 | 0.263 | 0.068 | 0.004** |
40% | - | 1.00 | 0.105 | 0.004** | - | 1.00 | 0.182 | 0.008** | - | 1.00 | 0.245 | 0.016* |
60% | - | - | 1.00 | 0.087 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.124 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.150 |
80% | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 |
Appendix table 3 Significance level of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) under different relative humidity
相对湿度 Relative humidity | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | |
20% | 1.00 | 0.269 | 0.026* | 0.001** | 1.00 | 0.343 | 0.060 | 0.002** | 1.00 | 0.263 | 0.068 | 0.004** |
40% | - | 1.00 | 0.105 | 0.004** | - | 1.00 | 0.182 | 0.008** | - | 1.00 | 0.245 | 0.016* |
60% | - | - | 1.00 | 0.087 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.124 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.150 |
80% | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 |
气温 Air temperature (℃) | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | y = 0.3670x1.5427 + 0.0456 | 0.999 9 | y = 0.3918x1.6392 + 0.0791 | 0.998 3 | y = 0.3843x1.6237 + 0.0649 | 0.997 2 |
10 | y = 0.3652x2.2000 + 0.0561 | 0.987 7 | y = 0.3914x1.5672 + 0.0464 | 0.978 2 | y = 0.3092x1.6848 + 0.0579 | 0.999 0 |
15 | y = 0.3182x2.1564 + 0.3458 | 0.986 6 | y = 0.4901x3.9617 + 0.0708 | 0.999 7 | y = 0.3526x3.9870 + 0.0641 | 0.998 6 |
20 | y = 0.3536x4.5456 + 0.0487 | 0.990 6 | y = 0.4191x5.0574 + 0.0568 | 0.992 8 | y = 0.2442x3.9114 + 0.5126 | 0.986 4 |
25 | y = 0.2315x3.6433 + 0.0245 | 0.999 7 | y = 0.2010x3.5001 + 0.0406 | 0.999 0 | y = 0.1941x3.7051 + 0.0401 | 0.998 6 |
Table 2 Equations of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) versus relative humidity and coefficient of determination under different air temperature
气温 Air temperature (℃) | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | y = 0.3670x1.5427 + 0.0456 | 0.999 9 | y = 0.3918x1.6392 + 0.0791 | 0.998 3 | y = 0.3843x1.6237 + 0.0649 | 0.997 2 |
10 | y = 0.3652x2.2000 + 0.0561 | 0.987 7 | y = 0.3914x1.5672 + 0.0464 | 0.978 2 | y = 0.3092x1.6848 + 0.0579 | 0.999 0 |
15 | y = 0.3182x2.1564 + 0.3458 | 0.986 6 | y = 0.4901x3.9617 + 0.0708 | 0.999 7 | y = 0.3526x3.9870 + 0.0641 | 0.998 6 |
20 | y = 0.3536x4.5456 + 0.0487 | 0.990 6 | y = 0.4191x5.0574 + 0.0568 | 0.992 8 | y = 0.2442x3.9114 + 0.5126 | 0.986 4 |
25 | y = 0.2315x3.6433 + 0.0245 | 0.999 7 | y = 0.2010x3.5001 + 0.0406 | 0.999 0 | y = 0.1941x3.7051 + 0.0401 | 0.998 6 |
Fig. 3 Comparison between equilibrium moisture content (EMC) predicted by EMC-relative humidity model and that of measurements. A, Larix gmelinii leaves. B, Betula platyphylla leaves. C, Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves.
