Estimation of carbon emissions due to forest fire in Daxing’an Mountains from 1965 to 2010

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00629

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Forest fire is a major disturbance factor for forest ecosystems and an important pathway of decreasing vegetation- and soil-carbon storage. Scientifically and effectively measuring carbonaceous gases emission from forest fire is important in understanding the significance of forest fire in carbon balance and climate change. However, carbon emissions from forest fire remain unclear. Our objective was to estimate carbon emissions from forest fires from 1965 to 2010 in Daxing’an Mountains of Heilongjiang Province, China.

Methods We used a geographic information system (GIS) based modeling approach to generate emission estimates using a two-step procedure. First, we calculated total carbon released from forest fires in Daxing’an Mountains for selected years between 1965 and 2010 by merging and analyzing several measurement parameters. Second, we calculated amounts of four carbonaceous gases released during the burns, carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH₄), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC), using several different experimentally derived emission factors. The origin of each of the inputs used in our models is based on a combination of analysis of forest fire statistics, forest resources inventory, field research and laboratory experiments.

Important findings Direct total carbon emissions from forest fires in Daxing’an Mountains during 1965-2010 are about 2.93 × 10⁷t, and mean annual carbon emissions are about 6.38 × 10 ⁵t per year, accounting for 5.64% of the direct total carbon emissions from forest fires in China. Carbon atmospheric emissions of CO₂, CO, CH₄ and NMHC from forest fires were 1.02 × 10⁸t, 9.41 × 10 ⁶t, 5.41 × 10 ⁵t and 2.11 × 10 ⁵t, respectively, and mean annual emissions of CO₂, CO, CH₄, and NMHC from forest fires were 2.22 × 10⁶t, 2.05 × 10 ⁵t, 1.18 × 10 ⁴t and 4.59 × 10 ³t, respectively, accounting for 5.46%, 7.56%, 10.54% and 4.06% of the amounts of four carbonaceous gases released from forest fires in China, respectively. Our results indicate that combustion efficiency of coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests is lower than other forest types, and burned area of coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests accounts for 21.23% of total burned area, but carbon emissions accounts for 7.81% of total carbon emissions.

Key words: carbon emission, Daxing’an Mountains, emission factor, forest fire, forest fire management strategy

HU Hai-Qing, WEI Shu-Jing, SUN Long. Estimation of carbon emissions due to forest fire in Daxing’an Mountains from 1965 to 2010[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2012, 36(7): 629-644.

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Figures/Tables 9

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火强度 Fire intensity	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	总和 Total
轻度 Low	139 088.51	103 206.63	108 332.62	14 655.73	148 847.25	33 451.00	11 590.70	18 953.80	29 381.92	448 761.26	1 056 269.42
中度 Medium	185 451.35	147 438.05	64 999.56	58 622.91	59 538.90	100 353.00	11 590.70	37 907.61	29 381.92	224 380.63	919 664.63
重度 High	602 716.86	44 231.40	259 998.28	73 278.65	89 308.35	89 202.65	92 725.69	132 676.63	88 145.75	74 793.54	1 547 077.81
总和 Total	927 256.72	294 876.09	433 330.46	146 557.29	297 694.50	223 006.65	115 907.09	189 538.04	146 909.59	747 935.43	3 523 011.86

火强度 Fire intensity	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	总和 Total
轻度 Low	139 088.51	103 206.63	108 332.62	14 655.73	148 847.25	33 451.00	11 590.70	18 953.80	29 381.92	448 761.26	1 056 269.42
中度 Medium	185 451.35	147 438.05	64 999.56	58 622.91	59 538.90	100 353.00	11 590.70	37 907.61	29 381.92	224 380.63	919 664.63
重度 High	602 716.86	44 231.40	259 998.28	73 278.65	89 308.35	89 202.65	92 725.69	132 676.63	88 145.75	74 793.54	1 547 077.81
总和 Total	927 256.72	294 876.09	433 330.46	146 557.29	297 694.50	223 006.65	115 907.09	189 538.04	146 909.59	747 935.43	3 523 011.86

