Effect of sheep digestive tract on the recovery and germination of seeds of fifteen leguminous plants in the northern Xinjiang region, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0118

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The objective of this study was to learn the effect of sheep digestive tract on the recovery and germination of seeds of fifteen leguminous plants in the northern Xinjiang region.

Methods The seeds were collected from fifteen leguminous species which were widely distributed in the natural mowing pasture of the northern Xinjiang region. After determining their morphological characteristics (seed length, width, thickness, single seed mass, and seed shape index), seeds were fed to sheep. Faeces collection was carried out at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after seeds were eaten by sheep. Seed recovery percentage (SRP), mean retention time (MRT) and seed germinability before and after ingested were determined, and the relationships between seed size, seed shape index and SRP, MRT after ingested were also studied.

Important findings Seed mass ranged from 1.50 to 37.68 mg, and seed shape index between 0.001 and 0.12, which indicated the seeds are all medium or large type sphericity (round) seeds. Seed excretion dynamic followed a Gaussian model: Y = 0.02 + 0.74e ^-0.5(( ^X ^{- 29.61)/9.41)2} (R ² = 0.62, p < 0.01), and excretion peak appeared 24-36 h after digestion. Seed recovery rate was ranged from 39.25% (Glycyrrhiza glabra) to 4.28% (Melilotus officinalis). The MRT ranged from 37.19 h (Melilotus officinalis) to 22.33 h (Oxytropis sinkiangensis). The relationship between SRP and seed size is expressed as the equation Y = 6.45 + 2.05X - 0.04X ² (R ² = 0.41, p < 0.05). The relationship between seed SRP and seed shape index is expressed as the equation Y = 2.59 + 36.97e ^-24.47 ^X (R ² = 0.37, p < 0.05). The relationship between MRT and seed size is expressed as the equation Y = 12.48 + 37.44e ^-0.07 ^X (R ² = 0.37, p < 0.05). The relationship between MRT and seed shape index is expressed as the equation Y = 3.93 + 2055.33X - 21757.99X ² (R ² = 0.42, p < 0.05). The results suggested that leguminous seeds in larger, or smaller, or irregular shape were more easily digested and excreted by sheep. After digested by sheep gut, germination percentages of recovered seeds of Caragana pleiophylla (35.17%) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared with that of seeds before ingested (96.22%). Similarly, seed germination percentages of Trifolium lupinaster and Astragalus alopecurus seeds were decreased than those of no ingested seeds (not significantly, p > 0.05), but the germination percentages of other twelve kinds seeds were significantly increased (p < 0.05).

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/ZWSB201802005

Key words: seed endozoochore dispersal, northern Xinjiang region, leguminous plant, seed mass, shape index, retention time, seed recovery percentage

WANG Shu-Lin, LU Wei-Hua, CHEN Yi-Shi, JING Peng-Cheng. Effect of sheep digestive tract on the recovery and germination of seeds of fifteen leguminous plants in the northern Xinjiang region, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2018, 42(2): 185-194.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0118

