Progress in the effects of elevated ground-level ozone on terrestrial ecosystems

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0144

Abstract

Abstract:

Rising ground-level ozone (O₃) is currently an essential environmental issue in the world, especially in China. While research on the effects of O₃ on leaf photosynthetic gas exchange, plant growth and biomass has received a lot of attention, ecosystem-scale studies are however scarce and subject to great uncertainties. This article combs trends and hotpots of ground-level O₃ concentration and its effects on plants and ecosystems over the past 40 years. Research techniques and assessment methods for studying the ecological effects of ozone pollution are covered. The most important advances on the impacts of elevated ozone on terrestrial ecosystem are reviewed: plant response mechanisms, effects on grain yield, crop quality, carbon sequestration capacity, community structure and below-ground processes of different terrestrial ecosystems. Finally, regional risk assessment of the O₃ pollution is discussed. Considering the main knowledge gaps, future research should focus on belowground ecosystem response to elevated O₃ and should also incorporate O₃ and multi-factor experiments using Free-Air Ozone Concentration Elevation (FACE) system. More attention should also be paid on food security, establishment of Asian ozone network, standardization of risk assessment approach, and exploration of ecological measures to reduce the negative effects of O₃ pollution. This review can help to promote more studies on the ecological effects of ground-level O₃ pollution.

Key words: elevated ground-level ozone concentration, terrestrial ecosystem, effect, response, carbon sequestration, risk assessment

FENG Zhao-Zhong, YUAN Xiang-Yang, LI Pin, SHANG Bo, PING Qin, HU Ting-Jian, LIU Shuo. Progress in the effects of elevated ground-level ozone on terrestrial ecosystems[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2020, 44(5): 526-542.

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References 130

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研究方法 Study method	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage
室内生长箱 Growth chamber	技术简单, 操作容易, 费用低, 可控温湿度、光照 Simple technique, easy to operate, low cost. Temperature, humidity and light intensity can be controlled	空间小, 短期实验为主, 与真实大气环境不符 Small space, suitable for short-term experiments, inconsistent with the real atmospheric environment
开顶气室 Open top chamber	技术简单, 操作容易, 低费用, 高精度, 多因子, 可过滤 O₃并进行田间试验 Simple technique, easy to operate, low cost, high precision, suitable for multi-factor and field experimental study, reducing O₃ less than ambient air	空间小, 短期幼苗实验, 盆栽为主, 微气候效应 Small space, suitable for short-term and pot experiments such as seedling, significant microclimate effects
自由空气中气体浓度增加系统 Free-Air Concentration Elevation	自然环境, 多因子, 长期实验, 大田研究, 研究尺度囊括叶片、个体、群落或生态系统水平 Natural environment, suitable for multi-factor, field and long-term experimental study, scale covers leaf-, individual-, community- and ecosystem-level	技术要求高, 费用昂贵, 普适性差 Higher technical requirement, high cost, and poor universality

研究方法 Study method	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage
室内生长箱 Growth chamber	技术简单, 操作容易, 费用低, 可控温湿度、光照 Simple technique, easy to operate, low cost. Temperature, humidity and light intensity can be controlled	空间小, 短期实验为主, 与真实大气环境不符 Small space, suitable for short-term experiments, inconsistent with the real atmospheric environment
开顶气室 Open top chamber	技术简单, 操作容易, 低费用, 高精度, 多因子, 可过滤 O₃并进行田间试验 Simple technique, easy to operate, low cost, high precision, suitable for multi-factor and field experimental study, reducing O₃ less than ambient air	空间小, 短期幼苗实验, 盆栽为主, 微气候效应 Small space, suitable for short-term and pot experiments such as seedling, significant microclimate effects
自由空气中气体浓度增加系统 Free-Air Concentration Elevation	自然环境, 多因子, 长期实验, 大田研究, 研究尺度囊括叶片、个体、群落或生态系统水平 Natural environment, suitable for multi-factor, field and long-term experimental study, scale covers leaf-, individual-, community- and ecosystem-level	技术要求高, 费用昂贵, 普适性差 Higher technical requirement, high cost, and poor universality