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 平衡含水率随气温、相对湿度变化的方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature and relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 10 < H < 50 | E = 1.075569 + 0.1226H - 0.003633T | 0.895 3 |
H ≥ 50 | E = 0.76452 - 1.37034H + 1.838824H2 - 0.01221HT | 0.982 1 | |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 10 < H < 50 | E = 1.336947 + 0.1186H - 0.004472T | 0.913 6 |
H ≥ 50 | E = 0.940213 - 1.70177H + 2.218485H2 - 0.015047HT | 0.956 1 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 10 < H < 50 | E = 1.182743 + 0.1266H - 0.003966T | 0.906 1 |
H ≥ 5 | E = 0.871213 - 1.53921H + 2.024026H2 - 0.013797HT | 0.965 3 |
Table 3 Simard equilibrium moisture content (EMC) model
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 平衡含水率随气温、相对湿度变化的方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature and relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 10 < H < 50 | E = 1.075569 + 0.1226H - 0.003633T | 0.895 3 |
H ≥ 50 | E = 0.76452 - 1.37034H + 1.838824H2 - 0.01221HT | 0.982 1 | |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 10 < H < 50 | E = 1.336947 + 0.1186H - 0.004472T | 0.913 6 |
H ≥ 50 | E = 0.940213 - 1.70177H + 2.218485H2 - 0.015047HT | 0.956 1 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 10 < H < 50 | E = 1.182743 + 0.1266H - 0.003966T | 0.906 1 |
H ≥ 5 | E = 0.871213 - 1.53921H + 2.024026H2 - 0.013797HT | 0.965 3 |
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 平衡含水率随气温、相对湿度变化方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature and relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | Ed = -44.9323H0.001095 + 44.86805e0.073957H + 0.147607(33.97835 - T)(1 - e-0.08471H) | 0.988 8 |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | Ed = -26.3152H-0.00478 + 26.71372e0.137453H + 0.062646(12.75931 + T)(1 - e-0.258312H) | 0.975 1 |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | Ed = -18.9629H-0.00775 + 19.39976e0.171261H + 0.065635(5.407862 + T)(1 - e-0.223153H) | 0.978 8 |
>Table 4 Van Wanger equilibrium moisture content (EMC) model
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 平衡含水率随气温、相对湿度变化方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature and relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | Ed = -44.9323H0.001095 + 44.86805e0.073957H + 0.147607(33.97835 - T)(1 - e-0.08471H) | 0.988 8 |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | Ed = -26.3152H-0.00478 + 26.71372e0.137453H + 0.062646(12.75931 + T)(1 - e-0.258312H) | 0.975 1 |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | Ed = -18.9629H-0.00775 + 19.39976e0.171261H + 0.065635(5.407862 + T)(1 - e-0.223153H) | 0.978 8 |
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 平衡含水率随气温、相对湿度变化方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature and relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | Ed = 1.31779H-0.051049 + 0.329983e0.866517H + 0.006145(0.117326 - T) | 0.938 7 |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | Ed = 0.757326H1.462077 + 2.306681e-0.23901H - 0.007577(2.06381 + T) | 0.917 8 |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | Ed = 1.971964H-0.00503 + 0.33744e2.343505H - 0.006854(0.244327 + T) | 0.906 8 |
Table 5 Anderson equilibrium moisture content (EMC) model
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 平衡含水率随气温、相对湿度变化方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature and relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | Ed = 1.31779H-0.051049 + 0.329983e0.866517H + 0.006145(0.117326 - T) | 0.938 7 |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | Ed = 0.757326H1.462077 + 2.306681e-0.23901H - 0.007577(2.06381 + T) | 0.917 8 |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | Ed = 1.971964H-0.00503 + 0.33744e2.343505H - 0.006854(0.244327 + T) | 0.906 8 |
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 平衡含水率随气温、相对湿度变化方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature and relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | E = 0.217687 - 0.000873(-8.314T/18LogH) | 0.557 9 |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | E = 0.245242 - 0.000926(-8.314T/18LogH) | 0.488 7 |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | E = 0.197390 - 0.012316(-8.314T/18LogH) | 0.553 5 |
Table 6 Nelson equilibrium moisture content (EMC) model
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 平衡含水率随气温、相对湿度变化方程 Equations of EMC versus air temperature and relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | E = 0.217687 - 0.000873(-8.314T/18LogH) | 0.557 9 |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | E = 0.245242 - 0.000926(-8.314T/18LogH) | 0.488 7 |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | E = 0.197390 - 0.012316(-8.314T/18LogH) | 0.553 5 |
Fig. 4 Distributions of errors in modeled equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of fine fuels. A, Larix gmelinii leaves. B, Betula platyphylla leaves. C, Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves. MAE, mean absolute error; MRE, mean relative error; RMSE, root mean square error.
