放牧强度和地形对内蒙古典型草原物种多度分布的影响
收稿日期: 2013-05-20
录用日期: 2013-10-19
网络出版日期: 2014-02-12
基金资助
“十二五”农村领域国家科技计划项目(2012BAD16B03);国家科技支撑计划项目(2011-BAC07B01);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA05050400)
Effects of grazing intensity and topography on species abundance distribution in a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia
Received date: 2013-05-20
Accepted date: 2013-10-19
Online published: 2014-02-12
为了更好地理解放牧对草原生态系统物种多度分布格局的影响, 以及常见种和稀有种对维持群落多样性的作用, 以内蒙古典型草原为研究对象, 基于长期放牧控制实验平台(包括7个载畜率水平(0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0 sheep·hm-2)和两种地形系统(平地和坡地)), 研究了群落内全部物种、常见种和稀有种的丰富度和多度对放牧强度的响应规律, 并选取对数正态模型、对数级数模型和幂分割模型, 对物种多度数据进行拟合。结果表明: 1)平地系统中, 物种丰富度和多度在低放牧强度下(1.5、3.0 sheep·hm-2)增加, 而在中、高度放牧强度下(4.5-9.0 sheep·hm-2)降低, 全部物种的多度分布在大多数放牧强度下符合幂分割模型, 在高放牧强度下也符合对数正态模型; 坡地系统中, 物种丰富度和多度随着放牧强度增加而显著降低, 全部物种的多度分布在各个放牧强度下, 均符合幂分割模型和对数正态模型。2)随着放牧强度增加, 常见种的多度响应趋势与全部物种的响应趋势一致, 其多度分布均符合幂分割模型和对数正态模型; 稀有种的丰富度响应趋势与全部物种的响应趋势一致, 其多度分布符合幂分割模型, 同时也部分符合对数正态和对数级数模型。总之, 适宜的载畜率有利于生物多样性和初级生产力的提高, 平地系统中物种多度的响应在一定程度上支持放牧优化假说; 而坡地系统中不同物种多度的响应差异说明: 确定最佳载畜率时, 还需要考虑地形因素的影响。此外, 模型的拟合结果表明: 生态位分化机制对内蒙古典型草原物种多度分布起着主要作用, 常见种和稀有种通过不同的响应方式共同维持着草原生态系统的物种多样性。
李文怀, 郑淑霞, 白永飞 . 放牧强度和地形对内蒙古典型草原物种多度分布的影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2014 , 38(2) : 178 -187 . DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00016
Aims Our objective is to determine: 1) how species richness and abundance vary with grazing intensity and topography (i.e., flat vs. slope) in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia grassland, and 2) how common and rare species respond to grazing intensity and what role they play in species diversity maintenance.
Methods The study was carried out at the Sino-German grazing experiment site, which was established in June 2004, and located in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia grassland dominated by Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis. The experimental treatments included seven levels of stocking rates (i.e., 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0 sheep·hm-2) and two topographical systems (i.e., flat and slope). Three hundred quadrats (1 m × 1 m each) were investigated on each plot in August 2009, and the total number of species and the number of individuals for each species were measured within each quadrat. The log-normal model, log-series model, and power fraction model were used to fit the observational data.
Important findings Our results showed that the species richness and abundance increased at low stocking rates (1.5, 3.0 sheep·hm-2), but decreased at high stocking rates (7.5, 9.0 sheep·hm-2) on the flat, which partially supported the grazing optimization hypothesis. The power fraction model well fitted for entire species abundance at most of stocking rates, while the log-normal model only fitted well for entire species abundance just at the high stocking rates. The species richness and abundance decreased greatly with stocking rates on slopes. Abundance distribution of entire species at each of the stocking rates followed the log-normal function and power fraction function. The groups of common species and the entire species had similar responses in abundance to grazing at each of the stocking rates on both the flat and the slope, which were well fitted by both the power fraction model and log-normal model; whereas the groups of rare species and the entire species had similar richness responses to grazing at each of the stocking rates under both topographical features, which were well fitted by the power fraction model. It is suggested that the effect of grazing on species abundance in plant community depends on common species; whilst grazing effect on species richness depends on rare species. Our findings indicate that the niche partitioning mechanism plays an important role in species abundance maintenance in grassland ecosystems. To restore and maintain a high level of biodiversity and primary productivity in the Inner Mongolia grassland, it is necessary to reduce the excessively high stocking rate at present to a moderate level in future.
