沙质海岸黑松分枝格局特征及其抗风折能力分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00926

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沙质海岸空间梯度上环境差异较大, 黑松(Pinus thunbergii)在长期的适应过程中树冠结构变化也很大。为揭示黑松树冠结构与环境间的适应机制, 在山东省胶南市灵山湾国家森林公园距海岸线0-50、200-250和400-450 m梯度内各设置1个样带, 记为带I、带II、带III, 采用枝构型的理论和方法, 对黑松的分枝格局进行了研究, 并采用模拟自然风法测定了黑松枝条的抗风折能力。结果表明: 1)在海岸梯度上黑松分枝格局差异较大, 随着距离海岸越来越远, 黑松各级枝的分枝长度、总体分枝率均逐渐增大, 而枝径比和逐步分枝率逐渐减小, 各级分枝角度表现为带I >带III >带II。2)带I树冠背风面与迎风面相比, 分枝长度、分枝角度、分枝数量、枝条干枯率分别是迎风面的1.62、1.38、2.65和0.59倍, 随着距离海岸越来越远, 这种不对称性逐渐减弱, 至带III树冠基本对称。3)海风是影响带I分枝角度偏转、枝条干枯和冠型不对称现象的主要原因。4)带III枝条的抗风折能力高于带I, 且两个样带模拟风速与枝条所承受的拉力之间的关系均符合逻辑斯蒂方程, 相关系数R²均达0.97以上。该研究揭示了不同海岸梯度上黑松分枝格局的形成机制及其抗风折能力, 可为沿海黑松防护林的合理经营提供科学依据。

关键词: 分枝格局, 环境梯度, 黑松, 沙质海岸, 抗风折能力

Abstract:

Aims Environment varies greatly along the sandy coast of China, as does the crown architecture of Pinus thunbergii. Our objective was to determine the adaptive relationship between the two, including the wind-breakage resistance of the branching pattern, in order to provide guidance for managing coastal protective forests.
Methods We studied three belt transects at 0-50, 200-250 and 400-450 m from the coastline (named transect I, II and III, respectively) in P. thunbergii forest in Lingshan Bay National Forest Park in Shandong from May to September 2009. In each belt transect, we used 20 m × 50 m samples to survey the length and angle of bifurcation, numbers of branches and percentage of dry branches. We imitated natural wind to analyze branch wind-breakage resistance in the different transects.
Important findings The branching pattern of P. thunbergii showed strong plasticity under different environment conditions. Crown architecture was asymmetrical in transects I and II due to the direction of prevailing wind. Average length and angle of bifurcation and branching numbers on the windward side in transect I were significantly smaller than those on the leeward side, while percentage of dry branches was significantly higher on the windward side. This trend weakened gradually with increasing distance from the coastline. In transect III, branch distribution was uniform in each quadrant and there was little difference in average length of bifurcation, average angle of bifurcation, branch numbers and percentage of dry branch among quadrants. Wind was the primary factor influencing the deflection of the branching angle, percentage of dry branches and crown asymmetry. In addition, the wind-breakage resistance of P. thunbergii branching in transect III is higher than that in transect I, and the relationship between imitated wind speed and the force needed was logistic.

Key words: branching pattern, environment gradient, Pinus thunbergii, sandy coast, wind-breakage resistance

张丹, 李传荣, 许景伟, 刘立川, 周振, 王晓磊, 黄超. 沙质海岸黑松分枝格局特征及其抗风折能力分析. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(9): 926-936. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00926

ZHANG Dan, LI Chuan-Rong, XU Jing-Wei, LIU Li-Chuan, ZHOU Zhen, WANG Xiao-Lei, HUANG Chao. Branching pattern characteristics and anti-windbreakage ability of Pinus thunbergii in sandy coast. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(9): 926-936. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00926

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00926

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2011/V35/I9/926

图/表 9

表1 不同海岸梯度黑松样地概况

Table 1 General plot situation of Pinus thunbergii under different coastal gradients

