山东蒙山6种造林树种40余年成林效果评价

高远,朱孔山,郝加琛,徐连升

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00076

植物生态学报 >

2013 , Vol. 37 >Issue 8: 728 - 738

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00076

研究论文

山东蒙山6种造林树种40余年成林效果评价

展开

¹临沂市科学探索实验室, 山东临沂 276037
²临沂大学商学院, 山东临沂 276005
³曲阜师范大学生命科学学院, 山东曲阜 273165

收稿日期: 2013-03-19

录用日期: 2013-07-08

网络出版日期: 2013-08-07

基金资助

临沂市政府决策咨询项目(2011A02)

收起

An evaluation of the afforestation outcome of six tree species in more than 40 years in Mengshan Mountain, Shandong Province, China

Expand

¹Linyi Scientific Exploration Laboratory, Linyi, Shandong 276037, China
²School of Business, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276005, China
³College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China

Received date: 2013-03-19

Accepted date: 2013-07-08

Online published: 2013-08-07

Fold

摘要

植被恢复一直是恢复生态学研究的核心问题和首要解决目标。该文拟评估山东蒙山森林植被恢复与重建的现状和程度, 评价不同造林树种对植物多样性的影响, 筛选一批造林工具种, 为今后沂蒙山区森林植被恢复与重建的调控和预测提供依据。采用样地法和样方法, 选择林龄超过40年的6种主要人工林为样地, 采用典型取样法进行林内调查。根据乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数评价物种多样性, 分析乔木径级分布, 判断植物发展类型。结果表明: 乔木层、灌木层和草本层的4种多样性指数较为一致地显示赤松(Pinus densiflora)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、黑松(Pinus thunbergii)、日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的成林效果较好, 油松(Pinus tabuliformis)相对较差。6种人工林群落灌木层和草本层的4种多样性指数基本无显著差异, 而乔木层中, 油松人工林群落的4种多样性指数与黑松人工林、刺槐人工林、栓皮栎人工林和日本落叶松人工林存在部分显著差异(p < 0.05)。从整体上看, 人工林群落灌木层发育最好, 4种多样性指数均为灌木层>乔木层>草本层, 且差异大多极显著(p < 0.01)。研究发现: 乔木扩展种29种、隐退种3种、稳定侵入种9种和随机侵入种11种, 表明人工林群落正处于向森林演替的过程中。数据显示: 3种隐退种赤松、油松和日本落叶松均为群落局部优势种, 赤松和油松种群更新困难, 日本落叶松完全没有更新幼苗。作者认为林下发达的灌草层可能是阻碍针叶林天然更新的关键因素。评估筛选出15种造林工具种: 早期开荒工具种(A类) 7种和后期顶级工具种(B类) 8种。其中A1类(建群种) 2种: 赤松和油松, A2类(伴生种) 5种: 黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana)、花曲柳(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)、君迁子(Cerasus serrulata)、山合欢(Albizia kalkora)和鹅耳枥(Carpinus turczaninowii); B1类(建群种) 2种: 栓皮栎和麻栎(Quercus acutissima), B2类(伴生种) 6种: 水榆花楸(Sorbus alnifolia)、槲树(Quercus dentata)、山樱花(Diospyros lotus)、小叶朴(Celtis bungeana)、大叶朴(Celtis koraiensis)和三桠乌药(Lindera obtusiloba)。

关键词： 人工林; 蒙山; 物种多样性; 造林工具种; 植被重建

本文引用格式

高远,朱孔山,郝加琛,徐连升 . 山东蒙山6种造林树种40余年成林效果评价[J]. 植物生态学报, 2013 , 37(8) : 728 -738 . DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00076