| [1] | Anderson TM, Dong Y, McNaughton SJ (2006). Nutrient acquisition and physiological responses of dominant Serengeti grasses to variation in soil texture and grazing. Journal of Ecology, 94, 1164-1175. |
| [2] | Bai YF, Han XG, Wu JG, Chen ZZ, Li LH (2004). Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Nature, 431, 181-184. |
| [3] | Bai YF, Wu JG, Pan QM, Huang JH, Wang QB, Li FS, Buyantuyev A, Han XG (2007). Positive linear relation-ship between productivity and diversity: evidence from the Eurasian Steppe. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 1023-1034. |
| [4] | Chen SP, Bai YF, Lin GH, Liang Y, Han XG (2005). Effects of grazing on photosynthetic characteristics of major steppe species in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Photosynthetica, 43, 559-565. |
| [5] | Chen ZZ, Wang SP (2000). Typical Steppe Ecosystems of China. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
| [5] | [ 陈佐忠, 汪诗平 (2000). 中国典型草原生态系统. 科学出版社, 北京.] |
| [6] | Cheng JJ, Mi XC, Ma KP, Zhang JT (2011). Responses of species-abundance distribution to varying sampling scales in a subtropical broad-leaved forest. Biodiversity Science, 19, 168-177. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [6] | [ 程佳佳, 米湘成, 马克平, 张金屯 (2011). 亚热带常绿阔叶林群落物种多度分布格局对取样尺度的响应. 生物多样性, 19, 168-177.] |
| [7] | Clark CM, Tilman D (2008). Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands. Nature, 451, 712-715. |
| [8] | Cody M, Fiamond J (1975). Ecology and Evolution of Comm-unities. Belknap/Harvard University Press, Cambridge, USA. |
| [9] | Connell JH (1978). Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science, 199, 1302-1310. |
| [10] | Fesl C (2002). Niche-oriented species-abundance models: different approaches of their application to larval chironomid (Diptera) assemblages in a large river. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71, 1085-1094. |
| [11] | Fisher RA, Corbet AS, Williams CB (1943). The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology, 12, 42-58. |
| [12] | Gao LX, Bi RC, Yan M (2011). Species abundance distribution patterns of Pinus tabulaeformis forest in Huoshan Moun- tain of Shanxi Province, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 35, 1256-1270. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [12] | [ 高利霞, 毕润成, 闫明 (2011). 山西霍山油松林的物种多度分布格局. 植物生态学报, 35, 1256-1270.] |
| [13] | Harpole WS, Tilman D (2006). Non-neutral patterns of species abundance in grassland communities. Ecology Letters, 9, 15-23. |
| [14] | He FL, Legendre P (2002). Species diversity patterns derived from species-area models. Ecology, 83, 1185-1198. |
| [15] | Johansson F, Englund G, Brodin T, Gardfjell H (2006). Species abundance models and patterns in dragonfly communities: effects of fish predators. Oikos, 114, 27-36. |
| [16] | Lan ZC, Bai YF (2012). Testing mechanisms of N-enrichment-induced species loss in a semiarid Inner Mongolia grassland: critical thresholds and implications for long-term ecosystem responses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367, 3125-3134. |
| [17] | Lemaire G, Hodgson J, de Moraes A, Nabringer C, de F Carvalho PC (2000). Grassland Ecophysiology and Grazing Ecology. CABI Publishing, New York. |
| [18] | Liu MX, Liu JJ, Du XG, Zheng XG (2010). Fitting different models to species abundance distribution patterns in three plant communities in sub-alpine meadow. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30, 6935-6942. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [18] | [ 刘梦雪, 刘佳佳, 杜晓光, 郑小刚 (2010). 亚高寒草甸不同生境植物群落物种多度分布格局的拟合. 生态学报, 30, 6935-6942.] |
