Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2010, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (2): 213-222.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.013
• Special feature: The destruction to forest ecosystems by the extremely heavy glaze and snow storms occurred in early 2008 in southern China • Previous Articles Next Articles
SU Zhi-Yao1,2,*(), LIU Gang1, OU Yu-Duan1, DAI Zhao-Hui1, LI Zhen-Kui1
Received:
2009-02-20
Accepted:
2009-05-15
Online:
2010-02-20
Published:
2010-02-01
Contact:
SU Zhi-Yao
SU Zhi-Yao, LIU Gang, OU Yu-Duan, DAI Zhao-Hui, LI Zhen-Kui. Storm damage in a montane evergreen broadleaved forest of Chebaling National Nature Reserve, South China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2010, 34(2): 213-222.
受损等级 Damage class | 分级描述 Description | 分级标准 Grouping criterion |
---|---|---|
0 | 未受损 Undamaged | 树冠完整没有破坏或者受破坏极不明显 Complete crown and undamaged |
1 | 树冠轻度受损 Very slight crown damage | 树冠损坏量<11% <11% crown damage |
2 | 树冠中度受损 Moderate crown damage | 树冠损坏量介于11%- 50% 11%-50% crown damage |
3 | 树冠严重受损 Severe crown damage | 树冠损坏量>50% >50% crown damage |
4 | 倾斜弯曲 Trunk bent or lean | 树干压弯或者倾斜, 但为活树 Trunk bent or lean but alive |
5 | 折干枯死 Trunk broken and dead | 树干折断或者枯立木 Trunk broken or snag |
6 | 翻蔸 Uprooted | 翻蔸或者树干基部折断 Uprooted or broken at base |
Table 1 Damage class for tree species and grouping criterion
受损等级 Damage class | 分级描述 Description | 分级标准 Grouping criterion |
---|---|---|
0 | 未受损 Undamaged | 树冠完整没有破坏或者受破坏极不明显 Complete crown and undamaged |
1 | 树冠轻度受损 Very slight crown damage | 树冠损坏量<11% <11% crown damage |
2 | 树冠中度受损 Moderate crown damage | 树冠损坏量介于11%- 50% 11%-50% crown damage |
3 | 树冠严重受损 Severe crown damage | 树冠损坏量>50% >50% crown damage |
4 | 倾斜弯曲 Trunk bent or lean | 树干压弯或者倾斜, 但为活树 Trunk bent or lean but alive |
5 | 折干枯死 Trunk broken and dead | 树干折断或者枯立木 Trunk broken or snag |
6 | 翻蔸 Uprooted | 翻蔸或者树干基部折断 Uprooted or broken at base |
受损等级 Damage class | 径级DBH class | 总个体数 No. of stems | 平均胸径1) Mean DBH (cm) | 受损比例2) Proportion of damaged stems (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I 1-5 cm | II 5-15 cm | III 15-45 cm | IV >45 cm | ||||
0 | 2 281 | 592 | 298 | 37 | 3 208 | 6.32 ± 0.16a | - |
1 | 27 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 42 | 7.46 ± 1.78a | 3.49 |
2 | 30 | 40 | 77 | 22 | 169 | 23.85 ± 1.70b | 14.05 |
3 | 30 | 88 | 92 | 2 | 212 | 16.00 ± 0.94c | 17.62 |
4 | 157 | 169 | 130 | 15 | 471 | 12.83 ± 0.58d | 39.15 |
5 | 70 | 132 | 58 | 1 | 261 | 10.72 ± 0.53d | 21.70 |
6 | 5 | 15 | 26 | 2 | 48 | 18.26 ± 1.69c | 3.99 |
合计 Total | 2 600 | 1 047 | 684 | 80 | 4 411 | ||
