| 遗传多样性 Genetic diversity | 种群内个体间遗传变异的程度。
The degree of genetic variation among individuals in a population. |
| 基因丰富度 Allelic richness | 所检测位点上等位基因的平均数目。
The average number of alleles detected at the detected locus. |
| 基因多样性 Allelic diversity | 包含位点上基因数目和频率信息的一类遗传多样性指数, 比如: Shannon信息指数和期望杂合度。
A class of genetic diversity indices containing information about the number and frequency of genes at a locus, such as: Shannon information index and expected heterozygosity. |
| 基因型 Genotype | 一个个体在指定数量的位点上等位基因的组成。
The composition of alleles of an individual at a specified number of loci. |
| 基因型丰富度 Genotypic richness | 一个种群中基因型的数目。
The number of genotypes in a population. |
| 基因型均匀度 Genotypic eveness | 基因型多度的分布。如果一个种群中各基因型多度等同, 那么基因型均匀度为1; 如果一个种群只有一个基因型, 那么该种群基因型均匀度为0。
The distribution of genotypic abundance. The genotype evenness is 1 if genotypic abundance is equal in a population, and 0 if there is only one genotype in a population. |
| 基因型相异度 Genotypic dissimilarity | 一个种群中两两基因型间遗传距离的平均值。
The average genetic distance between two genotypes in a population. |
| 基因型亲缘度 Genotypic relatedness | 与基因型相异度相反, 指一个种群中两两基因型间亲缘程度的平均值。对于植物微卫星分子标记数据, 二倍体可以用STORM软件(Frasier, 2008)或者R程序包“related” (Pew et al., 2015), 多倍体用POLYRELATEDNESS计算基因型亲缘度(Huang et al., 2015)。
The average value of relatedness between two genotypes in a population, which is contrary to genotypic dissimilarity. For plant microsatellite marker data, genotypic relatedness of diploids can be calculated with STORM software (Frasier, 2008) or R package “related” (Pew et al., 2015), and genotypic relatedness of polyploids can be calculated with POLYRELATEDNESS (Huang et al., 2015). |
适应性遗传多样性
Adaptive genetic diversity | 适应性遗传多样性是通过改变表达蛋白质的数量或结构或表达时间来影响表型以帮助个体适应环境或者提高个体适合度的变异。一般采用已知遗传关系的个体(比如, 来自同一母株种子生长的个体)开展同质园数量遗传实验进行估算, 但是这个方法比较费时费力费钱; 另外一种方法是开发和筛选出适应性分子标记来测定其遗传变异。
Adaptive genetic diversity is the variation that affects phenotypes by altering the number or structure of expressed proteins or the expression time to help individuals adapt to the environment or improve their fitness. Quantitative genetic common garden experiments are usually conducted to estimate the adaptive gentic variation by using individuals with known genetic relationships (e.g., individuals from seeds of the same mother tree), but this method is time-consuming and costly; another method is to develop and select adaptive molecular markers to determine their genetic variation. |
| 中性遗传多样性 Neutral genetic diversity | 中性遗传多样性是由不影响表型的序列变异组成。中性遗传多样性和适应性遗传多样性也可能有相关性, 原因是采用的中性分子标记位点与适应性遗传变异可能存在连锁不平衡的情况。
Neutral genetic diversity is composed of sequence variations that do not affect phenotypes. Neutral genetic diversity and adaptive genetic diversity may also be correlated, because there may be linkage imbalance between the neutral molecular marker loci and adaptive genetic variation. |
| 品种 Cultivar | 为特定的某一性状或若干性状的组合而选择出来的植物集合体, 在这些性状上是特异、一致、稳定的, 并且通过适当的有性或无性方式繁殖时仍保持这些性状。
Plants were selected for a particular trait or combination of several specific traits, and these traits are specific, consistent, and stable, and retained when propagated sexually or asexually. |
| 近交衰退 Inbreeding depression | 由于近交(自交和亲缘个体间的异交)导致后代适合度下降的现象, 产生的主要原因是由于近交增加了有害等位基因的纯合几率。
Inbreeding (selfing and outcrossing between related individuals) results in a decrease in fitness of offspring, mainly because inbreeding increases the probability of harmful homozygous alleles. |
| 远交衰退 Outbreeding depression | 不同生境的种群个体, 各自拥有适应当地生境的特有等位基因组合, 如果它们相互之间杂交(交配)将可能打破这种组合, 引起后代适应能力降低。
Individuals from different habitats have specific allele combinations adapted to local habitats. If they cross breeding (mate) with each other, they may break the specific allele combinations and reduce the adaptability of their offspring. |
| 功能多样性 Functional diversity | 植物个体水平上的形态、生理以及生活史特征等功能性状通过影响植物存活能力、生长和繁殖来影响其适合度, 这些功能性状特征值的大小、范围和分布状况称为功能多样性。
Functional traits such as morphology, physiology and life history at the individual level affect plant fitness by affecting its survival, growth and reproduction. The size, range and distribution of these functional trait values are called functional diversity. |
| 奠基者多样性 Founder diversity | 这里指的是, 在种群保护或者生态修复中, 所引物种种群的遗传多样性。奠基者效应是指由少数个体的基因频率决定了它们后代基因频率的效应。
This refers to the genetic diversity of founder in population conservation or ecological restoration. Founder effect is the gene frequency of a small number of individuals determines the gene frequency of their offspring. |
| 系统发育多样性 Phylogenetic diversity | 群落中物种的系统发育树形图(表示物种之间的亲缘关系)中所有分枝长度之和。
The sum of all the branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree of species in a community (representing the relatedness between species). |