/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology >
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS ON FUTURE CARBON BALANCE OF THREE DECIDUOUS FORESTS IN BEIJING MOUNTAIN AREA, WARM TEMPERATE ZONE OF CHINA
Received date: 2008-07-25
Accepted date: 2009-01-04
Online published: 2009-05-31
Aims Climate change is expected to cause changes of carbon cycling in forest ecosystems, and prediction research suggests there is dramatic spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty in responses of carbon balance of forest ecosystems to climate change. The goals of our research were to predict and analyze impacts of climate change on the carbon cycling of warm temperate forests in Beijing mountain area in the next 100 years and to understand the heterogeneity and uncertainty on the ecosystem scale with LPJ-GUESS model.
Methods The ecosystem model was used to learn how forest ecosystem productivity and carbon bal-ance change in a long-term time scale and to learn about differences of carbon balance among various ecosystems by comparing ecosystem components of carbon balance. The dynamic vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS), used for the first time in China and driven by A2 and B2 greenhouse gas emission sce-narios of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) of IPCC, projected climate change impacts on carbon balance for three typical warm temperate forest ecosystems (oak, birch and Chinese pine forests) in the Dongling Mountain area of Beijing, China.
Important findings Net ecosystem primary productivity (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) will increase in the three forests, and the A2 scenario was associated with larger changes in NPP and Rh than the B2 scenario. Because of differences in species composition among the forests, increases in NPP and Rh were different and changes in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were different among the forests: oakforest switched from a sink to a small source of carbon, birch forest remained as a smaller sink of carbon, and Chinese pine forest became a larger carbon sink over the next 100 years. Also, carbon biomass will generally increase in the forests by 2100. Comparing SRES A2 with B2, there was larger carbon storage in the relative lower emission scenario (B2). Projected differences in carbon balance among these forests in the same area were more dependent on species composition than climate factors (A2 and B2 scenarios) under future climate change.
Key words： NPP; Rh; NEE; carbon flux; carbon balance; LPJ-GUESS model; climate change
LIU Rui-Gang, LI Na, SU Hong-Xin, SANG Wei-Guo . SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS ON FUTURE CARBON BALANCE OF THREE DECIDUOUS FORESTS IN BEIJING MOUNTAIN AREA, WARM TEMPERATE ZONE OF CHINA[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009 , 33(3) : 516 -534 . DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.03.011
| [1] | Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2005). What have we learned from15years of free-air CO2enrichment (FACE)?A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthe-sis, canopy. New Phytologist, 165,351-371. |
| [2] | Bachelet D, Neilson RP, Hickler T, Drapek RJ, Lenihan JM, Sykes MT, Smith B, Sitch S, Thonicke K (2003). Simulating past and future dynamics of natural eco-systems in the United States. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, 1045, doi: 10.1029/2001GB001508. |
| [3] | Badeck FW, Lischke H, Bugmann H, Hickler T, Honninger K, Lasch P, Lexer MJ, Mouillot F, Schaber J, Smith B (2001). Tree species composition in European pristine forests:comparison of stand data to model predictions. Climatic Change, 51,307-347. |
| [4] | Cao MK, Woodward FI (1998a). Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change. Nature, 393,249-252. |
| [5] | Cao MK, Woodward FI (1998b). Net primary and ecosys-tem production and carbon stocks of terrestrial eco-systems and their response to climate change. Global Change Biology, 4,185-198. |
| [6] | Chen LZ (陈灵芝), Huang JH (黄建辉) (1997). Study on the Characteristics and Function of the Forest Ecosystem in the Warm Temperate Zone (暖温带森林生态系统结构与功能的研究). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
| [7] | Chen LZ (陈灵芝), Huang JH (黄建辉), Yan CR (严昌荣) (1997). Nutrient Cycling of Forest Ecosystem in China (中国森林生态系统养分循环). China Mete-orological Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
