植物生态学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (2): 174-184.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0245 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2018.0245
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
李阳1,2,徐小惠1,2,孙伟3,申颜1,4,任婷婷1,2,黄建辉1,2,王常慧1,*(
)
收稿日期:2018-10-05
接受日期:2019-01-31
出版日期:2019-02-20
发布日期:2019-06-04
基金资助:
LI Yang1,2,XU Xiao-Hui1,2,SUN Wei3,SHEN Yan1,4,REN Ting-Ting1,2,HUANG Jian-Hui1,2,WANG Chang-Hui1,*(
)
Received:2018-10-05
Accepted:2019-01-31
Online:2019-02-20
Published:2019-06-04
Supported by:摘要:
由全球变化和工农业生产引发的大气氮沉降增加已经对生态系统结构和功能产生了不可忽视的影响, 但是氮沉降的组成成分存在多种形态, 不同形态的氮对生态系统的结构与功能的影响是否有差异目前还不清楚。因此, 该研究选择内蒙古草甸草原开展不同形态和不同水平的外源氮添加试验, 每年添加5种不同形态的氮肥, 包括: 尿素、碳酸氢铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵、缓释尿素, 添加量分别为: 0 (N0)、2 (N2)、5 (N5)、10 (N10)、20 (N20)及50 (N50) g·m -2·a -1, 均为纯氮添加量。通过野外原位取土、室内控制温度和水分(25 ℃和60%田间持水量)的培养试验测定土壤净氮矿化(mg·kg -1·h -1)潜力、土壤微生物呼吸(μg·g -1·h -1)潜力、土壤微生物生物量碳(氮)(mg·kg -1)的潜力以及土壤碳(g·kg -1)、氮(g·kg -1)、磷(g·kg -1)含量等指标, 研究添加不同形态和不同水平的氮对土壤净氮矿化潜力的影响。试验结果表明: (1)短期内不同形态、不同水平的氮添加改变了土壤中无机氮的含量、铵态氮和硝态氮的累积量, 并且表现出铵态氮肥的促进作用比硝态氮肥更加显著, 铵态氮的累积显著提高了土壤净氮矿化潜力, 短期铵态氮和硝态氮的累积可增加微生物和植物对有效氮的快速固持; (2)不同形态、不同水平氮添加导致土壤微生物活性发生改变, 包括土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量、微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量及其碳氮比(MBC:MBN), 并且在低水平氮添加下显著增强土壤微生物的呼吸速率, 高水平氮添加显著降低微生物呼吸速率和呼吸熵; (3)不同形态、不同水平氮添加短期内对土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤全磷含量、土壤全氮含量无显著影响, 但是高水平氮添加不仅提高了速效磷的含量, 而且导致土壤迅速酸化。室内培养净氮矿化潜力的结果进一步验证了内蒙古草甸草原受氮限制, 添加中低水平的氮可以通过提高土壤微生物的活性而增加该地区草原土壤的净氮矿化潜力, 从而提高草地生产力。
李阳, 徐小惠, 孙伟, 申颜, 任婷婷, 黄建辉, 王常慧. 不同形态和水平的氮添加对内蒙古草甸草原土壤净氮矿化潜力的影响. 植物生态学报, 2019, 43(2): 174-184. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0245
LI Yang, XU Xiao-Hui, SUN Wei, SHEN Yan, REN Ting-Ting, HUANG Jian-Hui, WANG Chang-Hui. Effects of different forms and levels of N additions on soil potential net N mineralization rate in meadow steppe, Nei Mongol, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2019, 43(2): 174-184. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0245
图1 氮添加形态和添加量对内蒙古草甸草原土壤理化性质的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较, 不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 1 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil physicochemical properties in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol (mean ± SD, n = 3). Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
| pH | 速效磷含量 Available P content | 全磷含量 Total P content | 全氮含量 Total N content | 有机碳含量 Organic carbon content | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | |
| 氮形态 N form (F) | 4 | 14.87 | <0.001 | 4 | 1.93 | 0.12 | 4 | 1.43 | 0.24 | 4 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 4 | 0.72 | 0.59 |
| 氮水平 N level (L) | 5 | 32.21 | <0.001 | 5 | 14.82 | <0.001 | 5 | 1.40 | 0.24 | 5 | 3.59 | 0.007 | 5 | 4.23 | 0.002 |
| F × L | 20 | 2.84 | 0.001 | 20 | 5.13 | <0.001 | 20 | 0.94 | 0.54 | 20 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 20 | 3.35 | <0.001 |
表1 不同形态、不同水平氮添加双因素对内蒙古草甸草原土壤理化性质的主效应及其交互效应的方差分析(p值)
Table 1 Results (p-values) of two-way ANOVA on the effects of addition nitrogen forms, nitrogen levels and their interactions on soil physicochemical properties in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol
| pH | 速效磷含量 Available P content | 全磷含量 Total P content | 全氮含量 Total N content | 有机碳含量 Organic carbon content | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | |
| 氮形态 N form (F) | 4 | 14.87 | <0.001 | 4 | 1.93 | 0.12 | 4 | 1.43 | 0.24 | 4 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 4 | 0.72 | 0.59 |
