This book provides a detailed account of the methods used to establish the Barro Colorado Island plot which has records on 32565000 individual trees and constitutes the largest original forest census in the world. The methodologies used at 11 other large plots that form part of the Center for Tropical Forest Science network are reviewed. Details are given on the design and purpose of a large for...

分别测定了滇中地区两类代表性群落即高原水平带上的半温润常绿阔叶林和山地垂直带上的中山温性常绿阔叶林的树种多样性（Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ）指数Ｈ，Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数Ｄ和α指数），并进行了比较研究。结果表明，中山温性常绿阔叶林的树种多样性（Ｈ＝２．５３±０．１４；Ｄ＝１１．７６±２．８５；α＝８．１２±１．７２）远高于半温润常绿阔叶林（Ｈ＝１．５２±０．３５；Ｄ＝３．８８±１．９０；α＝８．１２

分别测定了滇中地区两类代表性群落即高原水平带上的半温润常绿阔叶林和山地垂直带上的中山温性常绿阔叶林的树种多样性（Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ）指数Ｈ，Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数Ｄ和α指数），并进行了比较研究。结果表明，中山温性常绿阔叶林的树种多样性（Ｈ＝２．５３±０．１４；Ｄ＝１１．７６±２．８５；α＝８．１２±１．７２）远高于半温润常绿阔叶林（Ｈ＝１．５２±０．３５；Ｄ＝３．８８±１．９０；α＝８．１２

A phytosociological study was conducted in six 1-ha seasonally dry forest samples in selected locations on the Cerros de Amotape Cordillera in north-western Peru. This is the first quantitative study of this vegetation formation in the region, and the findings indicate higher density and richness values than previously thought for the country. The plots varied markedly in species richness from 6 to 25 species, with densities per hectare between 55 and 524 individuals. The most important families were the Bombacaceae, Fabaceae, Bignoniaceae, Combretaceae, Burseraceae and Capparidaceae. At the species level, Caesalpinea glabrata, Tabebuia spp., Terminalia valverdeae, Bursera graveolens, Eriotheca ruizii and Ceiba trichistandra are the most widespread and abundant species. Sorensen similarity indices consistently grouped drier, species poor west facing plots together, while the plots located in more mesic areas either east facing or on the ridges of the Amotape Cordillera were more species rich and similar between them.

Montane evergreen broad-leaved forest was the natural vegetation of subtropical, mountainous central and southern Yunnan, SW China. Pristine natural forest, dominated by Fagaceae ( Lithocarpus xylocarpus, Lithocarpus chintungensis and Castanopsis wattii), is still present at Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve. Within this forest, older stands are of relatively low density, with scattered large trees, compared with stands of higher density. Biomass and nutrient content are examined in this paper for two stands, one each of relatively high and low density. Tree aerial biomass components were calculated from a stand census applied to previously derived regressions of biomass components and tree size. Tree roots were obtained from cores (20 per stand). Other biomass contributions sampled were: live shrubs (five 4 m 2 samples); herb (ten 1 m 2 samples); dead wood (ten 4 m 2 samples); litterfall (fifteen 1 m 2 samples, monthly); forest floor litter (ten 0.25 m 2 samples, 3-monthly). Three nutrient samples were analysed for each tissue per species for both stands. Total live biomass was 503 and 285 t ha 611 for the high and low density stands, respectively. The biomass ratio of stem-wood to branch-wood and leaf biomass was 10:1 and 43.4:1 in the former and 14:1 and 29.7:1 in the latter, respectively. Standing crops of litter and dead wood were both less in the former (10.3 and 46.2 t ha 611) than the latter (12.9 and 98.5 t ha 611). Litterfall in the high density stand was 5.4 compared with 7.1 t ha 611 in the low density. Total nutrient content in living and dead wood materials was 280 and 195 t ha 611, respectively. The sequence of inorganic nutrient element content decreased in the order, leaves>branches>roots>stems. Elemental nutrient content of the total stand decreased in the order of C>Ca>N>Mg>Al>P>Fe>Mn. The elements C, Ca and N were mainly in stems, while Al and Fe were mainly in roots. Nutrients in dead wood comprised 9.2 and 40.6% of the total nutrients in living trees and nutrients returned to soil through litterfall were estimated at 3120 and 3699 kg ha 611 yr 611 in high and low density stands, respectively.