| [8] | Climate Change2001:The Scientific Basis (2003). GRID-Arendal:an official United Nations Environ-ment Programme. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/531.htm.Cited6Jan.2008. |
| [9] | Cox PM, Betts RA, Jones CD, Spall SA, Totterdell IJ (2000). Acceleration of global warming due to car-bon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Na-ture, 408,750-750. |
| [10] | Cramer W, Bondeau A, Woodward FI, Prentice IC, Betts RA, Brovkin V, Cox PM, Fisher V, Foley JA, Friend AD, Kucharik C, Lomas MR, Ramankutty N, Sitch S, Smith B, White A, Young-Molling C (2001). Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2and climate change:results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biology, 7,357-373. |
| [11] | Fang JY (方精云) (2000). Forest productivity in China and its response to global climate change. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version) (植物生态学报), 24,513-517. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [12] | Fang JY (方精云), Liu GH (刘国华), Zhu B (朱彪), Wang XK (王效科), Liu SH (刘绍辉) (2006). Carbon budg-ets of three temperate forest ecosystems in Dongling Mt., Beijing, China. Science in China (Series D:Earth Sciences) (中国科学D辑:地球科学), 36,533-543. (in Chinese) |
| [13] | FAO (1991). The Digitized Soil Map of the World (Release1.0).Vol67/1.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. |
| [14] | Foley JA, Prentice IC, Ramankutty N, Levis S, Pollard D, Sitch S, Haxeltine A (1996). An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics. Global Biogeo-chemical Cycles, 10,603-628. |
| [15] | Gerten D, Lucht W, Schaphoff S, Cramer W, Hickler T, Wagner W (2005). Hydrologic resilience of the terres-trial biosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 32,L21408, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024247. |
| [16] | Gerten D, Schaphoff S, Haberlandt U, Lucht W, Sitch S (2004). Terrestrial vegetation and water balance-hy-drological evaluation of a dynamic global vegetation model. Journal of Hydrology, 286,249-270. |
| [17] | Goodale CL, Apps MJ, Birdsey RA, Field CB, Heath LS, Houghton RA, Jenkins JC, Kohlmaier GH, Kurz W, Liu S (2002). Forest carbon sinks in the northern hemisphere. Ecological Applications, 12,891-899. |
| [18] | Hanson PJ, Wullschleger SD, Bohlman SA, Todd DE (1993). Seasonal and topographic patterns of forest floor CO2efflux from an upland oak forest. Tree Physiology, 13,1-15. |
| [19] | Haxeltine A, Prentice IC (1996). BIOME3:an equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10,693-709. |
| [20] | Heimann M, Esser G, Haxeltine A, Kaduk J, Kicklighter DW, Knorr W, Kohlmaier GH, McGuire AD, Melillo J, Moore B, Otto RD, Prentice IC, Sauf W, Schloss A, Sitch S, Wittenberg U, Wurth G (1998). Evaluation ofterrestrial carbon cycle models through simulations ofthe seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2:first results ofa model intercomparison study. Global Biogeochemi-cal Cycles, 12,1-24. |
| [21] | Heimann M, Reichstein M (2008). Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks. Nature, 451,289-292. |
| [22] | Hely C, Bremond L, Alleaume S, Smith B, Sykes MT, Guiot J (2006). Sensitivity of African biomes tochanges in the precipitation regime. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15,258-270. |
| [23] | Hickler T, Smith B, Sykes MT, Davis MB, Sugita S, Walker K (2004). Using a generalized vegetation model to simulate vegetation dynamics in northeastern USA. Ecology, 85,519-530. |
| [24] | Hungate BA, Dukes JS, Shaw MR, Luo YQ, Field CB (2003). Nitrogen and climate change. Science, 302,1512-1513. |
| [25] | Hurtt GC, Moorcroft PR, Pacala SW, Levin SA (1998). Terrestrial models and global change:challenges for the future. Global Change Biology, 4,581-590. |
| [26] | IPCC (2007). Climate Chang2007:The Physical Science Basis.Working GroupⅠContribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. |
| [27] | Jarvis P, Linder S (2000). Botany-constraints to growth of boreal forests. Nature, 405,904-905. |
| [28] | Jenkinson DS, Adams DE, Wild A (1991). Model estimates of CO2emissions from soil in response to global warming. Nature, 351,304-306. |
| [29] | Ji JJ (季劲钧), Huang M (黄玫), Li KR (李克让) (2008). Prediction of carbon exchanges between China terres-trial ecosystem and atmosphere in21st century. Sci-ence in China (Series D:Earth Sciences) (中国科学D辑:地球科学), 38,211-223. (in Chinese) |