气温 Air temperature | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | |
5 ℃ | 1.00 | 0.653 | 0.161 | 0.066 | 0.019* | 1.00 | 0.401 | 0.146 | 0.042* | 0.012* | 1.00 | 0.439 | 0.172 | 0.043* | 0.014* |
10 ℃ | - | 1.00 | 0.262 | 0.098 | 0.023* | - | 1.00 | 0.429 | 0.119 | 0.025* | - | 1.00 | 0.498 | 0.131 | 0.041* |
15 ℃ | - | - | 1.00 | 0.500 | 0.153 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.396 | 0.098 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.336 | 0.112 |
20 ℃ | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.449 | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.334 | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.502 |
25 ℃ | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | 1.00 |
Appendix table 4 Significance level of time-lag under different air temperature
气温 Air temperature | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 10 ℃ | 15 ℃ | 20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | |
5 ℃ | 1.00 | 0.653 | 0.161 | 0.066 | 0.019* | 1.00 | 0.401 | 0.146 | 0.042* | 0.012* | 1.00 | 0.439 | 0.172 | 0.043* | 0.014* |
10 ℃ | - | 1.00 | 0.262 | 0.098 | 0.023* | - | 1.00 | 0.429 | 0.119 | 0.025* | - | 1.00 | 0.498 | 0.131 | 0.041* |
15 ℃ | - | - | 1.00 | 0.500 | 0.153 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.396 | 0.098 | - | - | 1.00 | 0.336 | 0.112 |
20 ℃ | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.449 | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.334 | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.502 |
25 ℃ | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | 1.00 |
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 气温 Air temperature (℃) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | ||
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 20 | 10.43 | 8.74 | 6.38 | 4.92 | 4.23 |
40 | 12.33 | 11.64 | 8.03 | 5.50 | 4.68 | |
60 | 15.24 | 14.86 | 9.65 | 8.09 | 6.20 | |
80 | 22.03 | 18.55 | 15.43 | 13.16 | 9.40 | |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 20 | 12.61 | 10.27 | 7.92 | 5.22 | 3.64 |
40 | 15.31 | 12.18 | 8.78 | 5.84 | 5.19 | |
60 | 21.10 | 15.85 | 11.82 | 10.09 | 7.20 | |
80 | 28.01 | 22.83 | 19.59 | 14.47 | 9.22 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 20 | 11.47 | 9.59 | 8.15 | 5.19 | 4.35 |
40 | 14.75 | 10.62 | 9.11 | 6.38 | 4.90 | |
60 | 19.08 | 15.50 | 11.75 | 8.52 | 7.96 | |
80 | 24.04 | 20.08 | 18.28 | 14.39 | 10.24 |
Table 7 Time-lag of fuels under different air temperature and relative humidity (h)
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 气温 Air temperature (℃) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | ||
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 20 | 10.43 | 8.74 | 6.38 | 4.92 | 4.23 |
40 | 12.33 | 11.64 | 8.03 | 5.50 | 4.68 | |
60 | 15.24 | 14.86 | 9.65 | 8.09 | 6.20 | |
80 | 22.03 | 18.55 | 15.43 | 13.16 | 9.40 | |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 20 | 12.61 | 10.27 | 7.92 | 5.22 | 3.64 |
40 | 15.31 | 12.18 | 8.78 | 5.84 | 5.19 | |
