基于涡度相关法的麦田O3干沉降及不同沉降通道分配的特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0287

植物生态学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 670-682.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0287

基于涡度相关法的麦田O₃干沉降及不同沉降通道分配的特征

徐静馨¹, 郑有飞^1,^2,^*(), 麦博儒³, 赵辉¹, 储仲芳², 黄积庆², 袁月²

¹中国气象局气溶胶与云降水重点开放实验室, 南京 210044
²南京信息工程大学江苏省大气环境与装备技术协同创新中心, 南京 210044
³中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所/广东省区域数值天气预报重点实验室, 广州 510080

收稿日期:2017-02-28 接受日期:2016-09-13 出版日期:2017-06-10 发布日期:2017-07-19
通讯作者: 郑有飞
作者简介:* 通信作者Author for correspondence (E-mail:sunzhiqiang1956@sina.com)
基金资助:
基金项目国家自然科学基金(41475108、41575110)和江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划(KYLX_ 0837)

Characteristics and partitioning of ozone dry deposition measured by eddy-covariance technology in a winter wheat field

Jing-Xin XU¹, You-Fei ZHENG^1,^2,^*(), Bo-Ru MAI³, Hui ZHAO², Zhong-Fang CHU², Ji-Qing HUANG², Yue YUAN²

¹Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;

²Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
and
³Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510080, China

Received:2017-02-28 Accepted:2016-09-13 Online:2017-06-10 Published:2017-07-19
Contact: You-Fei ZHENG
About author:KANG Jing-yao(1991-), E-mail: kangjingyao_nj@163.com。

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近地层高浓度臭氧(O₃)会给植物的生长发育带来严重的负效应, 而O₃本身难溶于水, 主要通过干沉降方式沉降到陆地生态系统。该研究采用涡度相关法对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)田主要生育期的O₃干沉降过程进行了观测, 利用边界线技术和线性相关法分别分析了O₃干沉降速率最大值(V_dmax)和太阳辐射(SR)、温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)及O₃干沉降速率(V_d)和摩擦速度(u*)的关系, 并运用彭曼公式结合总初级生产力(GPP)估算不同O₃沉降通道的分配比例。研究结果表明: (1)观测期间30 min平均O₃浓度(C_O3)、O₃干沉降通量(F_O3)、V_d分别为32.9 nL·L^-1、-5.09 nmol·m^-2·s^-1、0.39 cm·s^-1, C_O3、F_O3、V_d的变化范围分别为16-58 nL·L^-1、-2.9 - -11.7 nmol·m^-2·s^-1、0.17-0.63 cm·s^-1, 其中F_O3和C_O3、V_d的关系并不是同步的。(2)初步推断出较强光照(SR ≥ 400 W·m^-2)、适宜的温度(T = 18 ℃)以及较为湿润(RH > 40%)的环境条件比较有利于O₃干沉降过程。其中V_dmax与SR呈增长关系(y = 1.06 - exp(-0.0094 - x)), SR < 400 W·m^-2时V_dmax随SR的增大而增大, 并在SR = 400 W·m^-2左右达到最大值, 当SR ≥ 400 W·m^-2时V_dmax持续维持在最大值; V_dmax与T呈“钟形”曲线关系(y = 1.06 - (x - 18)²/169), 当T = 18 ℃时V_dmax达到最大; 当RH < 40%时V_dmax呈下降趋势(y = 0.030x - 0.106); 当相对湿度较高时, 白天的V_d随RH下降有下降趋势, 而夜间的V_d随RH增加而上升, 因此V_d可能随RH增大而增大, 也可能随RH增大而减小。u*与V_d存在一定的线性正相关关系, 但相关并不显著。(3)整个观测期平均气孔O₃沉降通道和非气孔O₃沉降通道占总O₃干沉降通量的分配比例分别是32%和68%; 白天通过气孔O₃沉降通道和非气孔O₃沉降通道所沉降的O₃通量平均占总O₃干沉降通量的比例分别是42%和58%, 其中叶面积指数和降雨均会影响气孔O₃沉降。