| [30] | Jiang H (江洪) (1997). Study on biomass of the typical de-ciduous broadleaved forests in Dongling Mountain.In:Chen LZ, Huang JH eds. Study on the Characteristics and Function of the Forest Ecosystem in the Warm Tempertate Zone (暖温带森林生态系统结构与功能的研究). Science Press, Beijing, 104-115. |
| [31] | Jiang YL (蒋延玲), Zhou GS (周广胜) (2001). Carbon equilibrium in Larix gemelinii forest and impact of global change on it. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecol-ogy (应用生态学报), 12,481-484. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [32] | Johnson DW, Curtis PS (2001). Effects of forest manage-ment on soil C and N storage:meta analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 140,227-238. |
| [33] | Jones PD, Moberg A (2003). Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations:an extensive revi-sion and an update to2001. Journal of Climate, 16,206-223. |
| [34] | Joos F, Prentice IC, Sitch S, Meyer R, Hooss G, Plattner G-K, Gerber S, Hasselmann K (2001). Global warming feedbacks on terrestrial carbon uptake under the In-tergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15,891-908. |
| [35] | Keeling RF, Piper SC, Heimann M (1996). Global and hemispheric CO2sinks deduced from changes in at-mospheric CO2concentration. Nature, 381,218-221. |
| [36] | Kimball JS, McDonald KC, Running SW, Frolking SE (2004). Satellite radar remote sensing of seasonal growing seasons for boreal and subalpine evergreen forests. Remote Sensing of Environment, 90,243-258. |
| [37] | King AW, Post WM, Wullschleger SD (1997). The potential response of terrestrial carbon storage to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. Climatic Change, 35,199-227. |
| [38] | Koca D, Smith B, Sykes MT (2006). Modelling regional climate change effects on potential natural ecosystems in Sweden. Climatic Change, 78,381-406. |
| [39] | Levy PE, Friend AD, White A, Cannell MGR (2004). The influence of land use change on global-scale fluxes of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems. Climatic Change, 67,185-209. |
| [40] | Lin GH, Ehleringer JR, Rygiewicz PT, Johnson MG, Tingey DT (1999). Elevated CO2and temperature impacts ondifferent components of soil CO2efflux in Douglas-firterracosms. Global Change Biology, 5,157-168. |
| [41] | Lucht W, Prentice IC, Myneni RB, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Cramer W, Bousquet P, Buermann W, Smith B (2002). Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation green-ing trend and Pinatubo effect. Science, 296,1687-1689. |
| [42] | Mao LX (毛留喜), Sun YL (孙艳玲), Yan XD (延晓冬) (2006). Modeling of carbon cycling in terrestrial eco-system:a review. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 17,2189-2195. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [43] | McGuire AD, Melillo JM, Kicklighter DW, Joyce LA (1995). Equilibrium responses of soil carbon to climate change:empirical and process-based estimates. Jour-nal of Biogeography, 2,785-796. |
| [44] | Melillo JM, Mcguire AD, Kicklighter DW, Moore B, Vo-rosmarty CJ, Schloss AL (1993). Global cli-mate-change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature, 363,234-240. |
| [45] | Melillo JM, Steudler PA, Aber JD, Newkirk K, Lux H, Bowles FP, Catricala C, Magill A, Ahrens T, Morris-seau S (2002). Soil warming and carbon-cycle feed-backs to the climate system. Science, 298,2173-2176. |
| [46] | Morales P, Hickler T, Rowell DP, Smith B T, Sykes M (2007). Changes in European ecosystem productivity and carbon balance driven by regional climate model output. Global Change Biology, 13,108-122. |
| [47] | Morales P, Sykes MT, Prentice IC, Smith P, Smith B, Bugmann H, Zierl B, Friedlingstein P, Viovy N, Sabate S, Sanchez A, Pla E, Gracia CA, Sitch S, Arneth A, Ogee J (2005). Comparing and evaluating proc-ess-based ecosystem model predictions of carbon and water fluxes in major European forest biomes. Global Change Biology, 11,2211-2233. |
| [48] | Myneni RB, Keeling CD, Tucker CJ, Asrar G, Nemani RR (1997). Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature, 386,698-702. |
| [49] | Nakicenovic N, Alcamo J, Davis G, de Vries B, Fenhann J, Gaffin S, Gregory K, Gr¨ubler A, Jung TY, Kram T, La Rovere EL, Michaelis L, Mori S, Morita T, Pepper W, Pitcher H, Price L, Raihi K, Roehrl A, Rogner HH, Sankovski A, Schlesinger M, Shukla P, Smith S, Swart R, van Rooijen S, Victor N, Dadi Z (2000). Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. |