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林是北回归线附近保存较完好的地带性植被，是在南亚热带季风湿润型气候条件下发育的植被类型，具有热带向亚热带的过渡性质，群落结构相对复杂，组成种类相对丰富。参照巴拿马巴洛科罗拉多岛（Barro Colorado Island，BCI）50hm^2热带雨林样地的技术规范，采用中国森林生物多样性监测网络的统一调查研究方法，于2005年在鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林建立了20hm^2固定监测样地，调查并鉴定了样方内胸径（Diameter at breast height，DBH）大于1cm的木本植物。首次调查结果表明，群落内共有木本植物210种，71617个活的个体，分属于56科119属。从乔木区系的组成及其特点可以看出，其南亚热带的区系成分占绝对优势，并呈现出由亚热带向热带过渡的趋势。群落垂直结构复杂，地上成层现象较明显，乔木可分为3层，其中重要值最大的锥（Casttmopsis chinensis）、木荷（Schima sumrba）和黄杞（Engelhardtia raxburghiana）均是乔木上层的优势种；中层是群落的主要层，由厚壳桂（Cryptocarya chinensis）、黄叶树（Xamhophyllum hainanense）和华润楠（Machilus chinensis）等中生和耐阴树种组成；下层成分较复杂，物种多样性高，不同地段的物种组成差异较大。样地内物种十分丰富，种．面积曲线拟合显示其物种数量接近于BCI。稀有种比例极高，有110种，占总物种数的52．38％，其中有45％的稀有种源于物种本身的特性，有20％源于区系交汇，人为或自然干扰造成的稀有种占30％以上。样地中所有个体的径级分布（以1cm等级排列）明显呈倒“J”形，表示群落稳定与正常生长状态。根据对优势种径级结构的分布分析，将各树种的径级结构归纳为4种类型：1）峰型（中径级个体储备型），此类物种为乔木上层优势种；2）倒“J”型（正常型），此类物种为乔木

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林是北回归线附近保存较完好的地带性植被，是在南亚热带季风湿润型气候条件下发育的植被类型，具有热带向亚热带的过渡性质，群落结构相对复杂，组成种类相对丰富。参照巴拿马巴洛科罗拉多岛（Barro Colorado Island，BCI）50hm^2热带雨林样地的技术规范，采用中国森林生物多样性监测网络的统一调查研究方法，于2005年在鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林建立了20hm^2固定监测样地，调查并鉴定了样方内胸径（Diameter at breast height，DBH）大于1cm的木本植物。首次调查结果表明，群落内共有木本植物210种，71617个活的个体，分属于56科119属。从乔木区系的组成及其特点可以看出，其南亚热带的区系成分占绝对优势，并呈现出由亚热带向热带过渡的趋势。群落垂直结构复杂，地上成层现象较明显，乔木可分为3层，其中重要值最大的锥（Casttmopsis chinensis）、木荷（Schima sumrba）和黄杞（Engelhardtia raxburghiana）均是乔木上层的优势种；中层是群落的主要层，由厚壳桂（Cryptocarya chinensis）、黄叶树（Xamhophyllum hainanense）和华润楠（Machilus chinensis）等中生和耐阴树种组成；下层成分较复杂，物种多样性高，不同地段的物种组成差异较大。样地内物种十分丰富，种．面积曲线拟合显示其物种数量接近于BCI。稀有种比例极高，有110种，占总物种数的52．38％，其中有45％的稀有种源于物种本身的特性，有20％源于区系交汇，人为或自然干扰造成的稀有种占30％以上。样地中所有个体的径级分布（以1cm等级排列）明显呈倒“J”形，表示群落稳定与正常生长状态。根据对优势种径级结构的分布分析，将各树种的径级结构归纳为4种类型：1）峰型（中径级个体储备型），此类物种为乔木上层优势种；2）倒“J”型（正常型），此类物种为乔木