Abstract

Abstract

Aims Vegetation restoration is always a key problem and primary objective in restoration ecology. Our objectives were to evaluate forest restoration and reconstruction in Mengshan Mountain, including the impact on plant diversity of using different tree species in afforestation, and to select species for afforestation, in order to provide the basis for regulation and prediction of forest vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the Yimeng Mountain Area.
Methods Six kinds of major artificial forest over 40 years in age were selected for study using a typical sampling method. Species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index and Pielou evenness index were used to evaluate species diversity of the tree, shrub and herb layers. Analysis of tree diameter-class distribution was applied in determining the type of development of the plant.
Important findings Each of the four indexes indicated that Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, P. thunbergii, Larix kaempferi and Robinia pseudoacacia have better outcomes in afforestation and P. tabuliformis has relatively poor outcomes. In the tree layer, the four diversity indices of the P. tabuliformis artificial forest community were significantly different from those of P. densiflora, Q. variabilis, P. thunbergii, L. kaempferi and R. pseudoacacia artificial forest (p < 0.05). In terms of diversity, shrub layer > tree layer > herb layer, and the differences were significant (p < 0.01). There are 29 expansive species, 3 seclusive species, 9 enhancing invasive species and 11 randomly invasive species. Pinus densiflora and P. tabuliformis had great difficulty in population regeneration, and L. kaempferi had no seedlings. Shrub layers and herb layers may be the key factors hindering the natural regeneration of coniferous forest. Fifteen kinds of species for afforestation of Mengshan Mountain have been screened, including seven species for early afforestation (A) and eight for afforestation (B). Two types of A1 (constructive species) are P. densiflora and P. tabuliformis. Five types of A2 (companion species) are Dalbergia hupeana, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Cerasus serrulata, Albizia kalkora and Carpinus turczaninowii. Two types of B1 (constructive species) are Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima. Six types of B2 (companion species) are Sorbus alnifolia, Q. dentata, Diospyros lotus, Celtis bungeana, Celtis koraiensis and Lindera obtusiloba.

Key words： artificial forest; Mengshan Mountain; species diversity; tool species for afforestation; vegetation reconstruction

[an error occurred while processing this directive]