| [50] | Neff JC, Townsend AR, Gleixner G, Lehman SJ, Turnbull J, Bowman WD (2002). Variable effects of nitrogen ad-ditions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon. Nature, 419,915-917. |
| [51] | Neilson RP (1995). A model for predicting continen-tal-scale vegetation distribution and water-balance. Ecological Applications, 5,362-385. |
| [52] | Nemani RR, Keeling CD, Hashimoto H, Jolly WM, Piper SC, Tucker CJ, Myneni RB, Running SW (2003). Cli-mate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science, 300,1560-1563. |
| [53] | Ni J (2003). Net primary productivity in forests of China:scaling-up of national inventory data and comparison with model predictions. Forest Ecology and Manage-ment, 176,485-495. |
| [54] | Ni J, Sykes MT, Prentice IC, Cramer W (2000). Modelling the vegetation of China using the process-based equi-librium terrestrial biosphere model BIOME3. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9,463-479. |
| [55] | Norby RJ, Ogle K, Curtis PS, Badeck FW, Huth A, Hurtt GC, Kohyama T, Penuelas J (2001). Aboveground growth and competition in forest gap models:an analysis for studies of climatic change. Climatic Change, 51,415-447. |
| [56] | Parton WJ, Scurlock JMO, Ojima DS, Gilmanov TG, Scho-les RJ, Schimel DS, Kirchner T, Menaut JC, Seastedt T, Moya EG, Kamnalrut A, Kinyamario JI (1993). Observations and modeling of biomass and soil or-ganic-matter dynamics for the grassland biome world-wide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7,785-809. |
| [57] | Pollard D, Thompson SL (1995). Use of a Land-Surface-Transfer Scheme (Lsx) in a global climate model-the response to doubling stomatal-resistance. Global and Planetary Change, 10,129-161. |
| [58] | Prentice IC, Cramer W, Harrison SP, Leemans R, Monserud RA, Solomon AM (1992). A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. Journal of Biogeography, 19,117-134. |
| [59] | Qin DH (秦大河), Chen YY (陈宜瑜) (2005). Climate andEnvironment Changes in China (中国气候与环境演变). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
| [60] | Raich JW, Potter CS (1995). Global patterns of car-bon-dioxide emissions from soils. Global Biogeo-chemical Cycles, 9,23-36. |
| [61] | Raich JW, Rastetter EB, Melillo JM, Kicklighter DW, Steudler PA, Peterson BJ, Grace AL, Moore B, Vo-rosmarty CJ (1991). Potential net primary productivity in South-America―Application of a global-model. Ecological Applications, 1,399-429. |
| [62] | Raich JW, Schlesinger WH (1992). The global car-bon-dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 44,81-99. |
| [63] | Rustad LE, Campbell JL, Marion GM, Norby RJ, Mitchell MJ, Hartley AE, Cornelissen JHC, Gurevitch J, Gcte-News, (2001). A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming. Oecologia, 126,543-562. |
| [64] | Sang WG (2004). Modelling changes of a deciduousbroad-leaved forest in warm temperate zone of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 24,1194-1198. |
| [65] | Sang WG (桑卫国), Ma KP (马克平), Chen LZ (陈灵芝) (2002). Primary study on carbon cycling in warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version) (植物生态学报), 26,543-548. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [66] | Schaphoff S, Lucht W, Gerten D, Sitch S, Cramer W, Pren-tice IC (2006). Terrestrial biosphere carbon storage under alternative climate projections. Climatic Change, 74,97-122. |
| [67] | Schlesinger WH, Andrews JA (2000). Soil respiration andthe global carbon cycle. Biogeochemistry, 48,7-20. |
| [68] | Sellers PJ, Los SO, Tucker CJ, Justice CO, Dazlich DA, Collatz GJ, Randall DA (1996). A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs.Part II:the generation of global fields of terrestrial bio-physical parameters from satellite data. Journal of Climate, 9,706-737. |
| [69] | Serreze MC, Walsh JE, Chapin FS, Osterkamp T, Dyur-gerov M, Romanovsky V, Oechel WC, Morison J, Zhang T, Barry RG (2000). Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environ-ment. Climatic Change, 46,159-207. |
| [70] | Sitch S, McGuire AD, Kimball J, Gedney N, Gamon J, Engstrom R, Wolf A, Zhuang Q, Clein J, McDonald KC (2007). Assessing the carbon balance of circum-polar Arctic tundra using remote sensing and process modeling. Ecological Applications, 17,213-234. |
| [71] | Sitch S, Smith B, Prentice IC, Arneth A, Bondeau A, Cramer W, Kaplan JO, Levis S, Lucht W, Sykes MT, Thonicke K, Venevsky S (2003). Evaluation of eco-system dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial car-bon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Global Change Biology, 9,161-185. |