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2018/V42/I2/185

Figures/Tables 5

References 48

[1]	Baskin CC, Baskin JM ( 2014). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York.
[2]	Blackshaw RE, Rode LM ( 1991). Effect of ensiling and rumen digestion by cattle on weed seed viability. Weed Science, 39, 104-108. DOI URL
[3]	Brochet AL, Guillemain M, Gauthier-Clerc M, Fritz H, Green AJ ( 2010). Endozoochory of Mediterranean aquatic plant seeds by teal after a period of desiccation: Determinants of seed survival and influence of retention time on germinability and viability. Aquatic Botany, 93, 99-106. DOI URL
[4]	Calvi?o-Cancela M, Martín-Herrero J ( 2009). Effectiveness of a varied assemblage of seed dispersers of a fleshy-fruited plant. Ecology, 90, 3503-3515. DOI URL PMID
[5]	Chen BJ ( 2008). Legume forage resources and floristic characteristics in Gansu Province. Pratacultural Science, 25(4), 42-45.
	[ 陈本建 ( 2008). 甘肃省豆科牧草资源及植物区系分析. 草业科学, 25(4), 42-45.]
[6]	Cosyns E, Delporte A, Lens L, Hoffmann M ( 2005). Germination success of temperate grassland species after passage through ungulate and rabbit guts. Journal of Ecology, 93, 353-361. DOI URL
[7]	Couvreur M, Cosyns E, Hermy M, Hoffmann M ( 2005). Complementarity of epi- and endozoochory of plant seeds by free ranging donkeys. Ecography, 28, 37-48. DOI URL
[8]	D’Hondt B, Hoffmann M ( 2011). A reassessment of the role of simple seed traits in mortality following herbivore ingestion. Plant Biology, 13, 118-124. DOI URL PMID
[9]	G?kbulak F ( 2002). Effect of American bison ( Bison bison L.) on the recovery and germinability of seeds of range forage species. Grass & Forage Science, 57, 395-400.
[10]	G?kbulak F ( 2006). Recovery and germination of grass seeds ingested by cattle. The Journal of Biological Sciences, 6, 23-27. DOI URL
[11]	Grande D, Martinvicente A ( 2013). Endozoochorus seed dispersal by goats: Recovery, germinability and emergence of five Mediterranean shrub species. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11, 347-355. DOI URL
[12]	Han JG ( 2007). Grassland Science. 3rd edn. China Agriculture Press, Beijing.
	[ 韩建国 ( 2007). 草地学. 第三版. 中国农业出版社, 北京.]
[13]	Heidrun W, Oliver T ( 2008). A mechanistic simulation model of seed dispersal by animals. Journal of Ecology, 96, 1011-1022.
[14]	Janzen DH ( 1977). Variation in seed size within a crop of a costa rican Mucuna andreana( Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany, 64, 347-349.
[15]	Janzen DH ( 1984). Dispersal of small seeds by big herbivores: Foliage is the fruit. The American Naturalist, 123, 338-353.
[16]	Jaroszewicz B ( 2013). Endozoochory by European bison influences the build-up of the soil seed bank in subcontinental coniferous forest. European Journal of Forest Research, 132, 445-452.
[17]	Jurado E, Estrada E, Moles A ( 2001). Characterizing plant attributes with particular emphasis on seeds in Tamaulipan thornscrub in semi-arid Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments, 48, 309-321.
[18]	Klein J ( 1981). La Mesta. 2nd edn. Alianza Editorial, Madrid, Spain.
[19]	Lu WH, Wan JJ, Yang JJ, Ren AT, Yu L ( 2013). Review of endozoochory of plant seeds by herbivores. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 22, 306-313.
	[ 鲁为华, 万娟娟, 杨洁晶, 任爱天, 于磊 ( 2013). 草食动物对植物种子的消化道传播研究进展. 草业学报, 22, 306-313.]
[20]	Ma SB, Jiang HQ ( 1999). Study on the seed weight and seed seize variation pattern and their biological significance in Podophylloideae (Berberjdaceae). Acta Botanica Boreali-?Occidentalia Sinica, 19, 715-724.
	[ 马绍宾, 姜汉侨 ( 1999). 小檗科鬼臼亚科种子大小变异式样及其生物学意义. 西北植物学报, 19, 715-724.]
[21]	Mancilla-Leytón JM, Fernández-Alés R, Vicente AM ( 2012). Plant-ungulate interaction: Goat gut passage effect on survival and germination of Mediterranean shrub seeds. Journal of Vegetation Science, 22, 1031-1037.
[22]	Manzano P, Malo JE, Peco B ( 2005). Sheep gut passage and survival of Mediterranean shrub seeds. Seed Science Research, 15, 21-28.
[23]	Miloti? T, Hoffmann M ( 2016). How does gut passage impact endozoochorous seed dispersal success? Evidence from a gut environment simulation experiment. Basic and Applied Ecology, 17, 165-176.
[24]	Mou XM, Yu YW, Zhang HM, Sun H, Wang HC, Xu CL, Hua LM ( 2013). Effects of yakdung deposition on community characteristics and niche parameters in alpine meadow. Pratacultural Science, 30, 1594-1601.
	[ 牟晓明, 于应文, 张红梅, 孙红, 王虎成, 徐长林, 花力民 ( 2013). 牦牛粪对高寒草甸植被群落特征和生态位参数的影响. 草业科学, 30, 1594-1601.]
[25]	Mouissie AM, Veen CEJVD, Veen GF, Diggelen RV ( 2005 a). Ecological correlates of seed survival after ingestion by fallow deer. Functional Ecology, 19, 284-290.
[26]	Mouissie AM, Vos P, Verhagen HMC, Bakker JP ( 2005 b). Endozoochory by free-ranging, large herbivores: Ecological correlates and perspectives for restoration. Basic and Applied Ecology, 6, 547-558.
[27]	Myers JA, Vellend M, Gardescu S, Marks PL ( 2004). Seed dispersal by white-tailed deer: Implications for long-????distance dispersal, invasion, and migration of plants in eastern North America. Oecologia, 139, 35-44.
