内蒙古植被降水利用效率的时空格局及其驱动因素

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植被降水利用效率(precipitation-use efficiency, PUE)是评价干旱、半干旱地区植被生产力对降水量时空动态响应特征的重要指标。该研究利用光能利用率CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型估算了2001-2010年内蒙古地区植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP), 结合降水量的空间插值数据, 分析了近10年内蒙古地区植被PUE的空间分布、主要植被类型的PUE,及其时空格局的驱动因素。结果表明: 2001-2010年内蒙古地区所有植被的平均PUE为0.94 g C·m^-2·mm^-1, 且在105-120° E地带性规律明显,PUE上升速率为每10° 0.55 g C·m^-2·mm^-1。各植被类型间PUE差别较大, 其中灌丛PUE最高, 荒漠PUE最低。在不同的降水量区域, 植被PUE的空间分布与气候因子的关系有较大差别, 0-75 mm降水量区间内, PUE随降水量、气温的升高显著下降(R² = 0.226, p < 0.05); 175-300 mm降水量区间内, 植被 PUE的空间变化与降水量和气温呈极显著相关关系(R² = 0.878, p < 0.001), 且随降水量的增加显著上升( R² = 0.94, p < 0.001), 变化速率约为每100 mm降水0.57 g C·m ^-2·mm^-1; 在降水量大于475 mm的区域, 植被PUE的空间分布与降水量、气温的相关性显著(R² = 0.19, p < 0.05), 且随着气温的上升、降水量的下降而增加, 其中气温的贡献是降水量的8.61倍。在不同的降水量区域, 植被 PUE的年际波动与气候因子的关系也有较大差别, 对于年降水量0-220 mm的地区, PUE的年际波动与降水量呈正相关性、与气温呈负相关性; 在年降水量为220-310 mm的地区, PUE的年际波动主要受降水量的控制, 受气温影响较小; 在年降水量>310 mm的地区,PUE的年际波动与降水量、气温均呈正相关关系, 但在降水量越高的地区, PUE的年际波动与降水量的相关性越弱, 与气温的相关性越强。植被覆盖度与PUE的空间分布极显著相关(R² = 0.73, p < 0.001), 且与 PUE的年际波动也存在线性相关关系(R² = 0.11, p < 0.001); 叶面积指数( LAI)与PUE的年际波动呈线性相关关系(R² = 0.42, p < 0.001), 而当 LAI < 3.15时, PUE的空间分布随LAI增加而呈线性增加。

关键词: CASA模型, 植被覆盖度, 叶面积指数, 降水利用效率

Abstract:

Aims Precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) is an important indicator for understanding how net primary productivity (NPP) in arid and semi-arid ecosystems responds to variations in precipitation. The objective of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal patterns and responses to climatic and biotic factors of PUEat a regional scale.
Methods CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) model was used to simulate NPP in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010 based on the MOD13A1 data and spatially interpolated meteorological data. PUEwas calculated as the ratio of NPPto annual precipitation. The effects of fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) and leaf area index (LAI) on PUE were also investigated. The FVCwas calculated with the dimidiate pixel model based on the MOD13A1 data. LAIdata were acquired as the MODIS LAI products.
Important findings The multi-year averagePUE of Inner Mongolia was 0.94 g C·m^-2·mm^-1, exhibiting apparent increasing trend at an average rate of 0.55 g C·m^-2·mm^-1 per 10° with changes in longitude from 105° E to 120° E. The spatial patterns ofPUEshowed significant differences among vegetation types. The PUE was highest in shrubs and lowest in desert. The spatial distribution of PUEresponded differentially to climatic factors in different precipitation ranges. Where precipitation was less than 75 mm, PUEshowed a significant negative correlation with temperature and precipitation (R² = 0.226, p < 0.05). In the area with precipitation of 175-300 mm, PUE exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature and precipitation (R² = 0.878, p < 0.001), and increased significantly ( R² = 0.94, p < 0.001) with precipitation at a rate of 0.57 g C·m ^-2·mm^-1 per 100 mm. In the area where precipitation was higher than 475 mm, PUE increased spatially with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. In this precipitation range, the effect of temperature on spatial variance of PUEwas 8.61 times of that of precipitation. The inter-annual variation of PUEalso had different responses to climatic factors in different precipitation ranges. Where precipitation was less than 220 mm, PUE displayed a positive correlation with precipitation and a negative correlation with temperature. In the area with precipitation of 220-310 mm, precipitation had a much greater effect than temperature on the inter-annual variations of PUE.Where precipitation was higher than 310 mm, PUE showed positive correlations with both temperature and precipitation. In relatively humid parts of this precipitation range, however, thePUE showed a poor correlation with precipitation, but a stronger correlation with temperature. FVCwas linearly related with the spatial distribution (R² = 0.73, p < 0.001) and inter-annual variations of PUE(R² = 0.11, p < 0.001). LAIshowed a linear relationship with the inter-annual variations of PUE(R² = 0.42, p < 0.001) .In the area where LAIwas less than 3.15 and with non-forest vegetation, LAI was linearly related with the spatial distribution of the PUE.

