Responses of soil heterotrophic respiration to changes in soil temperature and moisture in a Stipa krylovii grassland in Nei Mongol

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00021

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Due to concurrent variations of multiple factors influencing soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh), it is difficult to determine the responses of Rh to changes in individual factors and their interactive effects under field conditions. In this study, we conducted a laboratory incubation experiment with controlled temperature and water levels to determine the responses of Rh to changes in soil temperature and moisture using soil samples collected from an Stipa krylovii (Stipa sareptana var. krylovii) grassland in Nei Mongol.
Methods The incubation experiment consisted of five temperature treatments (9, 14, 22, 30, and 40 °C) and five water treatments (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of water holding capacity (WHC)), with a full factorial arrangement. We measured Rh at an interval varying from every two days to once a week, and soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) at an 18-day interval during the 71 days of incubation period.
Important findings The results showed that Rh differed significantly among different temperature treatments (p < 0.001) and was positively related to temperature (p = 0.001); the temperature sensitivity of Rh (Q₁₀) also increased with increasing moisture level. The relationship between Rh and water was best fitted using quadratic equations, and the optimal moisture condition increased when temperature rose. There existed significant interactions between soil temperature and moisture (p < 0.001) and their interactions could be best fitted using the function lnRh = 0.914 + 0.098T + 0.046M + 0.001TM - 0.002T² - 0.001M², it suggested that the models in additive form could explain the Rh response better than those in multiple form. Our results also showed that the relationship between Rh and MBC varied during incubation, and DOC was not significantly related to Rh (except for the 20th incubation day), suggesting that microbial turnover and community transformation could lead to the changes of gross microbial activity.

Key words: laboratory incubation, soil heterotrophic respiration, soil moisture, soil temperature, Stipa krylovii (Stipa sareptana var. krylovii) grassland

LI Yue, LIU Ying-Hui, SHEN Wei-Jun, XU Xia, TIAN Yu-Qiang. Responses of soil heterotrophic respiration to changes in soil temperature and moisture in a Stipa krylovii grassland in Nei Mongol[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2014, 38(3): 238-248.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00021