[28]	Oudtshoorn KVRV, Rooyen MWV ( 1998). Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants. Springer, Berlin.
[29]	Pan L, Niu JL, Bu PD, Du H, Cheng JB, Sun XZ, Wang XM, Qin JJ, Yuan YM, Zhang XK ( 2015). Effects of saikosaponin on in vitro fermentation parameters and bacterial quantity. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 24(6), 85-91.
	[ 潘龙, 牛俊丽, 卜登攀, 杜洪, 程建波, 孙先枝, 王秀敏, 秦俊杰, 袁耀明, 张幸开 ( 2015). 柴胡皂苷对体外发酵参数及细菌数量变化的影响. 草业学报, 24(6), 85-91.]
[30]	Plumptre AJ ( 2003). Seed germination and early seedling establishment of some elephant-dispersed species in Banyang-?mbo wildlife sanctuary, South-western Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 19, 229-237.
[31]	Ramos ME, Robles AB, Castro J ( 2006). Efficiency of endozoochorous seed dispersal in six dry-fruited species (Cistaceae): From seed ingestion to early seedling establishment. Plant Ecology, 185, 97-106.
[32]	Russi L, Cocks PS, Roberts EH ( 1992). The fate of Legume seeds eaten by sheep from a Mediterranean grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 772-778.
[33]	Soons MB, van der Vlugt C, Van Lith B, Heil GW, Klaassen M ( 2008). Small seed size increases the potential for dispersal of wetland plants by ducks. Journal of Ecology, 96, 619-627.
[34]	Spiegel O, Nathan R ( 2007). Incorporating dispersal distance into the disperser effectiveness framework: Frugivorous birds provide complementary dispersal to plants in a patchy environment. Ecology Letters, 10, 718-728.
[35]	Thompson K, Band SR, Hodgson JG ( 1993). Seed size and shape predict persistance in soil. Functional Ecology, 7, 236-241.
[36]	Thomson FJ, Moles AT, Auld TD, Kingsford RT ( 2011). Seed dispersal distance is more strongly correlated with plant height than with seed mass. Journal of Ecology, 99, 1299-1307.
[37]	Wali N, Wang SL, Zhao G, Yang JJ, Lü YP, Lu WH ( 2016). Effect of sheep digestion on morphology, recovery and germinability of four Leguminous plants seed. Pratacultural Science, 33, 1566-1573.
	[ 娜丽克斯·外里, 王树林, 赵刚, 杨洁晶, 吕艳萍, 鲁为华 ( 2016). 4种豆科牧草种子对绵羊消化道作用的反应. 草业科学, 33, 1566-1573.]
[38]	Wan JJ, Yang JJ, Ren AT, Ma CH, Yu L, Lu WH ( 2013). Effects of herbivores on seed germination by meta analysis. Pratacultural Science, 30, 1852-1861.
	[ 万娟娟, 杨洁晶, 任爱天, 马春晖, 于磊, 鲁为华 ( 2013). 草食动物影响植物种子萌发的整合分析. 草业科学, 30, 1852-1861.]
[39]	Wang BC, Smith TB ( 2002). Closing the seed dispersal loop. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 379-386.
[40]	Wang CJ, Wang WQ, Lu WH, Wen CL, Yin XJ, Zhao QZ ( 2016). Feed intake distribution model for herd based on grazing spatio-temporal trajectory data. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 32(13), 125-130.
	[ 汪传建, 王伟强, 鲁为华, 文春雷, 尹小君, 赵庆展 ( 2016). 基于放牧时空轨迹数据的牧群采食量分布模型. 农业工程学报, 32(13), 125-130.]
[41]	Wang SL, Lu WH, Wali N, Ma CH, Zhang QB, Wang CJ ( 2017). Recovery and germination of seeds after passage through the gut of Kazakh sheep on the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains. Seed Science Research, 27, 43-49.
[42]	Wang SL, Wali N, Lu WH, Wang WQ, Wang CJ ( 2017). Morphological characteristics of six kinds of mucilaginous seeds and their response to digestion in rumen of sheep. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 26(4), 89-98.
	[ 王树林, 娜丽克斯·外里, 鲁为华, 王伟强, 汪传建 ( 2017). 六种粘液种子性状多样性及其对绵羊瘤胃消化的反应. 草业学报, 26(4), 89-98.]
[43]	Willms WD, Acharya SN, Rode LM ( 1995). Feasibility of using cattle to disperse cicer milkvetch ( Astragalus cicer L.) seed in pastures. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 75, 173-175.
[44]	Yan XH, An SZ, Yu X, Jia SB, Pan XD, Cheng FX, Li H ( 2009). Observation on grazing behavior of Kazak sheep in summer. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 32(4), 38-40.
	[ 闫学慧, 安沙舟, 余雄, 贾帅兵, 潘晓东, 程发祥, 李海 ( 2009). 哈萨克羊夏季牧食行为观测. 新疆农业大学学报, 32(4), 38-40.]
[45]	Yang JJ, Wan JJ, Wali N, Ren AT, Lu WH ( 2015). Seed morphology and effect of sheep rumen digestion on germinability of 28 grass of Tianshan. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 24(2), 104-115.
	[ 杨洁晶, 万娟娟, 娜丽克斯·外里, 任爱天, 鲁为华 ( 2015). 28种植物种子形态学性状及其萌发对绵羊瘤胃消化的反应. 草业学报, 24(2), 104-115.]
[46]	Yu L, Lu WH, Yan P, Luo LJ, Zhang QB ( 2014). Resources and assessment of natural grassland in Shaertao Mountains, Zhaosu County in Xinjiang. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 36(6), 4-11.
	[ 于磊, 鲁为华, 阎平, 罗良俊, 张前兵 ( 2014). 新疆昭苏县境沙尔套山天然草地植物资源与评价. 中国草地学报, 36(6), 4-11.]
[47]	Yu XJ, Xu CL, Wang F, Shang ZH, Long RJ ( 2012). Recovery and germinability of seeds ingested by yaks and Tibetan sheep could have important effects on the population dynamics of alpine meadow plants on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Rangeland Journal, 34, 249-255.
[48]	Zhao LL, Wang ZL, Du JC, Li QF, Song CL ( 2007). The effect of sulfuric acid treatment on hard seeds of Melimotoides ruthenica strains. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 29(3), 73-77.
	[ 赵丽丽, 王照兰, 杜建材, 李青丰, 宋彩玲 ( 2007). 硫酸处理打破扁蓿豆不同品系种子硬实的效果研究. 中国草地学报, 29(3), 73-77.]