林型 Forest type	火强度 Fire intensity	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
乔木 Tree	轻度 Low	1.149E+5	9.162E+4	3.011E+5	3.590E+4	2.030E+5	3.721E+4	2.241E+4	6.931E+4	6.034E+4	1.900E+5
	中度 Medium	8.426E+5	5.235E+5	3.097E+5	2.872E+5	1.624E+5	2.977E+5	3.486E+4	2.911E+5	1.282E+5	1.900E+5
	重度 High	3.485E+6	2.749E+5	1.549E+6	4.488E+5	2.923E+5	3.307E+5	4.979E+5	1.504E+6	5.883E+5	1.583E+5
灌木 Shrub	轻度 Low	2.583E+3	3.965E+3	1.561E+4	2.134E+3	2.690E+4	5.380E+1	6.758E+2	3.043E+3	8.239E+3	2.941E+4
	中度 Medium	4.919E+3	1.039E+4	1.472E+4	1.067E+4	1.480E+4	1.775E+3	9.762E+2	9.832E+3	1.154E+4	3.431E+4
	重度 High	2.078E+4	3.965E +3	8.562E+4	2.001E+4	2.825E+4	1.865E+3	1.201E+4	4.589E+4	4.449E+4	1.634E+4
草本 Herb	轻度 Low	1.491E+4	1.255E+5	1.380E+5	2.359E+3	2.777E+4	8.595E+2	1.527E+3	6.852E+3	4.009E+3	8.196E+4
	中度 Medium	3.225E+4	3.587E+5	1.882E+5	1.685E+4	2.170E+4	4.915E+3	2.563E+3	2.003E+4	6.581E+3	1.165E+5
	重度 High	1.219E+5	1.170E+5	1.004E+6	2.808E+4	3.875E+4	7.162E+3	2.181E+4	7.380E+4	2.269E+4	7.189E+4
枯枝落叶 Litter	轻度 Low	7.149E+4	4.398E+4	4.753E+3	5.310E+3	3.973E+4	1.641E+3	6.323E+3	2.586E+4	1.818E+4	2.398E+5
	中度 Medium	2.611E+4	9.599E+4	7.010E+3	3.152E+4	3.008E+4	7.303E+3	1.475E+4	8.221E+4	3.911E+4	2.264E+5
	重度 High	1.347E+6	5.236E+4	4.753E+4	8.566E+4	8.514E+4	1.411E+4	1.405E+5	3.233E+5	1.653E+5	1.480E+5
腐殖质 Duff	轻度 Low	9.575E+4	2.482E+4	4.954E+4	6.322E+3	7.256E+4	7.528E+3	1.790E+4	2.558E+4	2.276E+4	1.523E+5
	中度 Medium	2.437E+5	1.702E+5	5.319E+4	1.328E+5	6.772E+4	3.388E+4	2.983E+4	8.673E+4	4.418E+4	1.958E+5
	重度 High	3.244E+6	1.808E+5	5.883E+5	2.964E+5	2.866E+5	8.747E+4	5.115E+5	7.083E+5	2.892E+5	2.284E+5
粗木质残体 Coarse woody debris	轻度 Low	5.101E+4	2.447E+4	5.693E+4	8.321E+3	8.003E+4	3.374E+3	8.221E+3	8.458E+3	1.507E+4	7.192E+4
	中度 Medium	1.436E+5	6.991E+4	6.521E+4	5.991E+4	5.976E+4	2.362E+4	1.370E+4	3.625E+4	3.014E+4	9.889E+4
	重度 High	8.350E+5	4.824E+4	5.093E+5	1.123E+6	1.184E+5	3.299E+4	1.315E+5	2.284E+5	1.469E+5	4.195E+4
林分总碳排放 Total carbon emissions of forest stand		1.067E+7	2.220E+6	4.987E+6	1.591E+6	1.656E+6	8.941E+5	1.469E+6	3.549E+6	1.645E+4	2.292E+6

林型 Forest type	火强度 Fire intensity	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
乔木 Tree	轻度 Low	1.149E+5	9.162E+4	3.011E+5	3.590E+4	2.030E+5	3.721E+4	2.241E+4	6.931E+4	6.034E+4	1.900E+5
	中度 Medium	8.426E+5	5.235E+5	3.097E+5	2.872E+5	1.624E+5	2.977E+5	3.486E+4	2.911E+5	1.282E+5	1.900E+5
	重度 High	3.485E+6	2.749E+5	1.549E+6	4.488E+5	2.923E+5	3.307E+5	4.979E+5	1.504E+6	5.883E+5	1.583E+5
灌木 Shrub	轻度 Low	2.583E+3	3.965E+3	1.561E+4	2.134E+3	2.690E+4	5.380E+1	6.758E+2	3.043E+3	8.239E+3	2.941E+4
	中度 Medium	4.919E+3	1.039E+4	1.472E+4	1.067E+4	1.480E+4	1.775E+3	9.762E+2	9.832E+3	1.154E+4	3.431E+4
	重度 High	2.078E+4	3.965E +3	8.562E+4	2.001E+4	2.825E+4	1.865E+3	1.201E+4	4.589E+4	4.449E+4	1.634E+4
草本 Herb	轻度 Low	1.491E+4	1.255E+5	1.380E+5	2.359E+3	2.777E+4	8.595E+2	1.527E+3	6.852E+3	4.009E+3	8.196E+4
	中度 Medium	3.225E+4	3.587E+5	1.882E+5	1.685E+4	2.170E+4	4.915E+3	2.563E+3	2.003E+4	6.581E+3	1.165E+5
	重度 High	1.219E+5	1.170E+5	1.004E+6	2.808E+4	3.875E+4	7.162E+3	2.181E+4	7.380E+4	2.269E+4	7.189E+4
枯枝落叶 Litter	轻度 Low	7.149E+4	4.398E+4	4.753E+3	5.310E+3	3.973E+4	1.641E+3	6.323E+3	2.586E+4	1.818E+4	2.398E+5
	中度 Medium	2.611E+4	9.599E+4	7.010E+3	3.152E+4	3.008E+4	7.303E+3	1.475E+4	8.221E+4	3.911E+4	2.264E+5
	重度 High	1.347E+6	5.236E+4	4.753E+4	8.566E+4	8.514E+4	1.411E+4	1.405E+5	3.233E+5	1.653E+5	1.480E+5
腐殖质 Duff	轻度 Low	9.575E+4	2.482E+4	4.954E+4	6.322E+3	7.256E+4	7.528E+3	1.790E+4	2.558E+4	2.276E+4	1.523E+5
	中度 Medium	2.437E+5	1.702E+5	5.319E+4	1.328E+5	6.772E+4	3.388E+4	2.983E+4	8.673E+4	4.418E+4	1.958E+5
	重度 High	3.244E+6	1.808E+5	5.883E+5	2.964E+5	2.866E+5	8.747E+4	5.115E+5	7.083E+5	2.892E+5	2.284E+5
粗木质残体 Coarse woody debris	轻度 Low	5.101E+4	2.447E+4	5.693E+4	8.321E+3	8.003E+4	3.374E+3	8.221E+3	8.458E+3	1.507E+4	7.192E+4
	中度 Medium	1.436E+5	6.991E+4	6.521E+4	5.991E+4	5.976E+4	2.362E+4	1.370E+4	3.625E+4	3.014E+4	9.889E+4
	重度 High	8.350E+5	4.824E+4	5.093E+5	1.123E+6	1.184E+5	3.299E+4	1.315E+5	2.284E+5	1.469E+5	4.195E+4
林分总碳排放 Total carbon emissions of forest stand		1.067E+7	2.220E+6	4.987E+6	1.591E+6	1.656E+6	8.941E+5	1.469E+6	3.549E+6	1.645E+4	2.292E+6