| 氮水平 N level (L) | 5 | 32.21 | <0.001 | 5 | 14.82 | <0.001 | 5 | 1.40 | 0.24 | 5 | 3.59 | 0.007 | 5 | 4.23 | 0.002 |
| F × L | 20 | 2.84 | 0.001 | 20 | 5.13 | <0.001 | 20 | 0.94 | 0.54 | 20 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 20 | 3.35 | <0.001 |
图2 氮添加形态和添加量对内蒙古草甸草原土壤微生物碳(MBC)含量(A)、微生物氮(MBN)含量(B)和微生物碳氮比(MBC:MBN)(C)的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。AU, 尿素(CO(NH2)2); AS, 硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4); AN, 硝酸铵(NH4NO3); AC, 碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3); AR, 缓释尿素。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较, 不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 2 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil microbial carbon (MBC) content (A), microbial nitrogen (MBN) content (B) and their ratio (MBC:MBN)(C)(means ± SD, n = 3). AU, CO(NH2)2; AS, (NH4)2SO4; AN, NH4NO3; AC, NH4HCO3; AR, slow-release urea. Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
| MBC | MBN | MBC:MBN | MR | qCO2 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | |
| 氮形态 N form (F) | 4 | 34.24 | <0.001 | 4 | 0.85 | 0.50 | 4 | 16.09 | <0.001 | 4 | 1.33 | 0.27 | 4 | 4.27 | 0.004 |
| 氮水平 N level (L) | 5 | 52.82 | <0.001 | 5 | 14.50 | <0.001 | 5 | 34.98 | <0.001 | 5 | 8.68 | <0.001 | 5 | 7.43 | <0.001 |
| F × L | 20 | 20.17 | <0.001 | 20 | 3.95 | <0.001 | 20 | 8.24 | <0.001 | 20 | 1.54 | 0.10 | 20 | 3.15 | <0.001 |
表2 不同形态、不同水平氮添加双因素对内蒙古草甸草原土壤微生物活性的主效应及其交互效应的方差分析(p值)
Table 2 Results (p-values) of two-way ANOVA on the effects of addition nitrogen forms, nitrogen levels and their interactions on soil microbial activity in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol
| MBC | MBN | MBC:MBN | MR | qCO2 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | |
| 氮形态 N form (F) | 4 | 34.24 | <0.001 | 4 | 0.85 | 0.50 | 4 | 16.09 | <0.001 | 4 | 1.33 | 0.27 | 4 | 4.27 | 0.004 |
| 氮水平 N level (L) | 5 | 52.82 | <0.001 | 5 | 14.50 | <0.001 | 5 | 34.98 | <0.001 | 5 | 8.68 | <0.001 | 5 | 7.43 | <0.001 |
| F × L | 20 | 20.17 | <0.001 | 20 | 3.95 | <0.001 | 20 | 8.24 | <0.001 | 20 | 1.54 | 0.10 | 20 | 3.15 | <0.001 |
图3 氮添加形态和数量对培养24 h期间内蒙古草甸草原土壤微生物呼吸的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。AU, 尿素(CO(NH2)2); AS, 硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4); AN, 硝酸铵(NH4NO3); AC, 碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3); AR, 缓释尿素。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较。不同小写字母表示处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 3 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil microbial respiration in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol during 24 hours incubation (means ± SD, n = 3). AU, CO(NH2)2; AS, (NH4)2SO4; AN, NH4NO3; AC, NH4HCO3; AR, slow-release urea. Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
| 氮添加水平 N addition level (g·m-2) | AU | AS | AN | AC | AR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1.58 ± 0.40b | 2.70 ± 0.33ab | 7.43 ± 4.31a | 1.72 ± 0.37b | 3.80 ± 3.48ab |
| 2 | 1.21 ± 2.11b | 1.79 ± 0.08c | 3.72 ± 1.06ab | 1.28 ± 0.43c | 4.87 ± 0.87a |
| 5 | 1.69 ± 0.30a | 2.93 ± 2.60a | 2.14 ± 1.01a | 2.65 ± 2.26a | 3.29 ± 1.24a |
| 10 | 1.26 ± 0.74ab | 0.58 ± 0.15b | 0.62 ± 0.47b | 1.71 ± 0.42ab | 3.53 ± 2.87a |
| 20 | 2.98 ± 0.51a | 0.26 ± 0.04c | 0.09 ± 0.03c | 0.94 ± 0.87b | 0.18 ± 0.15c |
| 50 | 0.16 ± 0.14b | 0.06 ± 0.04b | 0.13 ± 0.01b | 1.31 ± 0.57ab | 4.28 ± 3.91a |
表4 氮添加形态和数量对内蒙古草甸草原土壤微生物呼吸熵的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)