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2014/V38/I3/238

Figures/Tables 12

References 41

[1]	Birch HF (1958). The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability. Plant and Soil, 10, 9-31.
[2]	Borken W, Xu YJ, Davidson EA, Beese F (2002). Site and temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine forests. Global Change Biology, 8, 1205-1216.
[3]	Chapin FS III, Matson PA, Mooney HA (2002). Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology., Springer, New York.
[4]	Chen QS, Li LH, Han XG, Yan ZD (2003). Effects of water content on soil respiration and the mechanisms. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 972-978. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 陈全胜, 李凌浩, 韩兴国, 阎志丹 (2003). 水分对土壤呼吸的影响及机理. 生态学报, 23, 972-978.]
[5]	Chen QS, Li LH, Han XG, Yan ZD, Wang YF, Zhang Y, Xiong XG, Chen SP, Zhang LX, Gao YZ, Tang F, Yang J, Dong YS (2004). Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in relation to soil moisture in 11 communities of typical temperature steppe in Inner Mongolia. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 24, 831-836. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 陈全胜, 李凌浩, 韩兴国, 阎志丹, 王艳芬, 张焱, 熊小刚, 陈世苹, 张丽霞, 高英志, 唐芳, 杨晶, 董云社 (2004). 典型温带草原群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性与土壤水分的关系. 生态学报, 24, 831-836.]
[6]	Chen SQ, Cui XY, Zhou GS, Li LH (1999). Study on the CO₂-release rate of soil respiration and litter decomposition in Stipa grandis steppe in Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia Acta Botanica Sinica, 41, 645-650. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 陈四清, 崔骁勇, 周广胜, 李凌浩 (1999). 内蒙古锡林河流域大针茅草原土壤呼吸和凋落物分解的CO₂排放速率研究. 植物学报, 41, 645-650.]
[7]	Cusack DF, Torn MS, McDowell WH, Silver WL (2010). The response of heterotrophic activity and carbon cycling to nitrogen additions and warming in two tropical soils. Global Change Biology, 18, 2555-2572.
[8]	Dilly O, Munch JC (1998). Ratios between estimates of microbial biomass content and microbial activity in soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 27, 374-379.
[9]	Fan ZP, Wang H, Deng DZ, Sun XK, Gao JG, Zeng DH (2008). Measurement methods of soil heterotrophic respiration and key factors affecting the temperature sensitivity of the soil heterotrophic respiration. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 27, 1221-1226. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 范志平, 王红, 邓东周, 孙学凯, 高俊刚, 曾德慧 (2008). 土壤异养呼吸的测定及其温度敏感性影响因子. 生态学杂志, 27, 1221-1226.]
[10]	Gao J, Wang LX, Wang W, Liu HM, Zhou YL (2011). Comparative research on soil respiration of wetland plant: communities under different utilizations in Xilin River Basin. Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Natural Science Edition), 42, 404-411. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 高娟, 王立新, 王炜, 刘华民, 周延林 (2011). 放牧对典型草原区湿地植物群落土壤呼吸的影响. 内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版), 42, 404-411.]
[11]	Harper CW, Blair JM, Fay PA, Knapp AK, Carlisle JD (2005). Increased rainfall variability and reduced rainfall amount decreases soil CO₂ flux in a grassland ecosystem. Global Change Biology, 11, 322-334.
[12]	Huang JY, Zhu XG, Yuan ZY, Song SH, Li X, Li LH (2008). Changes in nitrogen resorption traits of six temperate grassland species along a multi-level N addition gradient. Plant and Soil, 306, 149-158.
[13]	Li LH, Wang QB, Bai YF, Zhou GS, Xing XR (2000). Soil respiration of a Leymus chinensis grassland stand in the Xilin River Basin as affected by over-grazing and climate. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 24, 680-686. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李凌浩, 王其兵, 白永飞, 周广胜, 邢雪荣 (2000). 锡林河流域羊草草原群落土壤呼吸及其影响因子的研究. 植物生态学报, 24, 680-686.]
[14]	Li YQ, Xu M, Zou XM (2006). Heterotrophic soil respiration in relation to environmental factors and microbial biomass in two wet tropical forests. Plant and Soil, 281, 193-201.
[15]	Liu HS, Li LH, Han XG, Huang JH, Sun JX, Wang HY (2006). Respiratory substrate availability plays a crucial role in the response of soil respiration to environmental factors. Applied Soil Ecology, 32, 284-292.
[16]	Liu WX, Zhang Z, Wan SQ (2009). Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland. Global Change Biology, 15, 184-195.
[17]	Liu Y, Han SJ, Hu YL, Dai GH (2005). Effects of soil temperature and humidity on soil respiration rate under Pinus sylvestriformis forest. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 16, 1581-1585. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 刘颖, 韩士杰, 胡艳玲, 戴冠华 (2005). 土壤温度和湿度对长白松林土壤呼吸速率的影响. 应用生态学报, 16, 1581-1585.]
[18]	Niu SL, Wu MY, Han Y, Xia JY, Zhang Z, Yang HJ, Wan SQ (2010). Nitrogen effects on net ecosystem carbon exchange in a temperate steppe. Global Change Biology, 16, 144-155.
[19]	Raich JW, Potter CS, Bhagawati D (2002). Interannual variability in global soil respiration, 1980-94. Global Change Biology, 8, 800-812.
[20]	Rey A, Petsikos C, Jarvis PG, Grace J (2005). Effect of temperature and moisture on rates of carbon mineralization in a Mediterranean oak forest soil under controlled and field conditions. European Journal of Soil Science, 56, 589-599.
[21]	Reichstein M, Tenhunen JD, Roupsard O, Ourcival JM, Rambal S, Dore S, Valentini R (2002). Ecosystem respiration in two Mediterranean evergreen Holm Oak forests: drought effects and decomposition dynamics. Functional Ecology, 16, 27-39.