60 | 21.10 | 15.85 | 11.82 | 10.09 | 7.20 | |
80 | 28.01 | 22.83 | 19.59 | 14.47 | 9.22 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 20 | 11.47 | 9.59 | 8.15 | 5.19 | 4.35 |
40 | 14.75 | 10.62 | 9.11 | 6.38 | 4.90 | |
60 | 19.08 | 15.50 | 11.75 | 8.52 | 7.96 | |
80 | 24.04 | 20.08 | 18.28 | 14.39 | 10.24 |
相对湿度 Relative humidity | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | |
20% | 1.00 | 0.463 | 0.111 | 0.007** | 1.00 | 0.560 | 0.108 | 0.017* | 1.00 | 0.538 | 0.086 | 0.007** |
40% | - | 1.00 | 0.350 | 0.121 | - | 1.00 | 0.259 | 0.204 | - | 1.00 | 0.228 | 0.195 |
60% | - | - | 1.00 | 0.026* | - | - | 1.00 | 0.038* | - | - | 1.00 | 0.023* |
80% | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 |
Appendix table 5 Significance level of time-lag under different relative humidity
相对湿度 Relative humidity | 落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | |
20% | 1.00 | 0.463 | 0.111 | 0.007** | 1.00 | 0.560 | 0.108 | 0.017* | 1.00 | 0.538 | 0.086 | 0.007** |
40% | - | 1.00 | 0.350 | 0.121 | - | 1.00 | 0.259 | 0.204 | - | 1.00 | 0.228 | 0.195 |
60% | - | - | 1.00 | 0.026* | - | - | 1.00 | 0.038* | - | - | 1.00 | 0.023* |
80% | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 |
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 空气相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 时滞随气温变化方程 Equations of time-lag versus air temperature | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 20 | y = (0.9600e - 3)x3 - 0.0349x2 - 0.0066x + 11.2399 | 0.998 5 |
40 | y = 0.0031x3 - 0.1365x2 + 1.3218x + 8.7975 | 0.996 6 | |
60 | y = 0.0029x3 - 0.1332x2 + 1.2189x + 12.2780 | 0.966 4 | |
80 | y = -0.0012x3 + 0.0561x2 - 1.3631x + 27.6359 | 0.995 6 | |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 20 | y = (0.7533e - 3)x3 - 0.0306x2 - 0.1156x + 13.8320 | 0.999 1 |
40 | y = 0.0017x3 - 0.0613x2 + 0.0108x + 16.5599 | 0.999 8 | |
60 | y = -0.0016x3 + 0.0915x2 - 2.2090x + 30.1219 | 0.997 5 | |
80 | y = -0.0014x3 + 0.5634x2 - 1.5598x + 34.4934 | 0.997 9 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 20 | y = 0.0011x3 - 0.0488x2 + 0.2400x + 11.2699 | 0.987 4 |
40 | y = -(0.9133e + 3)x3 + 0.0528x2 - 1.3674x + 20.2920 | 0.990 4 | |
60 | y = 0.0036x3 - 0.1468x2 + 1.0602x + 17.0516 | 0.998 0 | |
80 | y = -0.0016x3 + 0.0656x2 - 1.4069x + 329.5488 | 0.995 3 |
Table 8 Equations of time-lag versus temperature and coefficient of determination under different relative humidity
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 空气相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 时滞随气温变化方程 Equations of time-lag versus air temperature | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 20 | y = (0.9600e - 3)x3 - 0.0349x2 - 0.0066x + 11.2399 | 0.998 5 |
40 | y = 0.0031x3 - 0.1365x2 + 1.3218x + 8.7975 | 0.996 6 | |
60 | y = 0.0029x3 - 0.1332x2 + 1.2189x + 12.2780 | 0.966 4 | |
80 | y = -0.0012x3 + 0.0561x2 - 1.3631x + 27.6359 | 0.995 6 | |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 20 | y = (0.7533e - 3)x3 - 0.0306x2 - 0.1156x + 13.8320 | 0.999 1 |