参考文献

[1] Chazdon RL (2003). Tropical forest recovery: legacies of human impact and natural disturbances. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 6, 51-71.
[2] Donnegan JA, Rebertus AJ (1999). Rates and mechanisms of subalpine forest succession along an environmental gradient. Ecology, 80, 1370-1384.
[3] Fang JY, Shen ZH, Tang ZY, Wang ZH (2004). The protocol for the survey plan for plant species diversity of China’s mountains. Biodiversity Science, 12, 5-9. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3] [ 方精云, 沈泽昊, 唐志尧, 王志恒 (2004). “中国山地植物物种多样性调查计划”及若干技术规范. 生物多样性, 12, 5-9.]
[4] Fang JY, Wang XP, Shen ZH, Tang ZY, He JS, Yu D, Jiang Y, Wang ZH, Zheng CY, Zhu JL, Guo ZD (2009). Methods and protocols for plant community inventory. Biodiversity Science, 17, 533-548. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4] [ 方精云, 王襄平, 沈泽昊, 唐志尧, 贺金生, 于丹, 江源, 王志恒, 郑成洋, 朱江玲, 郭兆迪 (2009). 植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范. 生物多样性, 17, 533-548.]
[5] Folke C, Holling CS, Perrings C (1996). Biological diversity, ecosystems, and the human scale. Ecological Applications, 6, 1018-1024.
[6] Gao Y, Chen YF, Dong H, Hao JC, Ci HX (2011). Vegetation and species diversity change analysis in 50 years in Tashan Mountain, Shandong Province, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31, 5984-5991. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6] [ 高远, 陈玉峰, 董恒, 郝加琛, 慈海鑫 (2011). 50年来山东塔山植被与物种多样性的变化. 生态学报, 31, 5984-5991.]
[7] Gao Y, Ci HX, Qiu ZL, Chen YF (2009). Plant diversity and its elevational gradient patterns in Mengshan Mountain, Shandong, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29, 6377-6384. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7] [ 高远, 慈海鑫, 邱振鲁, 陈玉峰 (2009). 山东蒙山植物多样性及其海拔梯度格局. 生态学报, 29, 6377-6384.]
[8] Hails RS (2002). Assessing the risks associated with new agricultural practices. Nature, 418, 685-688.
[9] Han GX, Wang GM, Mao PL, Zhang ZD, Yu JB, Xu JW (2010). Regeneration dynamics of young Pinus thunbergii and its influencing factors in the coastal protection forests in northern Shandong peninsula. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 46(12), 158-164. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9] [ 韩广轩, 王光美, 毛培利, 张志东, 于君宝, 许景伟 (2010). 山东半岛北部黑松海防林幼龄植株更新动态及其影响因素. 林业科学, 46(12), 158-164.]
[10] Huang YF, Lu XH, Zang RG, Ding Y, Long WX, Wang JQ, Yang M, Huang YT (2013). Community assembly during recovery of tropical lowland rain forest from abandoned shifting cultivation lands on Hainan Island, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 37, 415-426. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10] [ 黄运峰, 路兴慧, 臧润国, 丁易, 龙文兴, 王进强, 杨民, 黄运天 (2013). 海南岛热带低地雨林刀耕火种弃耕地自然恢复过程中的群落构建. 植物生态学报, 37, 415-426.]
[11] Katovai E, Burley AL, Mayfield MM (2012). Understory plant species and functional diversity in the degraded wet tropical forests of Kolombangara Island, Solomon Islands. Biological Conservation, 145, 214-224.
[12] Kisanuki H, Kudo T, Nakai A (2012). Removing aboveground vegetation facilitates survival but slows height growth of spruce saplings in a fenced, degraded sub-alpine forest in central Japan. Journal of Forest Research, 17, 110-115.
[13] Krzic M, Newman RF, Broersma K (2003). Plant species diversity and soil quality in harvested and grazed boreal aspen stands of northeastern British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management, 182, 315-325.
[14] Lamb D, Erskine PD, Parrotta JA (2005). Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscapes. Science, 310, 1628-1632.
[15] Li BB, Qin Y, Liu YX, Liu XB, Huang XR (2012). Effects of gap size on regeneration of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in the Yanshan Mountain. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 48(6), 147-151. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15] [ 李兵兵, 秦琰, 刘亚茜, 刘相兵, 黄选瑞 (2012). 燕山山地油松人工林林隙大小对更新的影响. 林业科学, 48(6), 147-151.]
[16] Li DW, Wang DM, Yao WX (2010). Autotoxicity of Pinus tabulaeformis and its ecology significance. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 46(11), 179-183. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16] [ 李登武, 王冬梅, 姚文旭 (2010). 油松的自毒作用及其生态学意义. 林业科学, 46(11), 179-183.]
[17] Li L, Chen JH, Ren HB, Mi XC, Yu MJ, Yang B (2010). Spatial patterns of Castanopsis eyrei and Schima superba in mid-subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest in Gutianshan National Reserve, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 34, 241-252. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17] [ 李立, 陈建华, 任海保, 米湘成, 于明坚, 杨波 (2010). 古田山常绿阔叶林优势树种甜槠和木荷的空间格局分析. 植物生态学报, 34, 241-252.]
[18] Li YY, Zheng JY, Shao MA (2005). Comparison of the attributes of natural forests and plantations in Ziwuling Mountain. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 25, 2447-2456. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18] [ 李裕元, 郑纪勇, 邵明安 (2005). 子午岭天然林与人工林群落特征比较研究. 西北植物学报, 25, 2447-2456.]
[19] Liu X, Yao XY, Zhang GC, Hu XL, Heathma GC (2011). Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and characteristics of soil pore space under different plant communities in forests of the Yimeng Mountain. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 47(8), 31-37. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19] [ 刘霞, 姚孝友, 张光灿, 胡续礼, Heathma GC (2011). 沂蒙山林区不同植物群落下土壤颗粒分形与孔隙结构特征. 林业科学, 47(8), 31-37.]