| [19] | Ma KM (2003). Advances of the study on species abundance pattern. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 27, 412-426. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [19] | [ 马克明 (2003). 物种多度格局研究进展. 植物生态学报, 27, 412-426.] |
| [20] | Ma KP, Liu CR, Yu SL, Wang W (1997). Plant community diversity in Dongling Mountain, Beijing, China III. Species-abundance relations of several types of forest communities. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 17, 573-583. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [20] | [ 马克平, 刘灿然, 于顺利, 王巍 (2003). 北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究 Ⅲ. 几种类型森林群落的种-多度关系研究. 生态学报, 17, 573-583.] |
| [21] | MacArthur R (1960). On the relative abundance of species. American Naturalist, 94, 25-36. |
| [22] | MacArthur RH (1957). On the relative abundance of bird species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 43, 293-295. |
| [23] | Magurran AE (2004). Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. |
| [24] | Magurran AE, Henderson PA (2003). Explaining the excess of rare species in natural species abundance distributions. Nature, 422, 714-716. |
| [25] | Maire V, Gross N, Borger L, Proulx R, Wirth C, Pontes LD, Soussana JF, Louault F (2012). Habitat filtering and niche differentiation jointly explain species relative abundance within grassland communities along fertility and disturbance gradients. New Phytologist, 196, 497-509. |
| [26] | McGill BJ, Etienne RS, Gray JS, Alonso D, Anderson MJ, Benecha HK, Dornelas M, Enquist BJ, Green JL, He FL, Hurlbert AH, Magurran AE, Marquet PA, Maurer BA, Ostling A, Soykan CU, Ugland KI, White EP (2007). Species abundance distributions: moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework. Ecology Letters, 10, 995-1015. |
| [27] | Mcnaughton SJ (1979). Grazing as an optimization process: grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. The Ameri-can Naturalist, 113, 691-703. |
| [28] | Mouillot D, George-Nascimento M, Poulin R (2003). How parasites divide resources: a test of the niche apportion- ment hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72, 757-764. |
| [29] | Mouillot D, Leprêtre A, Andrei-Ruiz MC, Viale D (2000). The Fractal Model: a new model to describe the species accumulation process and relative abundance distribution (RAD). Oikos, 90, 333-342. |
| [30] | Peng SL, Yin ZY, Ren H, Guo QF (2003). Advances in research on the species-abundance relationship models in multi-species collection. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 1590-1605. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [30] | [ 彭少麟, 殷祚云, 任海, 郭勤峰 (2003). 多物种集合的种-多度关系模型研究进展. 生态学报, 23, 1590-1605.] |
| [31] | Pielou EC (1975). Ecological Diversity. Wiley-Interscience, New York. |
| [32] | Preston FW (1948). The commonness, and rarity, of species. Ecology, 29, 254-283. |
| [33] | Rajaniemi TK, Turkington R, Goldberg D (2009). Community- level consequences of species interactions in an annual plant community. Journal of Vegetation Science, 20, 836-846. |
| [34] | Sch?nbach P, Wan HW, Gierus M, Bai YF, Muller K, Lin LJ, Susenbeth A, Taube F (2011). Grassland responses to grazing: effects of grazing intensity and management system in an Inner Mongolian steppe ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 340, 103-115. |
| [35] | Shan YM, Chen DM, Guan XX, Zheng SX, Chen HJ, Wang MJ, Bai YF (2011). Seasonally dependent impacts of grazing on soil nitrogen mineralization and linkages to ecosystem functioning in Inner Mongolia grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43, 1943-1954. |