40 | y = 0.0017x3 - 0.0613x2 + 0.0108x + 16.5599 | 0.999 8 | |
60 | y = -0.0016x3 + 0.0915x2 - 2.2090x + 30.1219 | 0.997 5 | |
80 | y = -0.0014x3 + 0.5634x2 - 1.5598x + 34.4934 | 0.997 9 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 20 | y = 0.0011x3 - 0.0488x2 + 0.2400x + 11.2699 | 0.987 4 |
40 | y = -(0.9133e + 3)x3 + 0.0528x2 - 1.3674x + 20.2920 | 0.990 4 | |
60 | y = 0.0036x3 - 0.1468x2 + 1.0602x + 17.0516 | 0.998 0 | |
80 | y = -0.0016x3 + 0.0656x2 - 1.4069x + 329.5488 | 0.995 3 |
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 气温 Air temperature (℃) | 时滞随相对湿度变化方程 Equations of time-lag versus relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 5 | y = 7.5029lnx + 21.1219 | 0.787 6 |
10 | y = 6.8015lnx + 18.9909 | 0.937 7 | |
15 | y = 5.7026lnx + 14.5197 | 0.757 8 | |
20 | y = 5.3324lnx + 12.2630 | 0.728 1 | |
25 | y = 3.3324lnx + 8.84310 | 0.733 7 | |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 5 | y = 10.5346lnx + 27.423 | 0.860 8 |
10 | y = 8.2426lnx + 21.9998 | 0.800 2 | |
15 | y = 7.3834lnx + 18.0445 | 0.698 1 | |
20 | y = 6.3568lnx + 14.0853 | 0.791 6 | |
25 | y = 3.8974lnx + 9.48770 | 0.934 5 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 5 | y = 8.6887lnx + 24.4157 | 0.918 8 |
10 | y = 7.6462lnx + 20.4986 | 0.841 9 | |
15 | y = 6.4491lnx + 12.0780 | 0.720 9 | |
20 | y = 5.8443lnx + 13.3826 | 0.739 4 | |
25 | y = 4.1722lnx + 10.2602 | 0.830 1 |
Table 9 Equations of time-lag versus relative humidity and coefficient of determination under different temperature
可燃物类型 Fuel type | 气温 Air temperature (℃) | 时滞随相对湿度变化方程 Equations of time-lag versus relative humidity | 决定系数 Coefficient of determination (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
落叶松叶片 Larix gmelinii leaves | 5 | y = 7.5029lnx + 21.1219 | 0.787 6 |
10 | y = 6.8015lnx + 18.9909 | 0.937 7 | |
15 | y = 5.7026lnx + 14.5197 | 0.757 8 | |
20 | y = 5.3324lnx + 12.2630 | 0.728 1 | |
25 | y = 3.3324lnx + 8.84310 | 0.733 7 | |
白桦叶片 Betula platyphylla leaves | 5 | y = 10.5346lnx + 27.423 | 0.860 8 |
10 | y = 8.2426lnx + 21.9998 | 0.800 2 | |
15 | y = 7.3834lnx + 18.0445 | 0.698 1 | |
20 | y = 6.3568lnx + 14.0853 | 0.791 6 | |
25 | y = 3.8974lnx + 9.48770 | 0.934 5 | |
落叶松-白桦叶片混合物 Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves | 5 | y = 8.6887lnx + 24.4157 | 0.918 8 |
10 | y = 7.6462lnx + 20.4986 | 0.841 9 | |
15 | y = 6.4491lnx + 12.0780 | 0.720 9 | |
20 | y = 5.8443lnx + 13.3826 | 0.739 4 | |
25 | y = 4.1722lnx + 10.2602 | 0.830 1 |
Fig. 5 Comparison between fuel time-lag predicted by time-lag-air-temperature model and that of measurements. A, Larix gmelinii leaves. B, Betula platyphylla leaves. C, Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves.
Fig. 6 Comparison between fuel time-lag predicted by time-lag-relative humidity model and that of measurements. A, Larix gmelinii leaves. B, Betula platyphylla leaves. C, Mixture of L. gmelinii and B. platyphylla leaves.