[20] Ma JM, Liu SR, Shi ZM, Liu XL, Miao N (2010). A review on restoration evaluation studies of degraded forest ecosystem. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30, 3297-3303. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20] [ 马姜明, 刘世荣, 史作民, 刘兴良, 缪宁 (2010). 退化森林生态系统恢复评价研究综述. 生态学报, 30, 3297-3303.]
[21] Nogueira JL Jr, de Moraes Gon?alves JL, Lex Engel V, Parrotta J (2011). Soil dynamics and carbon stocks 10 years after restoration of degraded land using Atlantic forest tree species. Forest Systems, 20, 536-545.
[22] Peng SL, Lu HF (2003). Some key points of restoration ecology. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 1249-1257. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22] [ 彭少麟, 陆宏芳 (2003). 恢复生态学焦点问题. 生态学报, 23, 1249-1257.]
[23] Ren H, Wang J (2007). Recruitment limitations of native tree species under plantations: a preliminary review. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 1855-1960. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23] [ 任海, 王俊 (2007). 试论人工林下乡土树种定居限制问题. 应用生态学报, 18, 1855-1960.]
[24] Shen YX, Liu WY, Zhang YD (2003). The effect of rehabilitation on vegetation species composition and soil seed bank at a degraded dry valley in Dongchuan, Yunnan Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 1454-1460. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24] [ 沈有信, 刘文耀, 张彦东 (2003). 东川干热退化山地不同植被恢复方式对物种组成与土壤种子库的影响. 生态学报, 23, 1454-1460.]
[25] Sun JB, Tong JQ, Mu CC, Chang FY (2009). Species composition and age structure for natural regeneration of urban plantations in Harbin. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 37(2), 16-21. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25] [ 孙景波, 佟静秋, 牟长城, 常方圆 (2009). 哈尔滨城市人工林天然更新组成结构与年龄结构. 东北林业大学学报, 37(2), 16-21.]
[26] Swanson ME, Franklin JF, Beschta RL, Crisafulli CM, DellaSala DA, Hutto RL, Lindenmayer DB, Swanson FJ (2011). The forgotten stage of forest succession: early-successional ecosystems on forest sites. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 117-125.
[27] Tom L, Christina AC (2012). Measuring diversity: the importance of species similarity. Ecology, 93, 477-489.
[28] Wan HL, Feng ZW (2008). Species composition and succession trend of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Lushan Mountain, Jiangxi Province, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 28, 1147-1156. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28] [ 万慧霖, 冯宗炜 (2008). 庐山常绿阔叶林物种组成及其演替趋势. 生态学报, 28, 1147-1156.]
[29] Wang RQ, Fujiwara K, You HM (2002). Theory and practices for forest vegetation restoration: native forest with native trees―introduction of the Miyawaki’s method for reconstruction of “environmental protection forest (ecological method to reforestation)”. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 26(suppl.), 133-139. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29] [ 王仁卿, Fujiwara K, 尤海梅 (2002). 森林植被恢复的理论和实践:用乡土树种重建当地森林——宫胁森林重建法介绍. 植物生态学报, 26(增刊), 133-139.]
[30] Wang SL, Chen CY (2010). Forest Residues Litter Ecology. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[30] [ 汪思龙, 陈楚莹(2010). 森林残落物生态学. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[31] Xu MX, Liu GB (2004). The characteristics and evolution of soil nutrients in artificial black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) forest land in the hilly Loess Plateau. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 10, 40-46. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31] [ 许明祥, 刘国彬 (2004). 黄土丘陵区刺槐人工林土壤养分特征及演变. 植物营养与肥料学报, 10, 40-46.]
[32] Yan HP, Tan X, Sun XY, Geng YQ, Ren YM, Dong JL, Wang TZ (2001). Studies on species diversity of plantation community on Beijing Xishan. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 23(2), 16-19. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[32] [ 阎海平, 谭笑, 孙向阳, 耿玉清, 任云卯, 董俊岚, 王铁柱 (2001). 北京西山人工林群落物种多样性的研究. 北京林业大学学报, 23(2), 16-19.]
[33] Yang X, Cao J, Dong MX, Ma XJ (2008). Effects of exotic Larix kaempferi on forest soil quality and bacterial diversity. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 19, 2109-2116. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[33] [ 杨鑫, 曹靖, 董茂星, 马晓军 (2008). 外来树种日本落叶松对森林土壤质量及细菌多样性的影响. 应用生态学报, 19, 2109-2116.]
[34] Yu M, Zhou ZY, Kang FF, Ouyang S, Mi XC, Sun JX (2013). Gradient analysis and environmental interpretation of understory herb-layer communities in Xiaoshegou of Lingkong Mountain, Shanxi, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 37, 373-383. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[34] [ 余敏, 周志勇, 康峰峰, 欧阳帅, 米湘成, 孙建新 (2013). 山西灵空山小蛇沟林下草本层植物群落梯度分析及环境解释. 植物生态学报, 37, 373-383.]
[35] Zhang ZQ, Shu WS, Lan CY, Wong MH (2001). Soil seed bank as an input of seed source in revegetation of lead/zinc mine tailings. Restoration Ecology, 9, 378-385.
[36] Zhao P, Peng SL, Zhang JW (2000). Restoration ecology―an effective way to restore biodiversity of degraded ecosystems. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 19, 53-58. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[36] [ 赵平, 彭少麟, 张经炜 (2000). 恢复生态学——退化生态系统生物多样性恢复的有效途径. 生态学杂志, 19, 53-58.]
[37] Zhou ZF, Wang YP, Zhang GC (2005). Biodiversity of main typical manmade communities in forest region of Mou- ntain Wutai, Shanxi. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 25, 321-327. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[37] [ 周择福, 王延平, 张光灿 (2005). 五台山林区典型人工林群落物种多样性研究. 西北植物学报, 25, 321-327.]