Table 4 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil microbial metabolic quotient in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol (mean ± SD, n = 3)
| 氮添加水平 N addition level (g·m-2) | AU | AS | AN | AC | AR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1.58 ± 0.40b | 2.70 ± 0.33ab | 7.43 ± 4.31a | 1.72 ± 0.37b | 3.80 ± 3.48ab |
| 2 | 1.21 ± 2.11b | 1.79 ± 0.08c | 3.72 ± 1.06ab | 1.28 ± 0.43c | 4.87 ± 0.87a |
| 5 | 1.69 ± 0.30a | 2.93 ± 2.60a | 2.14 ± 1.01a | 2.65 ± 2.26a | 3.29 ± 1.24a |
| 10 | 1.26 ± 0.74ab | 0.58 ± 0.15b | 0.62 ± 0.47b | 1.71 ± 0.42ab | 3.53 ± 2.87a |
| 20 | 2.98 ± 0.51a | 0.26 ± 0.04c | 0.09 ± 0.03c | 0.94 ± 0.87b | 0.18 ± 0.15c |
| 50 | 0.16 ± 0.14b | 0.06 ± 0.04b | 0.13 ± 0.01b | 1.31 ± 0.57ab | 4.28 ± 3.91a |
图4 氮添加形态和数量对内蒙古草甸草原土壤硝态氮(A)、铵态氮(B)和总无机氮库(C)的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。AU, 尿素(CO(NH2)2); AS, 硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4); AN, 硝酸铵(NH4NO3); AC, 碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3); AR, 缓释尿素。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较。不同小写字母表示处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 4 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil nitrate (A), ammonium (B) and total inorganic N (C) pools in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol (mean ± SD, n = 3). AU, CO(NH2)2; AS, (NH4)2SO4; AN, NH4NO3; AC, NH4HCO3; AR, slow-release urea. Aamm, accumulation of ammonium nitrogen; Anit, accumulation of nitrate nitrogen; Amin, accumulation of nitrogen mineralization. Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
| Aamm | Anit | Amin | Rmin | Rnit | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | |
| 氮形态 N form (F) | 4 | 4.49 | 0.003 | 4 | 4.08 | 0.005 | 4 | 4.00 | 0.006 | 4 | 4.00 | 0.006 | 4 | 4.08 | 0.005 |
| 氮水平 N level (L) | 5 | 77.23 | <0.001 | 5 | 16.13 | <0.001 | 5 | 64.80 | <0.001 | 5 | 64.80 | <0.001 | 5 | 16.13 | <0.001 |
| F × L | 20 | 7.10 | <0.001 | 20 | 2.46 | 0.004 | 20 | 6.89 | <0.001 | 20 | 6.89 | <0.001 | 20 | 2.46 | 0.004 |
表3 不同形态、不同水平氮添加双因素对内蒙古草甸草原土壤氮矿化的主效应及其交互效应的方差分析(p值)
Table 3 Results (p-values) of two-way ANOVA on the effects of addition nitrogen forms, nitrogen levels and their interactions on soil nitrogen mineralization in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol
| Aamm | Anit | Amin | Rmin | Rnit | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | d.f. | F | p | |
| 氮形态 N form (F) | 4 | 4.49 | 0.003 | 4 | 4.08 | 0.005 | 4 | 4.00 | 0.006 | 4 | 4.00 | 0.006 | 4 | 4.08 | 0.005 |
| 氮水平 N level (L) | 5 | 77.23 | <0.001 | 5 | 16.13 | <0.001 | 5 | 64.80 | <0.001 | 5 | 64.80 | <0.001 | 5 | 16.13 | <0.001 |
| F × L | 20 | 7.10 | <0.001 | 20 | 2.46 | 0.004 | 20 | 6.89 | <0.001 | 20 | 6.89 | <0.001 | 20 | 2.46 | 0.004 |
图5 氮添加形态和两对内蒙古草甸草原土壤净氮矿化(A)和净硝化速率(B)潜力的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。AU, 尿素(CO(NH2)2); AS, 硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4); AN, 硝酸铵(NH4NO3); AC, 碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3); AR, 缓释尿素。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较。不同小写字母表示处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 5 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition on soil potential net N mineralization (Rmin)(A) and nitrification (Rnit)(B) rates in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol (mean ± SD, n = 3). AU, CO(NH2)2; AS, (NH4)2SO4; AN, NH4NO3; AC, NH4HCO3; AR, slow-release urea. Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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