| [36] | Song AY, Meng L, Bi XL (2011). A study on the pattern of wetland species abandance distribution in Xilin River. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 33, 559-563. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [36] | [ 宋爱云, 孟灵, 毕晓丽 (2011). 内蒙古锡林河湿地物种多度分布格局. 江西农业大学学报, 33, 559-563.] |
| [37] | Spatharis S, Mouillot D, Chi TD, Danielidis DB, Tsirtsis G (2009). A niche-based modeling approach to phytoplankton community assembly rules. Oecologia, 159, 171-180. |
| [38] | Steffens M, Kolbl A, Totsche KU, Kogel-Knabner I (2008). Grazing effects on soil chemical and physical properties in a semiarid steppe of Inner Mongolia (PR China). Geoderma, 143, 63-72. |
| [39] | Sugihara G (1980). Minimal community structure―an explanation of species abundance patterns. The American Naturalist, 116, 770-787. |
| [40] | Tokeshi M (1990). Niche apportionment or random assortment: species abundance patterns revisited. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59, 1129-1146. |
| [41] | Tokeshi M (1993). Species abundance patterns and community structure. Advances in Ecological Research, 24, 111-186. |
| [42] | Tokeshi M (1996). Power fraction: a new explanation of relative abundance patterns in species-rich assemblages. Oikos, 75, 543-550. |
| [43] | Tokeshi M (1999). Species Coexistence: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Blackwell Science, Oxford. |
| [44] | Ulrich W (2002). RAD―a FORTRAN program for the study of relative abundance distributions. http://www.keib.umk.pl/rad. Cited 20 May 2013. |
| [45] | Ulrich W, Ollik M (2004). Frequent and occasional species and the shape of relative-abundance distributions. Diversity & Distributions, 10, 263-269. |
| [46] | Ulrich W, Ollik M, Ugland KI (2010). A meta-analysis of species-abundance distributions. Oikos, 119, 1149-1155. |
| [47] | Ulrich W, Zalewski M (2006). Abundance and co-occurrence patterns of core and satellite species of ground beetles on small lake islands. Oikos, 114, 338-348. |
| [48] | Whittaker RH (1975). Communities and Ecosystems. 2nd edn. Macmillan, New York. |
| [49] | Xue R, Zheng SX, Bai YF (2010). Impacts of grazing intensity and management regimes on aboveground primary productivity and compensatory growth of grassland ecosystems in Inner Mongolia. Biodiversity Science, 18, 300-311. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [49] | [ 薛睿, 郑淑霞, 白永飞 (2010). 不同利用方式和载畜率对内蒙古典型草原群落初级生产力和植物补偿性生长的影响. 生物多样性, 18, 300-311.] |
| [50] | Yan Y, Zhang CY, Zhao XH (2012). Species-abundance distribution patterns at different successional stages of conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest communities in Changbai Mountains, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 36, 923-934. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [50] | [ 闫琰, 张春雨, 赵秀海 (2012). 长白山不同演替阶段针阔混交林群落物种多度分布格局. 植物生态学报, 36, 923-934.] |
| [51] | Zhang JT (1997). Review on species abundance patterns in communities. Rural Eco-Environment, 13(4), 49-55. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [51] | [ 张金屯 (1997). 群落中物种多度格局的研究综述. 农村生态环境, 13(4), 49-55.] |
| [52] | Zhang M, Pan YX, Yang HX (2013). Species abundance patterns of supratidal sandy grassland along China’s Shandong Peninsula and their responses to human disturbances. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 37, 542-550. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [52] | [ 张敏, 潘艳霞, 杨洪晓 (2013). 山东半岛潮上带沙草地的物种多度格局及其对人为干扰的响应. 植物生态学报, 37, 542-550.] |
| [53] | Zheng SX, Lan ZC, Li WH, Shao RX, Shan YM, Wan HW, Taube F, Bai YF (2011). Differential responses of plant functional trait to grazing between two contrasting dominant C3 and C4 species in a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Plant and Soil, 340, 141-155. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