Abstract:

Aims Anthropogenic pollutants cause an increase in ground-level ozone concentration, which is a known threat to plant growth and yield and has been extensively observed worldwide. Since ozone is only slightly soluble in water, it is deposited mainly through dry deposition in terrestrial ecosystem. The object of this study was to analyze the characteristics of ozone dry deposition and to estimate the contribution of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathways to total ozone deposition in a winter wheat field.Methods The research site was a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) field located in Yongfeng experimental station of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology. The data used in this study were collected from March 16, 2016 to May 30, 2016. We observed ozone dry deposition with an eddy-covariance system. This system mainly included a 3D sonic anemometer, an open-path infrared absorption spectrometer, a fast-response ozone chemiluminescent analyzer and a slow-response ozone monitor. We simultaneously measured meteorological data including solar radiation (SR), air temperature (T), air relativity humidity (RH), wind speed, net radiation, and rainfall. All raw data were recorded with data-logger and averaged every 30 min.Important findings Half hourly means of ozone concentrations (C_O3), ozone flux (F_O3) and ozone dry deposition velocity (V_d) in the winter wheat field were 32.9 nL·L^-1, -5.09 nmol·m^-2·s^-1, 0.39 cm·s^-1, and the ranges of them were 16-58 nL·L^-1, -2.9- -11.7 nmol·m^-2·s^-1, 0.17-0.63 cm·s^-1, respectively. F_O3 and C_O3/V_d were found to be mismatched with phase peaks occurring at different time intervals. The ecosystem was more effective on ozone dry deposition, under conditions of moderate to high SR (SR ≥ 400 W·m^-2), moderate T and humility (T = 18 °C and RH > 40%). The relationship between V_dmax and SR was this function (y = 1.06 -exp (-0.0094 - x)). V_dmaxincreased with SR When SR < 400 W·m^-2, and V_dmax reached its maximum when SR =400 W·m^-2. V_dmax maintained its maximum when SR ≥ 400 W·m^-2. The relationship between V_dmax and T was “bell” curve (y = 1.06 - (x - 18)²/169). V_dmax reached its maximum when T = 18 °C. V_dmax decreased with RH when RH < 40 % (y = 0.030x - 0.106). The variation of V_dmight uncertainty when RH was high. There was a liner positive relationship between friction velocity (u*) and V_d, but this relationship was not significant. The mean day-to-day and daytime contributions of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathway to total ozone deposition were 32%, 68% and 42%, 58%, respectively, during the whole experimental period.

Key words: eddy-covariance technology, ozone dry deposition, ozone flux, winter wheat field, stomatal ozone deposition pathway, non-stomatal ozone deposition pathway

徐静馨, 郑有飞, 麦博儒, 赵辉, 储仲芳, 黄积庆, 袁月. 基于涡度相关法的麦田O₃干沉降及不同沉降通道分配的特征. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(6): 670-682. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0287

Jing-Xin XU, You-Fei ZHENG, Bo-Ru MAI, Hui ZHAO, Zhong-Fang CHU, Ji-Qing HUANG, Yue YUAN. Characteristics and partitioning of ozone dry deposition measured by eddy-covariance technology in a winter wheat field. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(6): 670-682. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0287

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0287

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2017/V41/I6/670

图/表 10

图1 O3干沉降通量观测装置结构图。1, 三维超声风速仪; 2、3, O3气体采样头; 4、5, 特氟龙进气管; 6、7、8, 三通阀; 9, 气压传感器; 10, 快速化学发光O3分析仪; 11, 流量控制器; 12, 缓冲瓶; 13, 辅助采样泵; 14, 慢速紫外O3分析仪; 15, 4L采样泵; 16, 数据采集系统。

Fig. 1 Scheme of ozone dry deposition system. 1, 3D sonic anemometer; 2, 3, gas sampling head; 4, 5, Teflon pipe; 6, 7, 8, 3-way valve; 9, pressure sensor; 10, fast-response ozone chemiluminescent analyzer; 11, flow controller; 12, buffer bottle; 13, auxiliary sampling pump; 14, slow-response (ultraviolet absorption) ozone monitor; 15, 4 L sampling pump; 16, data collection system.