| [72] | Smith TM, Leemans R, Shugart HH (1992). Sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to CO2-induced climate change-comparison of4scenarios based on gen-eral-circulation models. Climatic Change, 21,367-384. |
| [73] | Smith B, Prentice IC, Sykes MT (2001). Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems:comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10,621-637. |
| [74] | Su HX, Sang WG (2004). Simulations and analysis of net primary productivity in Quercus liaotungensis forest of Donglingshan Mountain range in response to different climate change scenarios. Acta Botanica Sinica, 46,1281-1291. |
| [75] | Sun LY (孙立元), Ren XW (任宪威) (1997). Sylva of He-bei (河北树木志). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [76] | Surface climate data of China multiplied monthly (中国地面气候资料月值数据集) (2005). China Meteorologi-cal Administration, Beijing. http://cdc.cma.gov.cn.Cited6Jan2008. |
| [77] | Tanja S, Berninger F, Vesala T, Markkanen T, Hari P, Makela A, Ilvesniemi H, Hanninen H, Nikinmaa E, Huttula T, Laurila T, Aurela M, Grelle A, Lindroth A, Arneth A, Shibistova O, Lloyd J (2003). Air tempera-ture triggers the recovery of evergreen boreal forest photosynthesis in spring. Global Change Biology, 9,1410-1426. |
| [78] | The Editorial Committee of Vegetation of China 《中国植被》编辑委员会 (1980). Vegetation of China (中国植被). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
| [79] | The Editorial Committee of Hebei Forest 《河北森林》编辑委员会 (1988). Hebei Forest (河北森林). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
| [80] | The Editorial Board of Forest in China 《中国森林》编辑委员会 (2000). Forest in China (Volume Three:Broadleaved Forest) (中国森林.第3卷.阔叶林). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
| [81] | Thornton PE, Law BE, Gholz HL, Clark KL, Falge E, Ellsworth DS, Golstein AH, Monson RK, Hollinger D, Falk M, Chen J, Sparks JP (2002). Modeling and measuring the effects of disturbance history and cli-mate on carbon and water budgets in evergreen nee-dleleaf forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 113,185-222. |
| [82] | Tian HQ, Melillo JM, Kicklighter DW, McGuire AD, Hel-frich J (1999). The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmos-pheric CO2in the United States. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 51,414-452. |
| [83] | Tian HQ (田汉勤), Wan SQ (万师强), Ma KP (马克平) (2007). Global change ecology:global chang and ter-restrial ecosystem. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version) (植物生态学报), 31,173-174. (in Chinese) |
| [84] | Wang YM (汪业勖), Zhao SD (赵士洞) (1998). Modelingof terrestrial carbon cycling. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 9,658-664. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [85] | Wolf A, Callaghan TV, Larson K (2008). Future changes in vegetation and ecosystem function of the Barents Re-gion. Climatic Change, 87,51-73. |
| [86] | Xiao XM, Melillo JM, Kicklighter DW, Pan YD, McGuire AD, Helfrich J (1998). Net primary production of ter-restrial ecosystems in China and its equilibrium re-sponses to changes in climate and atomspheric CO2concentration. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Ver-sion) (植物生态学报), 22,97-118. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [87] | Xu HC (徐化成) (1993). Chinese Pine (油松). China For-estry Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
| [88] | Zaehle S, Sitch S, Smith B, Hatterman F (2005). Effects of parameter uncertainties on the modeling of terrestrial biosphere dynamics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19,GB3020. |
| [89] | Zhao JF (赵俊芳), Yan XD (延晓冬), Jia GS (贾根锁) (2008). Simulating the responses of forest net primary productivity and carbon budget to climate change in Northeast China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 28,92-102. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [90] | Zhao MS (赵茂盛), Neilson RP, Yan XD (延晓冬), Dong WJ (董文杰) (2002). Modelling the vegetation of China under changing climate. Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报), 57,28-38. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [91] | Zhou YL (周以良), Tung SL (董世林), Nie SQ (聂绍荃) (1986). Ligneous Flora of Heilongjiang (黑龙江树木志). Heilongjiang Science Press, Harbin. (in Chinese) |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |