Abstract: Based on the analysis of fifteen soil profiles and investigation on fifty-nine plots of planted fishscale bamboo of different ages through selective cutting in the Long He area of Shucheng county, Anhui province, the relationship between the structure of underground rhizome, the depth of its extension, the proportion of vigorous rhizome and the principal physical properties and the chemical composition of the soil are studied, and 22 regressive equations are also derived.The result shows that the depth of rhizomatous extension is little related to the thickness of soil but is certainly related to the type of sloi and closely related to zhizome ages. The amounts of rhizome distribution within 20 cm depth and 30cm depth are, respectively, 62.82% and 82.63%. In loam sandy soil with 60–72% sand particles, 16–20% powder particles and 11–18% clay particles the weight of the rhizomes is larger and the proportion of vigorous rhizomes is higher, but the depth of extension in the soil is shallower. In the soil with 1.00–1.20 specific gravity, 43–61% total porosity, 33–46% capillary porosity, 0.46–1.24% content of organic matter in the surface layer of the soil, 0.0080% effective nitrogen, 35ppm effective phosphorus and 45ppm effective potassium, the biomasses of underground rhizomes are higher. In loose, fertile and porous soil the extension of rhizome system is deeper.