林型 Forest type	含碳气体类型 Carbonaceous gas type	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
乔木 Tree	CO₂	1.346E+7	2.766E+6	6.843E+6	2.480E+6	1.975E+6	2.030E+6	1.848E+6	5.756E+6	2.586E+6	1.673E+6
	CO	1.570E+6	2.681E+5	8.524E+5	1.709E+5	1.623E+5	2.028E+5	1.370E+5	3.461E+5	1.471E+5	1.053E+5
	CH₄	1.315E+5	1.700E+4	6.241E+4	2.154E+4	6.709E+3	2.582E+4	1.099E+4	3.561E+4	7.924E+3	1.001E+4
	NMHC	2.799E+4	6.497E+3	1.620E+4	5.095E+3	4.275E+3	5.591E+3	3.997E+3	1.473E+4	5.904E+3	3.929E+3
灌木 Shrub	CO₂	9.566E+4	5.981E+4	3.884E+5	1.003E+5	2.304E+5	1.237E+4	4.519E+4	1.874E+5	2.003E+5	2.509E+5
	CO	5.934E+3	3.941E+3	2.013E+4	6.601E+3	1.359E+4	6.554E+2	2.396E+3	1.143E+4	1.319E+4	1.533E+4
	CH₄	2.885E+2	4.194E+2	1.890E+3	3.052E+2	1.700E+3	5.246E+1	1.818E+2	6.053E+2	6.362E+2	1.449E+3
	NMHC	2.150E+2	1.447E+2	9.856E+2	2.789E+2	4.826E+2	3.029E+1	1.243E+2	4.584E+2	5.591E+2	7.366 E+2
草本 Herb	CO₂	5.582E+5	2.079E+6	4.106E+6	1.570E+5	2.826 E+5	4.210E+4	7.814E+4	3.178E+5	1.047E+5	8.233E+5
	CO	3.714E+4	1.452E+5	4.594E+5	9.761E+3	2.315E+4	3.146E+3	7.520E+3	1.805E+4	6.797E+3	5.817E+4
	CH₄	1.707E+3	4.990E+3	2.420E+4	8.465E+2	1.623E+3	2.122E+2	3.47E+2	1.732E+3	5.958E+2	2.351E+3
	NMHC	9.974E+2	3.908E+3	1.011E+4	2.979E+2	7.410E+2	6.727E+1	1.684E+2	6.544E+2	2.297E+2	2.189E+3
枯枝落叶 Litter	CO₂	4.412E+6	6.061E+6	1.833E+5	3.974E+5	5.129E+5	7.270E+4	5.055E+5	1.362E+6	7.125E+5	1.852E+6
	CO	4.541E+5	6.787E+4	2.299E+4	5.293E+4	3.423E+4	5.616E+3	5.384E+4	9.244E+4	4.613E+4	2.280E+5
	CH₄	2.340E+4	2.289E+3	6.640E+2	9.554E+2	3.858E+3	2.420E+2	2.213E+3	3.839E+3	2.159E+3	1.149E+4
	NMHC	8.369E+3	9.809E+2	3.854E+2	7.594E+2	1.100E+3	1.983E+2	7.272E+2	2.804E+3	1.224E+3	4.606E+3
腐殖质 Duff	CO₂	1.087E+7	1.113E+6	2.150E+6	1.371E+6	1.432E+6	3.997E+5	1.758E+6	2.546E+6	1.131E+6	1.928E+6
	CO	1.515E+6	1.767E+5	2.989E+5	1.721E+5	1.111E+5	3.739E+4	1.602E+5	1.751E+5	9.049E+4	1.730E+5
	CH₄	3.798E+4	4.322E+3	7.532E+3	4.529E+3	5.080E+3	1.495E+3	6.654E+3	7.714E+3	3.526E+3	6.744E+3
	NMHC	2.007E+4	2.443E+3	4.077E+3	2.831E+3	2.945E+3	1.147E+3	4.250E+3	5.826E+3	2.778E+3	4.785E+3
粗木质残体 Coarse woody debris	CO₂	3.250E+6	4.360E+5	2.083E+6	5.641E+5	7.866E+5	1.865E+5	5.049E+5	9.060E+5	6.071E+5	6.179E+5
	CO	2.069E+5	2.998E+4	1.198E+5	4.054E+4	5.909E+4	1.312E+4	2.930E+4	5.041E+4	4.051E+4	5.010E+4
	CH₄	8.649E+3	1.354E+3	5.114E+3	1.896E+3	2.815E+3	5.879E+2	1.335E+3	2.293E+3	1.883E+3	2.638E+3
	NMHC	7.310E+3	9.270E+2	3.662E+3	1.156E+3	2.040E+3	4.859E+2	9.668E+2	1.830E+3	1.383E+3	1.851E+4