Key words: CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) model, fraction of vegetation cover (FVC), leaf area index (LAI), precipitation-use efficiency (PUE)

穆少杰, 周可新, 齐杨, 陈奕兆, 方颖, 朱超. 内蒙古植被降水利用效率的时空格局及其驱动因素. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(1): 1-16. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00001

MU Shao-Jie, ZHOU Ke-Xin, QI Yang, CHEN Yi-Zhao, FANG Ying, ZHU Chao. Spatio-temporal patterns of precipitation-use efficiency of vegetation and their controlling factors in Inner Mongolia. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(1): 1-16. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00001

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00001

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I1/1

图/表 14

图1 内蒙古土地覆盖类型图(A)及气象站点、采样点空间分布图(B)。

Fig. 1 Maps of land cover types in Inner Mongolia (A) and the spatial distribution of meteorological stations and sampling sites (B). C, cropland; D, desert; DBF, deciduous broad-leaved forest; DNF, deciduous needle-leaf forest; DS, desert steppe; ENF, evergreen needle-leaf forest; MF, mixed needle-leaf and broad-leaved forest; MS, meadow steppe; S, shrub; TS, typical steppe; U, urban land; W, water body.

图2 内蒙古草地净初级生产力(NPP)模拟值与实测值的比较。

Fig. 2 Comparisons between simulated and observed net primary productivity (NPP) in Inner Mongolia grassland.

图3 2001-2010年内蒙古地区年降水量(A)、年平均气温(B)、植被净初级生产力(NPP) (C)和植被降水利用效率(PUE) (D)的空间格局。

Fig. 3 Spatial patterns of annual precipitation (A), annual mean air temperature (B), net primary productivity (NPP) (C) and precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) (D) of the vegetation in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010.

图4 2001-2010年内蒙古植被降水利用效率(PUE)随经度的变化。

Fig. 4 Variations of precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) with longitude in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010.

图5 2001-2010年内蒙古不同植被类型的降水利用效率(PUE)(平均值±标准误差)。C, 农田; D, 荒漠; DBF, 落叶阔叶林; DNF, 落叶针叶林; DS, 荒漠草原; ENF, 常绿针叶林; MF, 混交林; MS, 草甸草原; S, 灌丛; TS, 典型草原。误差线上方数字表示不同植被类型的PUE, 括号内数字分别表示森林和草地植被的平均PUE, 误差线上方的字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010 for different vegetation types (mean ± SE). C, cropland; D, desert; DBF, deciduous broad-leaved forest; DNF, deciduous needle-leaf forest; DS, desert steppe; ENF, evergreen needle-leaf forest; MF, mixed needle-leaf and broad-leaved forest; MS, meadow steppe; S, shrub; TS, typical steppe. The numbers above the error bars are the PUE for different vegetation types, and the numbers in the brackets are the mean PUE for forest and grassland, respectively. The letters above the error bars indicate significant difference (p < 0.05).

图6 内蒙古地区降水利用效率(PUE)随降水量的变化模式(A)及不同降水量区的空间分布(B)。

Fig. 6 Pattern of changes in precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) with precipitation (A) and the spatial distribution of areas with different precipitation ranges (B) in Inner Mongolia.

图7 内蒙古不同温度区降水利用效率(PUE)随降水量的变化模式。A, 低温区。B, 中温区。C, 高温区。

Fig. 7 Patterns of changes in precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) with precipitation by areas with different temperatures in Inner Mongolia. A, Low temperature area. B, Moderate temperature area. C, High temperature area.

图8 2001-2010年内蒙古植被降水利用效率(PUE)的年际变化。

Fig. 8 Inter-annual changes of precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of vegetation in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010.

图9 2001-2010年内蒙古植被降水利用效率(PUE)对年降水量(A)和年平均气温(B)变化的响应。

Fig. 9 Responses of precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of vegetation to annual precipitation (A) and annual mean air temperature change (B) in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010.

图10 2001-2010年内蒙古植被降水利用效率(PUE)年际波动与降水量、气温的相关系数随降水量的变化模式。rPUE-P, PUE与降水量的相关系数; rPUE-T, PUE与气温的相关系数。

Fig. 10 Patterns of changes with precipitation in the correlation coefficient between inter-annual variations of precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) and precipitation (rPUE-P) and the correlation coefficient between inter-annual variations of PUE and air temperature (rPUE-T) in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010.

图11 描述内蒙古地区植被降水利用效率(PUE)的空间分布与降水量关系的概念模型。

Fig. 11 A conceptual model describing the relationship between spatial distribution of precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) and precipitation of vegetation in Inner Mongolia.

表1 气候因子和生物学指标的相关性

Table 1 Correlations among climatic factors and biological indices

	气温 Air temperature	植被覆盖度 FVC	叶面积指数 LAI
降水量 Precipitation	-0.594	0.875	0.725
气温 Air temperature		-0.664	-0.834
植被覆盖度 FVC			0.853

图12 降水利用效率(PUE)的空间分布与植被覆盖度(FVC) (A)和叶面积指数(LAI) (B)的相关性(平均值±标准偏差)。

Fig. 12 Correlations of spatial distribution of precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) with fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) (A) and leaf area index (LAI) (B) (mean ± SD).

图13 植被降水利用效率(PUE)的年际波动与植被覆盖度(FVC) (A)和叶面积指数(LAI) (B)的相关性(平均值±标准偏差)。

Fig. 13 Correlations of inter-annual variations in precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) with fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) (A) and leaf area index (LAI) (B) (mean ± SD).

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