未受损个体比例 Proportion of undamaged stems (%) | 87.73 | 56.54 | 43.57 | 46.25 | 72.73 | ||
受损个体总数 No. of damaged stems | 319 | 455 | 386 | 43 | 1 203 | ||
受损个体比例 Proportion of damaged stems (%) | 12.27 | 43.46 | 56.43 | 53.75 | 27.27 |
Table 2 Tree damage among different DBH (diameter at breast height) classes and proportion
受损等级 Damage class | 径级DBH class | 总个体数 No. of stems | 平均胸径1) Mean DBH (cm) | 受损比例2) Proportion of damaged stems (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I 1-5 cm | II 5-15 cm | III 15-45 cm | IV >45 cm | ||||
0 | 2 281 | 592 | 298 | 37 | 3 208 | 6.32 ± 0.16a | - |
1 | 27 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 42 | 7.46 ± 1.78a | 3.49 |
2 | 30 | 40 | 77 | 22 | 169 | 23.85 ± 1.70b | 14.05 |
3 | 30 | 88 | 92 | 2 | 212 | 16.00 ± 0.94c | 17.62 |
4 | 157 | 169 | 130 | 15 | 471 | 12.83 ± 0.58d | 39.15 |
5 | 70 | 132 | 58 | 1 | 261 | 10.72 ± 0.53d | 21.70 |
6 | 5 | 15 | 26 | 2 | 48 | 18.26 ± 1.69c | 3.99 |
合计 Total | 2 600 | 1 047 | 684 | 80 | 4 411 | ||
未受损个体比例 Proportion of undamaged stems (%) | 87.73 | 56.54 | 43.57 | 46.25 | 72.73 | ||
受损个体总数 No. of damaged stems | 319 | 455 | 386 | 43 | 1 203 | ||
受损个体比例 Proportion of damaged stems (%) | 12.27 | 43.46 | 56.43 | 53.75 | 27.27 |
Fig. 2 Relative abundance of 12 dominant tree species as calculated in damage class. ALNFOR, Alniphyllum fortunei; CASCAR, Castanopsis carlesii; CASFAR, Castanopsis fargesii; CINAUS, Cinnamomum austro-sinensis; CINPOR, Cinnamomum porrectum; EURACU, Eurya acuminata; LITGLA, Lithocarpus glaber; NEOCHU, Neolitsea chuii; RANCAN, Randia canthioides; SCHSUP, Schima superba; STYSUB, Styrax suberifolia; SYMWIK, Symplocos wikstroemiifolia; for details of damage class see Table 1.
地形因子 Topographic factor | 受损等级 Damage class | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
坡向 Aspect (I: 半阴坡 Semi-shaded aspect; II: 半阳坡 Semi-sunny aspect) | |||||||
I | 1 638 (51.06) | 15 (35.71) | 73 (43.20) | 78 (36.79) | 198 (42.04) | 83 (31.80) | 27 (56.25) |
II | 1 570 (48.94) | 27 (64.29) | 96 (58.80) | 134 (63.21) | 273 (57.96) | 178 (68.20) | 21 (43.75) |
坡位 Slope position (I: 上坡 Upper slope; II: 中坡 Middle slope; III: 下坡 Lower slope) | |||||||
I | 1 038 (32.36) | 24 (57.14) | 78 (46.15) | 122 (57.55) | 165 (35.03) | 142 (54.41) | 14 (29.17) |
II | 1 030 (32.11) | 12 (28.57) | 49 (28.99) | 54 (25.47) | 154 (32.70) | 70 (26.82) | 25 (52.08) |
III | 1 140 (35.53) | 6 (14.29) | 42 (24.85) | 36 (16.98) | 152 (32.27) | 49 (18.77) | 9 (18.75) |
坡度 Slope degree (I: 0°-5°; II: 5°-15°; III: 15°-25°; IV: 25°-35°; V: 35°-45°; VI: > 45°) | |||||||