A cooperative U.S.A.-China ecological study took place at the Xujiaba Nature Sanctuary on the northern crest of the Ailao Shan (mountains) in central-west Yunnan. By making forest access difficult and keeping human immigration low, the mountainous topography of Yunnan has assisted in protecting forest cover. This project studied the vegetational and bird structure and composition of an old growth and a secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest. The study found that the old growth had better developed layers, canopy stems were wider and taller, and there was a greater diversity of bird species. The secondary forest had a higher stem density in the canopy, more even-aged stems in the canopy, more coppiced stems in the canopy, and a greater canopy and overall basal area. Both forest types maintained a high diversity of woody species, but different species were dominant in each forest type and in the canopy and subcanopy of the forests. Natural forests are rare in China and are dwindling quickly. Most natural forest is found in frontier regions and it is here where research and management efforts are needed most urgently. In the nature reserves more ecological research, conservation education, and greater efforts to understand local demands, use, and knowledge about the forests are needed. /// Une étude écologique a été effectuée par les Etats-Unis et la Chine dans le sanctuaire naturel de Xujiaba sur la crête septentrionale des monts Ailao (Ailao Shan), au centre-ouest de la province du Yunnan. La topographie montagneuse du Yunnan a aidé à protéger la couverture forestière en rendant l'accès aux forêts difficile et en limitant ainsi l'immigration humaine. Ce projet a étudié la structure de la végétation et des populations d'oiseaux, ainsi que la composition d'une forêt primaire et d'une forêt secondaire composée d'arbres à larges feuilles persistantes. Cette étude a montré que la forêt primaire avait des couches mieux développées, que les tiges de la couronne étaient plus larges et plus hautes et que les espèces d'oiseaux étaient plus diverses. La forêt secondaire avait une plus haute densité de tiges dans la couronne, plus de tiges d'09ge uniforme dans la couronne, plus de tiges en taillis dans la couronne, ainsi qu'une plus grande surface de couronne et de base. Les deux types de forêt ont maintenu une grande diversité d'espèces ligneuses, mais différentes espèces étaient dominantes dans chaque type de forêt et dans la couronne et la sous-couronne des forêts. Les forêts naturelles sont rares en Chine et disparaissent rapidement. La plupart des forêts naturelles se trouvent dans les régions frontalières et c'est donc là où le besoin de travaux de recherche et de gestion sont les plus urgents. Un accroissement de la recherche écologique et de l'éducation sur la conservation, ainsi que de plus gros efforts visant à comprendre les besoins, l'utilisation et la connaissance des forêts au niveau local sont nécessaires dans les réserves naturelles. /// Im Xujiaba Naturschutzgebiet am n02rdlichen Kamm der Ailao Berge in Zentralwest Yünnan wurde in Zusammenarbeit zwischen den USA und China eine 02kologische Studie durchgeführt. Die bergige Topographie von Yünnan half, den ursprünglichen Waldbestand zu erhalten; der Zugang zu Waldgebieten ist schwierig und menschlicher Einflu08 blieb gering. Dieses Projekt untersuchte die Vegetationsstruktur und die Vogelbest01nde für den Urbewuchs und für gemischt bewachsene Waldgebiete mit altem Baumbestand und mit immergrünen Laubb01umen als Sekund01rbewuchs. Die Studie ergab, da08 die Fl01che des alten Baumbestandes eine besser entwickelte Struktur des Laubwerkes hatte, die St01mme waren dicker und h02her, und es gab eine gr0208ere Vielfalt unter den Vogelarten. Im Sekund01rwald standen die St01mme dichter, der Wuchs war gleichaltriger, es gab mehr Unterholz, Blattd01cher und ihre Grundfl01chen waren allgemein gr02sser. Beide Waldarten hatten viele unterschiedliche Baumsorten, jedoch die Hauptsorte war verschieden für jede Waldart. Prim01rw01lder sind in China selten und verringern sich st01ndig. Die meisten Prim01rw01lder sind in Grenzgebieten und hier sind Forschungs-und Managementbemühungen am n02tigsten. In den Schutzgebieten sind 02kologische Forschung und Schulung auf dem Gebiet des Naturschutzes n02tig, ebenso mu08 es verst01rkte Bemühungen geben, lokale Bedürfnisse, wirtschaftliche Nutzung und die forstwissenschaftliche Erkenntnis zu interpretieren.

Many of the natural forested ecosystems that still remain in mainland China are being cleared with potentially detrimental effects on woody plant species diversity on both local and regional scales. The most extensive stand of subtropical broad-leaved forest remaining in China is located in Yunnan Province. In an effort to document the influence of human-induced disturbance on Yunnan's woody flora, floristic inventories were conducted in a stand of primary forest and in regrowth stands located in its interior and along its outer margin in the Xujiaba Nature Sanctuary in the Ailao Mountain Range. Of particular interest was the location of the disturbance relative to the primary forest source area. A total of 134 woody plant species representing 74 genera and 43 families were recorded. The floristics of the two regrowth stands were significantly different from each other, with &lt 10% of their respective floras comprised of co-occurring species. The interior regrowth stand had a higher number of co-occurring species with the primary forest; however, &gt 40% were still non-co-occurring. The principal families represented in the primary forest and the interior regrowth stand were Aquifoliaceae, Berberidaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Smilacaceae, Symplocaceae, Theaceae, and Vacciniaceae. The three dominant species with relative importance values ranging from &gt 5% to 18% in both the primary forest and the interior regrowth stand were Castanopsis wattii, Lithocarpus jingdongensis, and Symplocos sumuntia. The edge regrowth stands had the lowest species diversity and were dominated by the native pine Pinus yunnanensis, with a relative importance of 24%. The principal families represented in the edge regrowth stand were Betulaceae, Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Myricaceae, Pinaceae, and Theaceae. Only the Fagaceae and Theaceae were well-represented in all three stands. The results of the study document the low species diversity in post-cutting regrowth on the margins of the primary forest as compared with post-cutting regrowth in the forest interior.