评估模型 Evaluation model	评估指标 Evaluation indicator	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage
浓度响应关系 Concentration-response relationship	白天7 h (9:00-16:00) O₃浓度平均值(M7)或白天12 h (8:00-20:00) O₃浓度平均值(M12) 7 h (9:00-16:00) seasonal mean O₃ concentrations (M7), 12 h (8:00-18:00) seasonal mean O₃ concentrations (M12)	计算简单, 直观易懂, 参数需求较少 Simple calculation, easy understanding, less parameters	仅考虑O₃浓度唯一因素, 机理性较差 This approach only considers O₃concentration, but no physical mechanism
剂量响应关系 Concentration-based dose-response relationship	O₃小时浓度高于或等于60 μg·kg^-1的累积值(SUM06), O₃小时浓度在规定时段内的加权求和值(W126), 整个生长季太阳辐射>50 W·m^-2时段内O₃小时浓度超过X μg·kg^-1的累计值(AOTX) The sum of all hourly average concentrations > 60 μg·kg^-1 (SUM06), a cumulative ozone exposure index based on sigmoidally weighted daytime O₃ concentrations (W126), accumulated hourly O₃ concentration over a threshold of X μg·kg^-1 during daylight hours (AOTX)	计算简单, 同时关注O₃浓度和暴露时间, 应用广泛 Simple calculation and wide application, the method concerns O₃ concentration and exposure time simultaneously	只探讨O₃对植物的影响, 没有考虑其他环境因子的影响, 缺乏生物学意义 This approach only considering the factor O₃ but not consider the effect of other environmental factors on plants, and thus no biological meaning is covered
通量响应关系 Flux-based dose-responses relationship	整个生长季单位面积上气孔O₃吸收通量超过临界值Y nmol m^-2·s^-1的积累量(POD_Y)Phytotoxic O₃ dose over a threshold of Y (POD_Y)	同时考虑环境因子(物候、温度、光照、蒸气压和土壤水势等参数)和植物自身对O₃响应的影响 Environmental factors (e.g. phenology, temperature, photosynthetically photon flux density, water vapor pressure deficit, soil water potential) and plants itself were considered	所需参数较多, 计算过程复杂, 树种特异性限制较大 This approach required many parameters with a complex calculation procedure, but varied by species

评估模型 Evaluation model	评估指标 Evaluation indicator	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage
浓度响应关系 Concentration-response relationship	白天7 h (9:00-16:00) O₃浓度平均值(M7)或白天12 h (8:00-20:00) O₃浓度平均值(M12) 7 h (9:00-16:00) seasonal mean O₃ concentrations (M7), 12 h (8:00-18:00) seasonal mean O₃ concentrations (M12)	计算简单, 直观易懂, 参数需求较少 Simple calculation, easy understanding, less parameters	仅考虑O₃浓度唯一因素, 机理性较差 This approach only considers O₃concentration, but no physical mechanism
剂量响应关系 Concentration-based dose-response relationship	O₃小时浓度高于或等于60 μg·kg^-1的累积值(SUM06), O₃小时浓度在规定时段内的加权求和值(W126), 整个生长季太阳辐射>50 W·m^-2时段内O₃小时浓度超过X μg·kg^-1的累计值(AOTX) The sum of all hourly average concentrations > 60 μg·kg^-1 (SUM06), a cumulative ozone exposure index based on sigmoidally weighted daytime O₃ concentrations (W126), accumulated hourly O₃ concentration over a threshold of X μg·kg^-1 during daylight hours (AOTX)	计算简单, 同时关注O₃浓度和暴露时间, 应用广泛 Simple calculation and wide application, the method concerns O₃ concentration and exposure time simultaneously	只探讨O₃对植物的影响, 没有考虑其他环境因子的影响, 缺乏生物学意义 This approach only considering the factor O₃ but not consider the effect of other environmental factors on plants, and thus no biological meaning is covered
通量响应关系 Flux-based dose-responses relationship	整个生长季单位面积上气孔O₃吸收通量超过临界值Y nmol m^-2·s^-1的积累量(POD_Y)Phytotoxic O₃ dose over a threshold of Y (POD_Y)	同时考虑环境因子(物候、温度、光照、蒸气压和土壤水势等参数)和植物自身对O₃响应的影响 Environmental factors (e.g. phenology, temperature, photosynthetically photon flux density, water vapor pressure deficit, soil water potential) and plants itself were considered	所需参数较多, 计算过程复杂, 树种特异性限制较大 This approach required many parameters with a complex calculation procedure, but varied by species