1. | Anderson HE (1990a). Moisture diffusivity and response time in fine forest fuels.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20, 315-325. |
2. | Anderson HE (. |
3. | Anderson HE, Schuette RD, Mutch RW (. |
4. | Byram GM, Jemison GM (1943). Solar radiation and forest fuel moisture.Journal of Agricultural Research, 67, 147-176. |
5. | Byram GM, Nelson RM Jr (. |
6. | Catchpole EA, Catchpole WR, Viney NR, McCaw WL, Marsden-Smedley JB (2001). Estimating fuel response time and predicting fuel moisture content from field data.International Journal of Wildland Fire, 10, 215-222. |
7. | Cordeiro DS, Raghavan GSV, Oliveira WP (2006). Equilibrium moisture content models for Maytenus ilicifolia leaves.Biosystems Engineering, 94, 221-228. |
8. | Jin S, Chen PY (2012). Modelling drying processes of fuelbeds of Scots pine needles with initial moisture content above the fibre saturation point by two-phase models.International Journal of Wildland Fire, 21, 418-427. |
9 | 9.Jin S, Jiang WJ, Sun YY (1999). The theoretical algorithm of predicting fuel moisture with time-lag and equilibrium moisture content.Forest Fire Prevention, (4), 12-14. (in Chinese)[金森, 姜文娟, 孙玉英 (1999). 用时滞和平衡含水率准确预测可燃物含水率的理论算法. 森林防火, (4), 12-14.] |
10 | 10.Jin S, Li L, Zhao YJ (2011). Analysis on robustness and extrapolation errors of modeling fuel moisture content of dead twigs of larch by direct estimation from observed data.Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 47(6), 114-121. (in Chinese with English abstract)[金森, 李亮, 赵玉晶 (2011). 用直接估计法预测落叶松枯枝含水率的稳定性和外推误差分析. 林业科学, 47(6), 114-121.] |
11 | 11.Jin S, Li XY, Li YX (2000). Desorption processes of four fine fuels.Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 28(1), 35-38. (in Chinese with English abstract)[金森, 李绪尧, 李有祥 (2000). 几种细小可燃物失水过程中含水率的变化规律. 东北林业大学学报, 28(1), 35-38.] |
12. | Matthews S, McCaw WL, Neal JE, Smith RH (2007). Testing a process-based fine fuel moisture model in two forest types.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 37, 23-35. |
13. | Nelson RM Jr (1984). A method for describing equilibrium moisture content of forest fuels.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 14, 597-600. |
14. | Nelson RM Jr, Hiers JK (2008). The influence of fuelbed properties on moisture drying rates and timelags of longleaf pine litter.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38, 2394-2404. |
15. | Pellizzaro G, Cesaraccio C, Duce P, Ventura A, Zara P (2006). Influence of seasonal weather variations and vegetative cycle on live moisture content and ignitability in Mediterranean maquis species.Forest Ecology and Management, 234(Suppl.), S111. |
16 | 16.Shan YL, Liu NA, Hu HQ, Zhang QC (2005). Moisture content of litter of principal fuel types in Liangshui Nature Reserve.Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 33(5), 41-43. (in Chinese with English abstract)[单延龙, 刘乃安, 胡海清, 张启昌 (2005). 凉水自然保护区主要可燃物类型凋落物层的含水率. 东北林业大学学报, 33(5), 41-43.] |
17. | Simard AJ (. |
18 | 18.Tian T, Di XY (2013). Research review on change mechanism and impact factors of forest surface fuel moisture.Forest Engineering, 29(2), 21-25. (in Chinese with English abstract)[田甜, 邸雪颖 (2013). 森林地表可燃物含水率变化机理及影响因子研究概述. 森林工程, 29(2), 21-25.] |
19. | Toomey M, Vierling LA (2005). Multispectral remote sensing of landscape level foliar moisture: Techniques and applications for forest ecosystem monitoring.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35, 1087-1097. |
20. | van Wagner CE (. |
21. | Viney NR (1991). A review of fine fuel moisture modelling.International Journal of Wildland Fire, 1, 215-234. |
[22]. | Viney NR, Catchpole EA (1991). Estimating fuel moisture response times from field observations.International Journal of Wildland Fire, 1, 211-214. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||
Copyright © 2022 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology
Tel: 010-62836134, 62836138, E-mail: apes@ibcas.ac.cn, cjpe@ibcas.ac.cn