I | 81 (2.52) | 2 (4.76) | 4 (2.37) | 7 (3.30) | 11 (2.34) | 7 (2.68) | 1 (2.08) |
II | 93 (2.90) | 4 (9.52) | 10 (5.92) | 7 (3.30) | 9 (1.91) | 16 (6.13) | 1 (2.08) |
III | 186 (5.80) | 2 (4.76) | 12 (7.10) | 14 (6.60) | 45 (9.55) | 17 (6.51) | 1 (2.08) |
IV | 1 733 (54.02) | 19 (45.24) | 86 (50.89) | 112 (52.83) | 246 (52.23) | 151 (57.85) | 18 (37.50) |
V | 1 077 (33.56) | 15 (35.71) | 55 (32.54) | 71 (33.49) | 159 (33.76) | 69 (26.44) | 26 (54.17) |
VI | 38 (1.18) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.18) | 1 (0.47) | 1 (0.21) | 1 (0.38) | 1 (2.08) |
Table 3 Effect of topography on the abundance and proportion of damaged trees
地形因子 Topographic factor | 受损等级 Damage class | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
坡向 Aspect (I: 半阴坡 Semi-shaded aspect; II: 半阳坡 Semi-sunny aspect) | |||||||
I | 1 638 (51.06) | 15 (35.71) | 73 (43.20) | 78 (36.79) | 198 (42.04) | 83 (31.80) | 27 (56.25) |
II | 1 570 (48.94) | 27 (64.29) | 96 (58.80) | 134 (63.21) | 273 (57.96) | 178 (68.20) | 21 (43.75) |
坡位 Slope position (I: 上坡 Upper slope; II: 中坡 Middle slope; III: 下坡 Lower slope) | |||||||
I | 1 038 (32.36) | 24 (57.14) | 78 (46.15) | 122 (57.55) | 165 (35.03) | 142 (54.41) | 14 (29.17) |
II | 1 030 (32.11) | 12 (28.57) | 49 (28.99) | 54 (25.47) | 154 (32.70) | 70 (26.82) | 25 (52.08) |
III | 1 140 (35.53) | 6 (14.29) | 42 (24.85) | 36 (16.98) | 152 (32.27) | 49 (18.77) | 9 (18.75) |
坡度 Slope degree (I: 0°-5°; II: 5°-15°; III: 15°-25°; IV: 25°-35°; V: 35°-45°; VI: > 45°) | |||||||
I | 81 (2.52) | 2 (4.76) | 4 (2.37) | 7 (3.30) | 11 (2.34) | 7 (2.68) | 1 (2.08) |
II | 93 (2.90) | 4 (9.52) | 10 (5.92) | 7 (3.30) | 9 (1.91) | 16 (6.13) | 1 (2.08) |
III | 186 (5.80) | 2 (4.76) | 12 (7.10) | 14 (6.60) | 45 (9.55) | 17 (6.51) | 1 (2.08) |
IV | 1 733 (54.02) | 19 (45.24) | 86 (50.89) | 112 (52.83) | 246 (52.23) | 151 (57.85) | 18 (37.50) |
V | 1 077 (33.56) | 15 (35.71) | 55 (32.54) | 71 (33.49) | 159 (33.76) | 69 (26.44) | 26 (54.17) |
VI | 38 (1.18) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.18) | 1 (0.47) | 1 (0.21) | 1 (0.38) | 1 (2.08) |
[1] | Achim A, Ruel JC, Gardiner BA, Laflamme G, Meunier S (2005). Modelling the vulnerability of balsam fir forests to wind damage. Forest Ecology and Management, 204, 35-50. |
[2] |
Attiwill PM (1994). The disturbance of forest ecosystems, the ecological basis for conservative management. Forest Ecology and Management, 63, 247-300.
DOI URL |
[3] |
Ayres MP, Lombardero MJ (2000). Assessing the consequences of global change for forest disturbance from herbivores and pathogens. The Science of the Total Environment, 262, 263-286.
