为了探究土壤类型与花生(Arachis hypogaea)根系生长及产量之间的关系, 采用箱栽的方法, 研究了不同质地土壤(砂土、壤土、黏土)对花生根系生长、分布和产量的影响。砂土和壤土中花生根系干物质重各时期均显著高于黏土中, 但生育后期黏土中花生根系干物质重比壤土和砂土下降相对较慢。从不同类型土壤质地根系分布及根系活力来看, 黏土根系主要分布在上层土壤, 但上层土壤根系活力后期下降慢; 砂土有利于花生根系向深层土壤生长, 但上层土壤根系活力后期下降快; 而壤土对花生根系生长和活力时空分布的影响介于黏土和砂土之间。砂土有利于花生荚果的膨大, 且花生荚果干物质积累早而快, 但后期荚果干物质重积累少; 壤土的花生荚果干物质积累中后期多, 黏土则在整个生育期均不利于花生荚果干物质积累。最终荚果产量、籽仁产量和有效果数均表现为壤土最大、砂土次之、黏土最小。研究表明通气性和保肥保水能力居中的壤土更适合花生的根系生长发育及产量的形成。

Aims This paper explores soil types to suit the development of root system and improve the yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea).
Methods We used the method of box-planted cultivation to study the effects of different soil textures, i.e., sandy, loam and clay soils, on the development and distribution of root system and yield of peanut.
Important findings Root dry matter weight of peanut in sandy and loam soils was higher significantly than in clay soil; however, in the later growth stage, the decrease of root dry matter weight of peanut in clay soil is relative slow compared with peanut in loam and sandy soil. In clay soil, the root system of peanut was mainly distributed in the shallow soil layer, but the decrease of root activity in the upper layers was much slower in the late growth period. Sandy soil was helpful for the root system of peanut to grow to the deeper soil layer, but the decrease of root activity in the surface layers was faster in the later growth period. The effects of loam soil on the spatial and temporal distribution of the development and activity of peanut roots were between sandy and clay soil. Sandy soil favored enlargement of the peanut pod, and the dry matter accumulation of peanut pod in sandy soil was earlier and faster, but the dry matter accumulation in the later growth period was less in sandy soil. In loam soil, the dry matter accumulation of peanut pod was mainly concentrated in middle and later periods, while clay soil was not suitable for the dry matter accumulation of peanut pod in the entire growth period. The pod yield, kernel yield and available pod number were largest in loam soil, second in sandy soil and lowest in clay soil. Results suggested that loam soil, with mid-levels of aeration and water and fertilizer conservation among the three soil textures, was most suitable for the growth and yield of peanut.