种名 Species	单粒质量 Single seed mass (mg)	形状指数 Shape index	种名 Species	单粒质量 Single seed mass (mg)	形状指数 Shape index
洋甘草 Glycyrrhiza glabra	6.69 ± 0.03	0.001 ± 0.000	骆驼刺 Alhagi sparsifolia	4.47 ± 0.03	0.070 ± 0.007
草木犀 Melilotus officinalis	2.17 ± 0.02	0.050 ± 0.010	山羊豆 Galega officinalis	6.22 ± 0.03	0.070 ± 0.006
苦马豆 Sphaerophysa salsula	7.28 ± 0.02	0.070 ± 0.010	铃铛刺 Halimodendron halodendron	15.73 ± 0.05	0.070 ± 0.005
蒙古黄耆 Astragalus mongholicus	10.59 ± 0.02	0.100 ± 0.003	野苜蓿 Medicago falcata	1.98 ± 0.01	0.070 ± 0.010
木黄耆 Astragalus arbuscula	3.72 ± 0.03	0.120 ± 0.004	细叶野豌豆 Vicia tenuifolia	14.84 ± 0.06	0.001 ± 0.001
新疆棘豆 Oxytropis sinkiangensis	2.63 ± 0.03	0.070 ± 0.001	狐尾黄耆 Astragalus alopecurus	34.42 ± 0.12	0.070 ± 0.001
多叶锦鸡儿 Caragana pleiophylla	37.68 ± 0.07	0.070 ± 0.010	弯果胡卢巴 Trigonella arcuata	1.50 ± 0.03	0.100 ± 0.008
野火球 Trifolium lupinaster	1.67 ± 0.01	0.070 ± 0.010

