Effects of mixed young plantations of Parashorea chinensis on soil microbial functional diversity and carbon source utilization

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0296

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims This study aimed to study the effects of two young mixed plantations of Parashorea chinensis (an endangered native tree species) on the functional characteristics and carbon source utilization of the soil microbial community, so as to select the suitable afforestation mode of P. chinensis and maintain sustainable management of forests by changing pure Eucalyptus plantation into mixed plantations with heterogeneous structure.

Methods The functional diversity of soil microbes and their utilization of six carbon sources in mixed and pure plantations of P. chinensis were compared and analyzed using the Biolog-ECO technique, and a correlation analysis was further carried out incorporating soil physicochemical properties.

Important findings (1) The Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and McIntosh diversity index of the microbe community in mixed plantations of P. chinensis and E. grandis × E. urophylla were the highest, and their soil microbial functional diversity was significantly higher than that of pure plantations. (2) The carbon source utilization and microbial quantity of soil microbes in the mixed plantations were higher than those in the pure plantation, and decreased with the deepening of the soil layer. The utilization of phenolic acid by soil microbes in mixed and pure plantations was the highest, followed by amines, with polymers at the lowest level, and the difference was that mixed and pure plantations were more dependent on amino acids and carboxylic acids, respectively. (3) The soil moisture conditions and the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium and available nutrients in the mixed forest of P. chinensis were higher. In addition, the vertical distribution of other nutrients except total phosphorus and total potassium showed obvious surface aggregation. (4) Environmental factors analysis showed that soil pH, organic matter and potassium were the main driving factors causing significant differences in soil microbial functional diversity and carbon source utilization between mixed and pure plantations, as well as different soil layers. In summary, the mixed afforestation model of P. chinensis has a significant impact on soil microbial community and their habitats. Especially, P. chinensis mixing with E. grandis × E. urophylla may effectively improve the metabolic activity and functional diversity of soil microbes, and promote the decomposition of organic matter. Compared with the pure forest, the mixed forest improved soil quality and fertility to some extent, and created a better soil environment and light conditions for the growth of young P. chinensis saplings.

Key words: Parashorea chinensis, young plantation, soil microorganism, functional diversity, carbon source utilization, soil nutrient, mixed plantation

LI Wan-Nian, LUO Yi-Min, HUANG Ze-Yue, YANG Mei. Effects of mixed young plantations of Parashorea chinensis on soil microbial functional diversity and carbon source utilization[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2022, 46(9): 1109-1124.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0296

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2022/V46/I9/1109

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1 General conditions of the Parashorea chinensis plantations

林分类型 Stand type	树种组成 Tree species composition	林龄 Stand age (a)	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡度 Slope (°)	坡向 Slope aspect	坡位 Slope position	林分密度 Stand density (plant·hm^?2)	平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)
PP	望天树 Parashorea chinensis	5	172.5	20	东南 Southeast	中坡 Middle	1 665	3.30	2.92
MPD	望天树 P. chinensis	5	179.9	20	东南 Southeast	中坡 Middle	1 665	3.30	3.03
MPD	降香黄檀 Dalbergia odorifera	5	179.9	20	东南 Southeast	中坡 Middle	1 665	5.80	4.02
MPE	望天树 P. chinensis	5	205.5	17	东南 Southeast	中坡 Middle	1 665	3.30	3.51
MPE	巨尾桉 Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla	5	205.5	17	东南 Southeast	中坡 Middle	1 665	17.49	14.54

Fig. 1 Quantity of soil microorganism in different stand types of Parashorea chinensis plantation (mean ± SD). MPD, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Dalbergia odorifera; MPE, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla; PP, pure plantation of P. chinensis. Different uppercase letters indicate that there is significant difference between different forest types in the same soil layer (p < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate that there is significant difference between different soil layers of the same forest type (p < 0.05).

Fig. 2 Changes of soil microbial average well color development (AWCD) in the different stand types. MPD, mixed plantation of Parashorea chinensis and Dalbergia odorifera; MPE, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla; PP, pure plantation of P. chinensis.

Fig. 3 Characteristics of utilization of six soil carbon sources by soil microbial communities in different stand types (mean ± SD). MPD, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Dalbergia odorifera; MPE, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla; PP, pure plantation of P. chinensis. Different uppercase letters indicate that there is significant difference between different forest types in the same soil layer (p < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate that there is significant difference between different soil layers of the same forest type (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4 Comparative analysis of soil microbial functional diversity index of Parashorea chinensis plantations (mean ± SD). MPD, mixed plantation of Parashorea chinensis and Dalbergia odorifera; MPE, mixed plantation of Parashorea chinensis and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla; PP, pure plantation of Parashorea chinensis. Different uppercase letters indicate that there is significant difference between different forest types in the same soil layer (p < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate that there is significant difference between different soil layers of the same forest type (p < 0.05).