URL PMID |
[4] |
Beaudet M, Brisson J, Messier C, Gravel D (2007). Effect of a major ice storm on understory light conditions in an old-growth Acer-Fagus forest: pattern of recovery over seven years. Forest Ecology and Management, 242, 553-557.
DOI URL |
[5] | Cai DS (蔡达深), Song XG (宋相金) (2005). Bio-resource and protection countermeasure in National Reserve of Chebaling in Guangdong Province. Ecologic Science (生态科学), 24, 282-285. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[6] | Canham CD, Papaik MJ, Latty EF (2001). Interspecific variation in susceptibility to windthrow as a function of tree size and storm severity for northern temperate tree species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31, 1-10. |
[7] |
Chhetri DBK, Fowler GW (1996). Prediction models for estimating total heights of trees from diameter at breast height measurements in Nepal’s lower temperate broad-leaved forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 84, 177-186.
DOI URL |
[8] |
Evans AM, Camp AE, Tyrrell ML, Riely CC (2007). Biotic and abiotic influences on wind disturbance in forests of NW Pennsylvania, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 245, 44-53.
DOI URL |
[9] | Fang ZX, Bailey RL (1998). Height-diameter models for tropical forests on Hainan Island in southern China. Forest Ecology and Management, 110, 315-327. |
[10] | Feldpausch TR, Jirka S, Passos CAM, Jasper F, Riha SJ (2005). When big trees fall, damage and carbon export by reduced impact logging in southern Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 219, 199-215. |
[11] | Foster DR, Boose ER (1992). Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology, 80, 79-98. |
[12] | Franklin JF, Spies TA, Pelt RV, Carey AB, Thornburgh DA, Berg DR, Lindenmayer DB, Harmon ME, Keeton WS, Shaw DC, Bible K, Chen JQ (2002). Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management, 155, 399-423. |
[13] | Gardiner BA, Quine CP (2000). Management of forests to reduce the risk of abiotic damage-A review with particular reference to the effects of strong winds. Forest Ecology and Management, 135, 261-277. |
[14] | Hauer RJ, Hruska MC, Dawson JO (1994). Trees and ice storms: the development of ice storm-resistant urban tree populations. Special Publication, 94-1, Department of Forestry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Urbana. IL 61801.1-12. http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdfpubs/ICESTORM.PDF. Cited 20 Dec. 2008. |
[15] | Holmes TP, Blate GM, Zweede JC, Pereira JR, Barreto P, Boltz F, Bauch R (2002). Financial and ecological indicators of reduced impact logging performance in the eastern Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 163, 93-110. |
[16] |
Hooper MC, Arii K, Lechowicz MJ (2001). Impact of a major ice storm on an old-growth hardwood forest. Canadian Journal of Botany, 79, 70-75.
DOI URL |
[17] |
Hopkin A, Williams T, Sajan R, Pedlar J, Nielsen C (2003). Ice storm damage to eastern Ontario forests: 1998-2001. The Forestry Chronicle, 79, 47-53.
DOI URL |
[18] |
Irland LC (2000). Ice storms and forest impacts. The Science of the Total Environment, 262, 231-242.