种名 Species	单粒质量 Single seed mass (mg)	形状指数 Shape index	种名 Species	单粒质量 Single seed mass (mg)	形状指数 Shape index
洋甘草 Glycyrrhiza glabra	6.69 ± 0.03	0.001 ± 0.000	骆驼刺 Alhagi sparsifolia	4.47 ± 0.03	0.070 ± 0.007
草木犀 Melilotus officinalis	2.17 ± 0.02	0.050 ± 0.010	山羊豆 Galega officinalis	6.22 ± 0.03	0.070 ± 0.006
苦马豆 Sphaerophysa salsula	7.28 ± 0.02	0.070 ± 0.010	铃铛刺 Halimodendron halodendron	15.73 ± 0.05	0.070 ± 0.005
蒙古黄耆 Astragalus mongholicus	10.59 ± 0.02	0.100 ± 0.003	野苜蓿 Medicago falcata	1.98 ± 0.01	0.070 ± 0.010
木黄耆 Astragalus arbuscula	3.72 ± 0.03	0.120 ± 0.004	细叶野豌豆 Vicia tenuifolia	14.84 ± 0.06	0.001 ± 0.001
新疆棘豆 Oxytropis sinkiangensis	2.63 ± 0.03	0.070 ± 0.001	狐尾黄耆 Astragalus alopecurus	34.42 ± 0.12	0.070 ± 0.001
多叶锦鸡儿 Caragana pleiophylla	37.68 ± 0.07	0.070 ± 0.010	弯果胡卢巴 Trigonella arcuata	1.50 ± 0.03	0.100 ± 0.008
野火球 Trifolium lupinaster	1.67 ± 0.01	0.070 ± 0.010

种名 Species	种子回收率 SRP (%)	平均滞留时间 MRT (h)	种名 Species	种子回收率 SRP (%)	平均滞留时间 MRT (h)
洋甘草 Glycyrrhiza glabra	39.25 ± 20.40^a	31.62 ± 0.73^bcd	骆驼刺 Alhagi sparsifolia	25.06 ± 9.25^ab	28.27 ± 0.27^bcd
草木犀 Melilotus officinalis	4.28 ± 1.76^c	37.19 ± 2.12^ab	山羊豆 Galega officinalis	38.02 ± 9.60^a	27.55 ± 1.75^bcd
苦马豆 Sphaerophysa salsula	38.60 ± 19.77^a	32.48 ± 0.39^abcd	铃铛刺 Halimodendron halodendron	34.56 ± 15.89^a	36.51 ± 5.93^ab
蒙古黄耆 Astragalus mongholicus	4.88 ± 1.02^c	36.62 ± 0.54^ab	野苜蓿 Medicago falcata	9.41 ± 1.26^bc	24.58 ± 0.84^cd
木黄耆 Astragalus arbuscula	5.02 ± 1.25^c	32.51 ± 3.93^abcd	细叶野豌豆 Vicia tenuifolia	34.90 ± 2.27^a	32.78 ± 2.94^abcd
新疆棘豆 Oxytropis sinkiangensis	16.04 ± 4.11^bc	22.33 ± 0.77^d	狐尾黄耆 Astragalus alopecurus	25.61 ± 11.75^ab	34.60 ± 0.84^abc
多叶锦鸡儿 Caragana pleiophylla	8.93 ± 4.24^bc	33.76 ± 1.19^abc	弯果胡卢巴 Trigonella arcuata	6.65 ± 1.44^c	24.95 ± 1.34^cd
野火球 Trifolium lupinaster	14.01 ± 7.18^bc	30.04 ± 1.49^bcd