Table 2 Soil physicochemical properties of different types of Parashorea chinensis plantations (mean ± SD)

理化指标 Physicochemical index	土层 Soil layer (cm)	PP	MPD	MPE
pH	0-20	4.79 ± 0.021^Aa	4.28 ± 0.120^Ba	4.33 ± 0.042^Ba
pH	20-40	4.31 ± 0.184^Aa	4.26 ± 0.120^Aa	4.30 ± 0.050^Aa
土壤密度 Soil density (g·cm^-3)	0-20	1.51 ± 0.004^Ba	1.55 ± 0.003^Aa	1.45 ± 0.003^Ca
土壤密度 Soil density (g·cm^-3)	20-40	1.37 ± 0.003^Bb	1.40 ± 0.002^Ab	1.37 ± 0.001^Bb
土壤含水率 Soil water content (%)	0-20	0.14 ± 0.003^Bb	0.12 ± 0.002^Cb	0.18 ± 0.001^Aa
土壤含水率 Soil water content (%)	20-40	0.16 ± 0.002^Aa	0.14 ± 0.001^Ba	0.16 ± 0.001^Ab
土壤总孔隙度 Total soil porosity (%)	0-20	0.43 ± 0.001^Bb	0.41 ± 0.001^Cb	0.45 ± 0.001^Ab
土壤总孔隙度 Total soil porosity (%)	20-40	0.48 ± 0.001^Aa	0.47 ± 0.001^Ba	0.48 ± 0.001^Aa
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content (g·kg^-1)	0-20	16.73 ± 1.05^ABa	15.32 ± 1.77^Ba	18.22 ± 0.27^Aa
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content (g·kg^-1)	20-40	7.39 ± 0.59^Bb	9.34 ± 0.13^Ab	7.35 ± 1.11^Bb

Fig. 5 Characteristics of soil nutrient contents in different types of Parashorea chinensis plantations (mean ± SD). MPD, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Dalbergia odorifera; MPE, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla; PP, pure plantation of P. chinensis. AK, available potassium content; AP, available phosphorus content; SOM, soil organic matter content; TK, total potassium content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among different forest types (p < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different soil layers (p < 0.05).

Fig. 6 Soil enzyme activities of different stand types of Parashorea chinensis plantations (mean ± SD). MPD, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Dalbergia odorifera; MPE, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla; PP, pure plantation of P. chinensis. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among different forest types (p < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different soil layers (p < 0.05).

Fig. 7 Principal component analysis (PCA) of soil microbial community functional diversity and important environmental factors. MPD, mixed plantation of Parashorea chinensis and Dalbergia odorifera; MPE, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla; PP, pure plantation of P. chinensis. ACPA, acid phosphatase activity; Actinomycete, actinomycetes quantity; AK, available potassium content; AP, available phosphorus content; Bacteria, bacteria quantity; Density, soil density; Fungus, fungi quantity; MCT index, evenness index; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, nitrate nitrogen content; SA, sucrase activity; Shannon index, richness index; Simpon index, dominance index; SOM, soil organic matter content; TK, total potassium content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content; UA, urease activity; Water content, soil water content。

Table 3 Principal component comprehensive scores of soil ecological functions of different stand types of Parashorea chinensis plantations

林型 Stand type	主成分得分 Principal component score					综合得分 Comprehensive score	综合排名 Comprehensive ranking
林型 Stand type	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	综合得分 Comprehensive score	综合排名 Comprehensive ranking
PP	-0.738	-0.725	0.182	0.014	-0.159	-0.285	3
MPD	-0.301	0.995	-0.109	0.176	0.085	0.169	1
MPE	1.039	-0.269	-0.073	-0.190	0.074	0.116	2

Fig. 8 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of soil microbial community carbon source utilization and environmental factors. MPD, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Dalbergia odorifera; MPE, mixed plantation of P. chinensis and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla; PP, pure plantation of P. chinensis. C1, carbohydrate; C2, amino acid; C3, carboxylic acid; C4, polymer; C5, phenolic acid; C6, amine. AK, available potassium content; AP, available phosphorus content; NO3--N, nitrate nitrogen content; SOM, soil organic matter content; TK, total potassium content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content.

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