[22]	Subke JA, Inglima I, Cotrufo MF (2006). Trends and methodological impacts in soil CO₂ efflux partitioning: a metaanalytical review. Global Change Biology, 12, 921-943.
[23]	Suseela V, Conant RT, Wallenstein MD, Dukes JS (2012). Effects of soil moisture on the temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration vary seasonally in an old-field climate change experiment. Global Change Biology, 18, 336-348.
[24]	Tingey DT, Lee EH, Waschmann R, Johnson MG, Rygiewicz PT (2006). Does soil CO₂ efflux acclimatize to elevated temperature and CO₂ during long-term treatment of Douglas-fir seedlings? New Phytologist, 170, 107-118.
[25]	Vargas R, Carbone MS, Reichstein M, Baldocchi DD (2011). Frontiers and challenges in soil respiration research: from measurements to model-data integration. Biogeochemistry, 102, 1-13.
[26]	Wan SQ, Hui DF, Wallace L, Luo YQ (2005). Direct and indirect effects of experimental warming on ecosystem carbon processes in a tallgrass prairie. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002315. DOI URL PMID
[27]	Wang FY, Zhou GS, Jia BR, Wang YH (2003). Effects of heat and water factors on soil respiration of restoring Leymus chinensis steppe in degraded land. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 27, 644-649. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王凤玉, 周广胜, 贾丙瑞, 王玉辉 (2003). 水热因子对退化草原羊草恢复演替群落土壤呼吸的影响. 植物生态学报, 27, 644-649.]
[28]	Wang GB, Tang YF, Ruan HH, Shi Z, He R, Wang Y, Lin F, Su GX (2009). Seasonal variation of soil respiration and its main regulating factors in a secondary oak forest and a pine plantation in north-subtropical area in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29, 966-975. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王国兵, 唐燕飞, 阮宏华, 施政, 何容, 王莹, 蔺菲, 苏广鑫 (2009). 次生栎林与火炬松人工林土壤呼吸的季节变异及其主要影响因子. 生态学报, 29, 966-975.]
[29]	Wang M, Ji LZ, Li QR, Liu YQ (2003). Effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration in different forest types in Changbai Mountain. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14, 1234-1238. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王淼, 姬兰柱, 李秋荣, 刘延秋 (2003). 土壤温度和水分对长白山不同森林类型土壤呼吸的影响. 应用生态学报, 14, 1234-1238.]
[30]	Wang W, Guo JX (2002). Contribution of CO₂ emission from soil respiration and from litter decomposition in Leymus chinensis community in Northeast Songnen grassland. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 22, 655-660. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王娓, 郭继勋 (2002). 东北松嫩平原羊草群落的土壤呼吸与枯枝落叶分解释放CO₂贡献量. 生态学报, 22, 655-660.]
[31]	Wang W, Guo JX, Zhang BT (2003). Seasonal dynamics of environmental factors and decomposition rate of litter in Leymus chinensis community in Songnen grassland in Northeast China. Acta Pratacultural Science, 12, 47-52. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王娓, 郭继勋, 张保田 (2003). 东北松嫩草地羊草群落环境因素与凋落物分解季节动态. 草业学报, 12, 47-52.]
[32]	Webster KL, Creed IF, Skowronski MD, Kaheil YH (2008). Comparison of the performance of statistical models that predict soil respiration from forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 73, 1157-1167.
[33]	Xiao CW, Janssens IA, Liu P, Zhou ZY, Sun OJ (2007). Irrigation and enhanced soil carbon input effects on below- ground carbon cycling in semiarid temperate grasslands. New Phytologist, 174, 835-846.
[34]	Xiao HL, Deng XJ (2001). Effects of soil warming on soil microbial activity. Soil and Environmental Science, 10, 138-142. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 肖辉林, 郑习健 (2001). 土壤变暖对土壤微生物活性的影响. 土壤与环境, 10, 138-142.]
[35]	Xu HH, Hou XY, Na RS (2011). Dynamics of soil respiration under different grazing systems in a Stipa breviflora desert steppe. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 20, 219-226. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 徐海红, 侯向阳, 那日苏 (2011). 不同放牧制度下短花针茅荒漠草原土壤呼吸动态研究. 草业学报, 20, 219-226.]
[36]	Yan LM, Chen SP, Huang JH, Lin GH (2010). Differential responses of auto-and heterotrophic soil respiration to water and nitrogen addition in a semiarid temperate steppe. Global Change Biology, 16, 2345-2357.
[37]	Yang YS, Chen GS, Xie JS, Wang XG, Niu ZP, Han YG, Zhang YL (2006). Soil heterotrophic respiration in native Castanopsis kawakamii forest and monocultural Castanopsis kawakamii plantation in subtropical China. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 43, 53-61. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 杨玉盛, 陈光水, 谢锦升, 王小国, 牛志鹏, 韩永刚, 张有利 (2006). 格氏栲天然林与人工林土壤异养呼吸特性及动态. 土壤学报, 43, 53-61.]
[38]	Yuste JC, Baldocchi DD, Gershenson A, Goldstein A, Misson L, Wong S (2007). Microbial soil respiration and its dependency on carbon inputs, soil temperature and moisture. Global Change Biology, 13, 2018-2035.
[39]	Zhang DQ, Shi PL, He YT (2006). Quantification of soil heterotrophic respiration in the growth period of alpine steppe-meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 21, 458-364. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 张东秋, 石培礼, 何永涛 (2006). 西藏高原草原化小嵩草草甸生长季土壤微生物呼吸测定. 自然资源学报, 21, 458-364.]
[40]	Zhou P, Liu GB, Xue S (2009). Review of soil respiration and the impact factors on grassland ecosystem. Progress in Geography, 18, 184-193. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 周萍, 刘国彬, 薛萐 (2009). 草地生态系统土壤呼吸及其影响因素研究进展. 草业学报, 18, 184-193.]
[41]	Zhou XH, Sherry RA, An Y, Wallace LL, Luo YQ (2006). Main and interactive effects of warming, clipping, and doubled precipitation on soil CO₂ efflux in a grassland ecosystem. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, 1-12.