图2 永丰试验站感热(H)和潜热通量(LE)之和与可利用能量(Rn-G)的回归关系。

Fig. 2 Relationship between (sensible heat flux (H) + latent heat flux (LE)) and (net radiation flux (Rn)-soil heat flux (G)) of the Yongfeng site.

图3 观测期间30 min太阳辐射(SR)、温度(T)、相对湿度(RH))、O3浓度(CO3)、O3通量(FO3)、O3干沉降速率(Vd)和摩擦速率(u*))平均日变化。

Fig. 3 Half hourly arithmetic means of solar radiation (SR), air temperature (T), air relative humility (RH), ozone concentration (CO3), ozone flux (FO3), ozone dry deposition velocity (Vd) and friction velocity (u*) during the whole experimental period.

图4 观测期间(包含白天和夜间)太阳辐射(SR)(A)、温度(T)(B)、相对湿度(RH)(C)和摩擦速度(u*)(D)与O3干沉降速率(Vd)的关系。

Fig. 4 Boundary-line (A, B, C) and linear (D) analysis of relationships between solar radiation (SR)(A), air temperature (T)(B), air relative humility (RH)(C), friction velocity (u*)(D) and ozone dry deposition velocity (Vd) during the whole experimental period (including daytime and nighttime).

图5 不同相对湿度(RH)条件下利用彭曼公式估算的冠层O3气孔导度(Gsto1)(A)和总初级生产力(GPP)(B)与太阳辐射(SR)的关系 Fig. 5 Canopy stomatal conductance for ozone (Gsto1) estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation (A), gross primary production (GPP) (B) vs solar radiation (SR) in two ranges of air relative humidity (RH).

图6 干燥条件下(RH < 60%)利用彭曼公式估算的冠层O3气孔导度(Gsto1)与总初级生产力(GPP)的关系。

Fig. 6 Canopy stomatal conductance for ozone estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation (Gsto1) vs gross primary production (GPP) when RH < 60%.

图7 观测期间冬小麦冠层O3气孔导度(Gsto)和叶面积指数(LAI)的变化。

Fig. 7 Time series of canopy stomatal conductance for ozone (Gsto) and leaf area index (LAI) during the whole experimental period.

图8 观测期间冬小麦不同O3沉降通道的分配比例和降水量的分布图。

Fig. 8 Day-to-day contribution of different ozone dry deposition pathways to total ozone deposition and the rainfall during the whole experimental period.

图9 冬小麦不同O3沉降通道的日分配比例。

Fig. 9 Daily contribution of different ozone dry deposition pathways to total ozone deposition.

表1 梯度法和涡度相关法的观测结果对比

Table 1 Comparison of measurements by gradient and eddy-covariance technique

观测方法 Measurement method	下垫面 Underlying surface	观测时间 Observation time	气象因子 Meteorlogical factor		O₃干沉降数据 Ozone dry deposition data
观测方法 Measurement method	下垫面 Underlying surface	观测时间 Observation time	SR (W·m^-2)	RH (%)	F_O3(nmol·m^-2·s^-1)	V_d(cm·s^-1)
梯度法 Gradient	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2013年4-5月 April-May, 2013	267	56	-7.29	0.55
涡度相关法 Eddy-covariance	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2016年3-5月 March-May, 2016	165.9	61.70	-5.09	0.39

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基于涡度相关法的麦田O₃干沉降及不同沉降通道分配的特征

Characteristics and partitioning of ozone dry deposition measured by eddy-covariance technology in a winter wheat field

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