Options

PDF (10994)

摘要页面

文章导航

[1]	Chazdon RL (2003). Tropical forest recovery: legacies of human impact and natural disturbances. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 6, 51-71.
[2]	Donnegan JA, Rebertus AJ (1999). Rates and mechanisms of subalpine forest succession along an environmental gradient. Ecology, 80, 1370-1384.
[3]	Fang JY, Shen ZH, Tang ZY, Wang ZH (2004). The protocol for the survey plan for plant species diversity of China’s mountains. Biodiversity Science, 12, 5-9. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	[ 方精云, 沈泽昊, 唐志尧, 王志恒 (2004). “中国山地植物物种多样性调查计划”及若干技术规范. 生物多样性, 12, 5-9.]
[4]	Fang JY, Wang XP, Shen ZH, Tang ZY, He JS, Yu D, Jiang Y, Wang ZH, Zheng CY, Zhu JL, Guo ZD (2009). Methods and protocols for plant community inventory. Biodiversity Science, 17, 533-548. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]	[ 方精云, 王襄平, 沈泽昊, 唐志尧, 贺金生, 于丹, 江源, 王志恒, 郑成洋, 朱江玲, 郭兆迪 (2009). 植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范. 生物多样性, 17, 533-548.]
[5]	Folke C, Holling CS, Perrings C (1996). Biological diversity, ecosystems, and the human scale. Ecological Applications, 6, 1018-1024.
[6]	Gao Y, Chen YF, Dong H, Hao JC, Ci HX (2011). Vegetation and species diversity change analysis in 50 years in Tashan Mountain, Shandong Province, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31, 5984-5991. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]	[ 高远, 陈玉峰, 董恒, 郝加琛, 慈海鑫 (2011). 50年来山东塔山植被与物种多样性的变化. 生态学报, 31, 5984-5991.]
[7]	Gao Y, Ci HX, Qiu ZL, Chen YF (2009). Plant diversity and its elevational gradient patterns in Mengshan Mountain, Shandong, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29, 6377-6384. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]	[ 高远, 慈海鑫, 邱振鲁, 陈玉峰 (2009). 山东蒙山植物多样性及其海拔梯度格局. 生态学报, 29, 6377-6384.]
[8]	Hails RS (2002). Assessing the risks associated with new agricultural practices. Nature, 418, 685-688.
[9]	Han GX, Wang GM, Mao PL, Zhang ZD, Yu JB, Xu JW (2010). Regeneration dynamics of young Pinus thunbergii and its influencing factors in the coastal protection forests in northern Shandong peninsula. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 46(12), 158-164. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]	[ 韩广轩, 王光美, 毛培利, 张志东, 于君宝, 许景伟 (2010). 山东半岛北部黑松海防林幼龄植株更新动态及其影响因素. 林业科学, 46(12), 158-164.]
[10]	Huang YF, Lu XH, Zang RG, Ding Y, Long WX, Wang JQ, Yang M, Huang YT (2013). Community assembly during recovery of tropical lowland rain forest from abandoned shifting cultivation lands on Hainan Island, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 37, 415-426. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]	[ 黄运峰, 路兴慧, 臧润国, 丁易, 龙文兴, 王进强, 杨民, 黄运天 (2013). 海南岛热带低地雨林刀耕火种弃耕地自然恢复过程中的群落构建. 植物生态学报, 37, 415-426.]
[11]	Katovai E, Burley AL, Mayfield MM (2012). Understory plant species and functional diversity in the degraded wet tropical forests of Kolombangara Island, Solomon Islands. Biological Conservation, 145, 214-224.
[12]	Kisanuki H, Kudo T, Nakai A (2012). Removing aboveground vegetation facilitates survival but slows height growth of spruce saplings in a fenced, degraded sub-alpine forest in central Japan. Journal of Forest Research, 17, 110-115.
[13]	Krzic M, Newman RF, Broersma K (2003). Plant species diversity and soil quality in harvested and grazed boreal aspen stands of northeastern British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management, 182, 315-325.
[14]	Lamb D, Erskine PD, Parrotta JA (2005). Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscapes. Science, 310, 1628-1632.