URL PMID |
[19] | Jiang ZH (江泽慧) (2008). Analysis of damage loss to forestry by freezing rain and ice storm in south China and countermeasures for precautions. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry (中国城市林业), 6(1), 6-8. (in Chinese) |
[20] | Kramer MG, Hansen AJ, Taper ML, Kissinger EJ (2001). Abiotic controls on long-term windthrow disturbance and temperate rain forest dynamics in southeast Alaska. Ecology, 82, 2749-2768. |
[21] | Lawson BD (2003). Trends in blizzards at selected locations in the Canadian prairies. Natural Hazards, 29, 123-138. |
[22] | Lemon PC (1961). Forest ecology of ice storms. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 88, 21-29. |
[23] | Lindemann JD, Baker WL (2001). Attributes of blowdown patches from a severe wind event in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA. Landscape Ecology, 16, 313-325. |
[24] | Lu SW (鲁绍伟), Liu FQ (刘凤芹), Yu XX (余新晓), Fan JS (樊金柱), Zhang ZM (张振明), Chen JQ (陈峻崎), Zhao GL (赵广亮) (2006). Health assessment of forest ecosystem in Badaling Forest Center. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 20(3), 79-105. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[25] | Nielsen C, van Dyke O, Pedlar J (2003). Effects of past management on ice storm damage in hardwood stands in eastern Ontario. The Forestry Chronicle, 79, 70-74. |
[26] | O’Hare G (1999). Global warming and extreme weather: a cautionary note. Geography, 84, 87-91. |
[27] | Parker WC (2003). The effect of ice damage and post-damage fertilization and competition control on understory microclimate of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands. The Forestry Chronicle, 79, 82-90. |
[28] | Peltola H, Kellomäki S, Hassinen A, Granader M (2000). Mechanical stability of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch: an analysis of tree-pulling experiments in Finland. Forest Ecology and Management, 135, 143-153. |
[29] | Peterson CJ (2000a). Damage and recovery of tree species after two different tornadoes in the same old growth forest: a comparison of infrequent wind disturbances. Forest Ecology and Management, 135, 237-252. |
[30] |
Peterson CJ (2000b). Catastrophic wind damage to North American forests and the potential impact of climate change. The Science of the Total Environment, 262, 287-311.
DOI URL PMID |
[31] | Qi J (祁建), Ma KM (马克明), Zhang YX (张育新) (2008). Comparisons on leaf traits of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz on different slope positions in Dongling Moutain of Beijing. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 28, 122-128. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[32] | Siipilehto J (2009). Modelling stand structure in young Scots pine dominated stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 223-232. |
[33] | Tang GA (汤国安), Song J (宋佳) (2006). Comparison of slope classification methods in slope mapping from DEMs. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 20(2), 157-160, 192. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[34] | Tremblay M, Messier C, Marceau DJ (2005). Analysis of deciduous tree species dynamics after a severe ice storm using SORTIE model simulations. Ecological Modelling, 187, 297-313. |
[35] | Turner MG, Baker WL, Peterson CJ, Peet RK (1998). Factors influencing succession: lessons from large, infrequent natural disturbances. Ecosystems, 1, 511-523. |
[36] |
Turner MG, Dale VH (1998). Comparing large, infrequent disturbances: What have we learned? Ecosystems, 1, 493-496.
DOI URL |
[37] |
Weishampel JF, Drake JB, Cooper A, Blair JB, Hofton M (2007). Forest canopy recovery from the 1938 hurricane and subsequent salvage damage measured with airborne LiDAR. Remote Sensing of Environment, 109, 142-153.
DOI URL |
[38] | Xu YQ (徐燕千) (1993). A comprehensive report of surveys in Chebaling National Nature Reserve. In: Xu YQ (徐燕千) ed. A Collection of Research Papers on the Investigation of Chebaling National Nature Reserve (车八岭国家级自然保护区调查研究论文集), Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou. 1-8. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[39] | Zhang CP (张翠萍), Niu JM (牛建明), Dong JJ (董建军), Li M (李民) (2006). Vegetation mapping and spatial pattern analysis using IKONOS data: a case study in the Wufendigou area. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 26, 449-456. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[40] | Zhou HR (周惠荣) (2006). Preliminary discussion on intimate natural management of plantations in Yunnan. Forest Inventory and Planning (林业调查规划), 31(3), 145-147. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[41] | Zhu LK (祝列克) (2008). Impact of serious disaster on forestry and ideas of restoration and reconstruction. Forestry Economics (林业经济), (3), 3-7. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||
Copyright © 2022 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology
Tel: 010-62836134, 62836138, E-mail: apes@ibcas.ac.cn, cjpe@ibcas.ac.cn