种名 Species	种子回收率 SRP (%)	平均滞留时间 MRT (h)	种名 Species	种子回收率 SRP (%)	平均滞留时间 MRT (h)
洋甘草 Glycyrrhiza glabra	39.25 ± 20.40^a	31.62 ± 0.73^bcd	骆驼刺 Alhagi sparsifolia	25.06 ± 9.25^ab	28.27 ± 0.27^bcd
草木犀 Melilotus officinalis	4.28 ± 1.76^c	37.19 ± 2.12^ab	山羊豆 Galega officinalis	38.02 ± 9.60^a	27.55 ± 1.75^bcd
苦马豆 Sphaerophysa salsula	38.60 ± 19.77^a	32.48 ± 0.39^abcd	铃铛刺 Halimodendron halodendron	34.56 ± 15.89^a	36.51 ± 5.93^ab
蒙古黄耆 Astragalus mongholicus	4.88 ± 1.02^c	36.62 ± 0.54^ab	野苜蓿 Medicago falcata	9.41 ± 1.26^bc	24.58 ± 0.84^cd
木黄耆 Astragalus arbuscula	5.02 ± 1.25^c	32.51 ± 3.93^abcd	细叶野豌豆 Vicia tenuifolia	34.90 ± 2.27^a	32.78 ± 2.94^abcd
新疆棘豆 Oxytropis sinkiangensis	16.04 ± 4.11^bc	22.33 ± 0.77^d	狐尾黄耆 Astragalus alopecurus	25.61 ± 11.75^ab	34.60 ± 0.84^abc
多叶锦鸡儿 Caragana pleiophylla	8.93 ± 4.24^bc	33.76 ± 1.19^abc	弯果胡卢巴 Trigonella arcuata	6.65 ± 1.44^c	24.95 ± 1.34^cd
野火球 Trifolium lupinaster	14.01 ± 7.18^bc	30.04 ± 1.49^bcd

种名 Species	萌发率 Germination rates (%)		萌发率增值 Appreciation of germination rates (%)
种名 Species	对照 Control	消化后 After sheep ingested	萌发率增值 Appreciation of germination rates (%)
洋甘草 Glycyrrhiza glabra	15.36 ± 5.55^b	68.41 ± 13.86^a	53.05
草木犀 Melilotus officinalis	6.67 ± 1.16^b	23.68 ± 1.67^a	17.01
苦马豆 Sphaerophysa salsula	15.00 ± 7.00^b	71.01 ± 3.62^a	56.01
蒙古黄耆 Astragalus mongholicus	14.33 ± 3.22^b	25.00 ± 3.61^a	10.67
木黄耆 Astragalus arbuscula	45.00 ± 2.00^b	53.70 ± 1.57^a	8.70
新疆棘豆 Oxytropis sinkiangensis	33.33 ± 1.54^a	35.39 ± 3.08^a	2.06
多叶锦鸡儿 Caragana pleiophylla	96.22 ± 6.33^a	35.17 ± 3.32^b	-61.05
野火球 Trifolium lupinaster	28.33 ± 3.06^a	21.43 ± 3.11^a	-6.90
骆驼刺 Alhagi sparsifolia	8.33 ± 3.51^b	42.25 ± 2.63^a	33.92
山羊豆 Galega officinalis	13.33 ± 1.53^a	14.45 ± 1.27^a	1.12
铃铛刺 Halimodendron halodendron	1.67 ± 0.58^b	11.96 ± 2.00^a	10.29
野苜蓿 Medicago falcata	7.82 ± 1.05^b	62.36 ± 3.01^a	54.54
细叶野豌豆 Vicia tenuifolia	8.33 ± 0.58^b	28.52 ± 6.73^a	20.19
狐尾黄耆 Astragalus alopecurus	6.30 ± 2.14^a	5.83 ± 2.56^a	-0.47
弯果胡卢巴 Trigonella arcuata	5.20 ± 1.31^b	20.32 ± 5.51^a	15.12