[15]	Li BB, Qin Y, Liu YX, Liu XB, Huang XR (2012). Effects of gap size on regeneration of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in the Yanshan Mountain. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 48(6), 147-151. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]	[ 李兵兵, 秦琰, 刘亚茜, 刘相兵, 黄选瑞 (2012). 燕山山地油松人工林林隙大小对更新的影响. 林业科学, 48(6), 147-151.]
[16]	Li DW, Wang DM, Yao WX (2010). Autotoxicity of Pinus tabulaeformis and its ecology significance. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 46(11), 179-183. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]	[ 李登武, 王冬梅, 姚文旭 (2010). 油松的自毒作用及其生态学意义. 林业科学, 46(11), 179-183.]
[17]	Li L, Chen JH, Ren HB, Mi XC, Yu MJ, Yang B (2010). Spatial patterns of Castanopsis eyrei and Schima superba in mid-subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest in Gutianshan National Reserve, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 34, 241-252. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	[ 李立, 陈建华, 任海保, 米湘成, 于明坚, 杨波 (2010). 古田山常绿阔叶林优势树种甜槠和木荷的空间格局分析. 植物生态学报, 34, 241-252.]
[18]	Li YY, Zheng JY, Shao MA (2005). Comparison of the attributes of natural forests and plantations in Ziwuling Mountain. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 25, 2447-2456. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	[ 李裕元, 郑纪勇, 邵明安 (2005). 子午岭天然林与人工林群落特征比较研究. 西北植物学报, 25, 2447-2456.]
[19]	Liu X, Yao XY, Zhang GC, Hu XL, Heathma GC (2011). Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and characteristics of soil pore space under different plant communities in forests of the Yimeng Mountain. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 47(8), 31-37. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	[ 刘霞, 姚孝友, 张光灿, 胡续礼, Heathma GC (2011). 沂蒙山林区不同植物群落下土壤颗粒分形与孔隙结构特征. 林业科学, 47(8), 31-37.]
[20]	Ma JM, Liu SR, Shi ZM, Liu XL, Miao N (2010). A review on restoration evaluation studies of degraded forest ecosystem. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30, 3297-3303. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	[ 马姜明, 刘世荣, 史作民, 刘兴良, 缪宁 (2010). 退化森林生态系统恢复评价研究综述. 生态学报, 30, 3297-3303.]
[21]	Nogueira JL Jr, de Moraes Gon?alves JL, Lex Engel V, Parrotta J (2011). Soil dynamics and carbon stocks 10 years after restoration of degraded land using Atlantic forest tree species. Forest Systems, 20, 536-545.
[22]	Peng SL, Lu HF (2003). Some key points of restoration ecology. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 1249-1257. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	[ 彭少麟, 陆宏芳 (2003). 恢复生态学焦点问题. 生态学报, 23, 1249-1257.]
[23]	Ren H, Wang J (2007). Recruitment limitations of native tree species under plantations: a preliminary review. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 1855-1960. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	[ 任海, 王俊 (2007). 试论人工林下乡土树种定居限制问题. 应用生态学报, 18, 1855-1960.]
[24]	Shen YX, Liu WY, Zhang YD (2003). The effect of rehabilitation on vegetation species composition and soil seed bank at a degraded dry valley in Dongchuan, Yunnan Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 1454-1460. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	[ 沈有信, 刘文耀, 张彦东 (2003). 东川干热退化山地不同植被恢复方式对物种组成与土壤种子库的影响. 生态学报, 23, 1454-1460.]
[25]	Sun JB, Tong JQ, Mu CC, Chang FY (2009). Species composition and age structure for natural regeneration of urban plantations in Harbin. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 37(2), 16-21. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]	[ 孙景波, 佟静秋, 牟长城, 常方圆 (2009). 哈尔滨城市人工林天然更新组成结构与年龄结构. 东北林业大学学报, 37(2), 16-21.]