In southern China, when the original broadleaf evergreen forest is destroyed, pines are generally the first secondary tree species to invade the site. In Yunnan Province (southwestern China), Pinus yunnanensis is the principal secondary tree species. We examined two different secondary pine stands, one on the eastern slope and the other on the western slope of the Ailao Shan (mountains) of Yunnan in the Xujiaba Nature Reserve. Data was collected to determine the structure and composition of secondary forests after the destruction of the primary broadleaf evergreen forest. When compared, the primary broadleaf evergreen forest exhibits a much higher biodiversity and overall density than the secondary pine forests. When the two secondary stands are compared with each other, differences in structure and composition indicate that the Ailao Shans may produce a major climatic border between China's southwestern and southeastern monsoon systems. In addition, bird species were recorded in the stands and observations indicate that the Ailao Shans also mark a significant migratory border. Yunnan is an important biological region in China because it harbors over 50% of the country's plant and animal species. The proper management and protection of Xujiaba and other Nature Reserves in the Province will help maintain Yunnan's biological wealth. The protection of forest cover will also minimize environmental degradation, such as soil erosion, which is being experienced in other developing regions. As China aggressively modernizes, forest management based on ecological data is vital in order to protect remaining forests and help develop a sustainable rural economy.

亚热带常绿阔叶林是世界上主要植被类型之一,集中分布于我国,其中以中亚热带的常绿阔叶林最为典型.为了更好地研究常绿阔叶林森林生物多样性维持机理,按照CTFS(Centre for Tropical Forest ScieIlce)样地建设的标准,于2004年11月～2005年9月在浙江开化古田山国家级自然保护区建立了常绿阔叶林24 hm2永久样地.该文对样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行了统计,初步分析了古田山森林样地(Gutianshan (GTS) forest plot)的群落组成与空间结构.群落的区系类型以热带成分比较多,在属的水平上53个是热带分布,44个是温带分布.共有159种,隶属于49科103属,总计140 700株,以常绿树种为主(91个物种,占总优势度的90.6%,重要值为85.6%,占样地总个体数的85.9%);样地群落有明显的优势物种和大量稀有种(Rare species,每hm2个体数小于1).甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷(Schima superba)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)在群落中占有主要优势;稀有种占总物种数的37.1%(59/159);具有温带落叶阔叶林和热带雨林的相关特征,较好地代表了中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落.垂直结构由林冠层(63个种)、亚乔木层(70个种)和灌木层(26个种)组成.样地所有木本植物物种总径级分布呈倒"J"形,群落更新良好.几个优势种空间分布随着径级增大,聚集程度降低;并且它们的分布表现出与生境紧密关联,不同的物种表现出对生境不同的偏好.该文最后系统地比较了大样地方法与传统取样方法.

亚热带常绿阔叶林是世界上主要植被类型之一,集中分布于我国,其中以中亚热带的常绿阔叶林最为典型.为了更好地研究常绿阔叶林森林生物多样性维持机理,按照CTFS(Centre for Tropical Forest ScieIlce)样地建设的标准,于2004年11月～2005年9月在浙江开化古田山国家级自然保护区建立了常绿阔叶林24 hm2永久样地.该文对样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行了统计,初步分析了古田山森林样地(Gutianshan (GTS) forest plot)的群落组成与空间结构.群落的区系类型以热带成分比较多,在属的水平上53个是热带分布,44个是温带分布.共有159种,隶属于49科103属,总计140 700株,以常绿树种为主(91个物种,占总优势度的90.6%,重要值为85.6%,占样地总个体数的85.9%);样地群落有明显的优势物种和大量稀有种(Rare species,每hm2个体数小于1).甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷(Schima superba)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)在群落中占有主要优势;稀有种占总物种数的37.1%(59/159);具有温带落叶阔叶林和热带雨林的相关特征,较好地代表了中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落.垂直结构由林冠层(63个种)、亚乔木层(70个种)和灌木层(26个种)组成.样地所有木本植物物种总径级分布呈倒"J"形,群落更新良好.几个优势种空间分布随着径级增大,聚集程度降低;并且它们的分布表现出与生境紧密关联,不同的物种表现出对生境不同的偏好.该文最后系统地比较了大样地方法与传统取样方法.