编号 Number	模型 Model	形式 Form	参考文献 Reference
1	lnRh = y₀+ aT + bM + cTM	加和 Additive	Wang et al., 2003; Webster et al., 2008
2	lnRh = y₀+ aT + bM + cTM + dT²+ eM²	加和 Additive	Li et al., 2000; Webster et al., 2008
3	Rh = ae^bTM^c	乘积 Multiple	Yang et al., 2006; Webster et al., 2008
4	Rh=ae^bT (cM² + dM)	乘积 Multiple	Yan et al., 2010

编号 Number	模型 Model	形式 Form	参考文献 Reference
1	lnRh = y₀+ aT + bM + cTM	加和 Additive	Wang et al., 2003; Webster et al., 2008
2	lnRh = y₀+ aT + bM + cTM + dT²+ eM²	加和 Additive	Li et al., 2000; Webster et al., 2008
3	Rh = ae^bTM^c	乘积 Multiple	Yang et al., 2006; Webster et al., 2008
4	Rh=ae^bT (cM² + dM)	乘积 Multiple	Yan et al., 2010

使用9-40 ℃温度梯度 Using 9-40 °C temperature level
WHC (%)	公式 Equation	R²	p	Q₁₀	公式 Equation	R²	p	Q₁₀
20	Rh = 12.041e^0.017^T	0.36	0.007	1.19	Rh = 9.267e^0.033^T	0.59	0.001	1.39
40	Rh = 20.907e^0.027^T	0.62	<0.001	1.31	Rh = 15.181e^0.047^T	0.86	<0.001	1.60
60	Rh = 12.400e^0.049^T	0.70	<0.001	1.63	Rh = 7.688e^0.074^T	0.93	<0.001	2.10
80	Rh = 6.757e^0.071^T	0.83	<0.001	2.03	Rh = 4.419e^0.103^T	0.87	<0.001	2.80
100	Rh = 3.470e^0.067^T	0.94	<0.001	1.95	Rh = 2.917e^0.078^T	0.93	<0.001	2.18

使用9-40 ℃温度梯度 Using 9-40 °C temperature level
WHC (%)	公式 Equation	R²	p	Q₁₀	公式 Equation	R²	p	Q₁₀
20	Rh = 12.041e^0.017^T	0.36	0.007	1.19	Rh = 9.267e^0.033^T	0.59	0.001	1.39
40	Rh = 20.907e^0.027^T	0.62	<0.001	1.31	Rh = 15.181e^0.047^T	0.86	<0.001	1.60
60	Rh = 12.400e^0.049^T	0.70	<0.001	1.63	Rh = 7.688e^0.074^T	0.93	<0.001	2.10
80	Rh = 6.757e^0.071^T	0.83	<0.001	2.03	Rh = 4.419e^0.103^T	0.87	<0.001	2.80
100	Rh = 3.470e^0.067^T	0.94	<0.001	1.95	Rh = 2.917e^0.078^T	0.93	<0.001	2.18

温度 Temperature (℃)	公式 Equation	R²	p	呼吸最大值所在湿度 Water level where largest respiration occurred
9	Rh = -0.004M² + 0.34M + 11.266	0.67	<0.001	40% WHC
14	Rh = -0.0082M² + 0.94M - 2.108	0.49	0.005	40% WHC
22	Rh = -0.016M² + 2.049M - 13.262	0.51	0.003	40% WHC
30	Rh = -0.024M² + 3.217M - 35.986	0.62	<0.001	80% WHC
40	Rh = -0.016M² + 2.532M - 30.261	0.45	0.008	80% WHC