[26]	Swanson ME, Franklin JF, Beschta RL, Crisafulli CM, DellaSala DA, Hutto RL, Lindenmayer DB, Swanson FJ (2011). The forgotten stage of forest succession: early-successional ecosystems on forest sites. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 117-125.
[27]	Tom L, Christina AC (2012). Measuring diversity: the importance of species similarity. Ecology, 93, 477-489.
[28]	Wan HL, Feng ZW (2008). Species composition and succession trend of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Lushan Mountain, Jiangxi Province, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 28, 1147-1156. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	[ 万慧霖, 冯宗炜 (2008). 庐山常绿阔叶林物种组成及其演替趋势. 生态学报, 28, 1147-1156.]
[29]	Wang RQ, Fujiwara K, You HM (2002). Theory and practices for forest vegetation restoration: native forest with native trees―introduction of the Miyawaki’s method for reconstruction of “environmental protection forest (ecological method to reforestation)”. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 26(suppl.), 133-139. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]	[ 王仁卿, Fujiwara K, 尤海梅 (2002). 森林植被恢复的理论和实践:用乡土树种重建当地森林——宫胁森林重建法介绍. 植物生态学报, 26(增刊), 133-139.]
[30]	Wang SL, Chen CY (2010). Forest Residues Litter Ecology. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[30]	[ 汪思龙, 陈楚莹(2010). 森林残落物生态学. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[31]	Xu MX, Liu GB (2004). The characteristics and evolution of soil nutrients in artificial black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) forest land in the hilly Loess Plateau. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 10, 40-46. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	[ 许明祥, 刘国彬 (2004). 黄土丘陵区刺槐人工林土壤养分特征及演变. 植物营养与肥料学报, 10, 40-46.]
[32]	Yan HP, Tan X, Sun XY, Geng YQ, Ren YM, Dong JL, Wang TZ (2001). Studies on species diversity of plantation community on Beijing Xishan. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 23(2), 16-19. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]	[ 阎海平, 谭笑, 孙向阳, 耿玉清, 任云卯, 董俊岚, 王铁柱 (2001). 北京西山人工林群落物种多样性的研究. 北京林业大学学报, 23(2), 16-19.]
[33]	Yang X, Cao J, Dong MX, Ma XJ (2008). Effects of exotic Larix kaempferi on forest soil quality and bacterial diversity. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 19, 2109-2116. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]	[ 杨鑫, 曹靖, 董茂星, 马晓军 (2008). 外来树种日本落叶松对森林土壤质量及细菌多样性的影响. 应用生态学报, 19, 2109-2116.]
[34]	Yu M, Zhou ZY, Kang FF, Ouyang S, Mi XC, Sun JX (2013). Gradient analysis and environmental interpretation of understory herb-layer communities in Xiaoshegou of Lingkong Mountain, Shanxi, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 37, 373-383. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]	[ 余敏, 周志勇, 康峰峰, 欧阳帅, 米湘成, 孙建新 (2013). 山西灵空山小蛇沟林下草本层植物群落梯度分析及环境解释. 植物生态学报, 37, 373-383.]
[35]	Zhang ZQ, Shu WS, Lan CY, Wong MH (2001). Soil seed bank as an input of seed source in revegetation of lead/zinc mine tailings. Restoration Ecology, 9, 378-385.
[36]	Zhao P, Peng SL, Zhang JW (2000). Restoration ecology―an effective way to restore biodiversity of degraded ecosystems. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 19, 53-58. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[36]	[ 赵平, 彭少麟, 张经炜 (2000). 恢复生态学——退化生态系统生物多样性恢复的有效途径. 生态学杂志, 19, 53-58.]
[37]	Zhou ZF, Wang YP, Zhang GC (2005). Biodiversity of main typical manmade communities in forest region of Mou- ntain Wutai, Shanxi. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 25, 321-327. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[37]	[ 周择福, 王延平, 张光灿 (2005). 五台山林区典型人工林群落物种多样性研究. 西北植物学报, 25, 321-327.]

模态框（Modal）标题

摘要

本文引用格式

Abstract

参考文献