测定指标 Testing indices	带I Transect I	带II Transect II	带III Transect III
平均年龄 Average age (a)	13	13	13
平均胸径 Average diameter at breast height (cm)	9.38	8.51	7.40
平均树高 Average height (cm)	204.0	286.0	348.8
平均枝下高 Average under branch height (cm)	122.0	110.0	85.6
平均上层冠幅 Average top layer crown (m²)	11.42	8.45	6.64
平均中层冠幅 Average mid layer crown (m²)	6.99	11.89	12.69
平均下层冠幅 Average bottom layer crown (m²)	5.78	10.75	13.20
林内相对风速 Relative wind speed within the forest (m·s^-1)	3.31	1.51	0.98

表2 不同海岸梯度的黑松分枝构型指标(平均值±标准偏差)

Table 2 Branching pattern indices of Pinus thunbergii under different coastal gradients (mean ± SD)

测定指标 Testing indices	带I Transect I	带II Transect II	带III Transect III
1级平均分枝长度 Average length of 1st bifurcation (cm)	45.12 ± 8.54^a	56.01 ± 5.34^b	65.30 ± 3.74^c
2级平均分枝长度 Average length of 2nd bifurcation (cm)	22.43 ± 4.94^a	33.08 ± 4.89^b	41.04 ± 4.16^c
3级平均分枝长度 Average length of 3rd bifurcation (cm)	11.29 ± 3.64^a	15.49 ± 3.47^b	18.40 ± 3.08^c
1级平均分枝角度 Average angle of 1st bifurcation (°)	74.26 ± 21.20^a	69.76 ± 8.39^a	74.41 ± 2.32^a
2级平均分枝角度 Average angle of 2nd bifurcation (°)	57.03 ± 12.60^a	52.27 ± 5.74^a	52.41 ± 2.87^a
3级平均分枝角度 Average angle of 3rd bifurcation (°)	42.59 ± 10.81^a	38.75 ± 5.09^a	36.86 ± 1.79^a
3级和2级平均枝直径比 Average ratio of branch diameter 3:2	0.79 ± 0.22^a	0.63 ± 0.18^a	0.62 ± 0.09^a
2级和1级平均枝直径比 Average ratio of branch diameter 2:1	0.74 ± 0.19^a	0.68 ± 0.06^a	0.65 ± 0.13^a
总体分枝率 Over all bifurcation ratio	0.33 ± 0.04^a	0.35 ± 0.06^a	0.38 ± 0.01^a
逐步分枝率 Stepwise bifurcation ratio 2:1	2.77 ± 0.30^b	2.70 ± 0.22^ab	2.51 ± 0.11^a
逐步分枝率 Stepwise bifurcation ratio 3:2	3.03 ± 0.21^b	2.92 ± 0.28^ab	2.67 ± 0.04^a

图1 不同海岸梯度黑松个体不同象限枝条数量。以东向为起点定为0°, 逆时针方向依次为i、ii、iii、iv象限。图中从左至右依次为带I、带II、带III。带I、带II、带III分别距海岸线0-50、200-250、400-450 m。

Fig. 1 Branching numbers of individual Pinus thunbergii in different quadrants under different coastal gradient. The east is 0° and 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrant in turn, antidockwise. From left to right on x-axis, that is transect I, II, III in turn. Transect I, Transect II, Transect III is apart from coastline 0-50, 200-250, 400-450 m, respectively.

图2 不同海岸梯度黑松个体不同象限枯枝率(平均值±标准偏差)。以东向为起点定为0°, 逆时针方向依次为i、ii、iii、iv象限。带I、带II、带III分别距海岸线0-50、200-250、400-450 m。同一线上不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Percentage of branch dryrot of individual Pinus thunbergii in different quadrants under different coastal gradient (mean ± SD). The east is 0° and 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrant in turn, antidockwise. Transect I, Transect II, Transect III are apart from coastline 0-50, 200-250, 400-450 m, respectively. Different letters in the same line indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 level.

图3 不同海岸梯度每株黑松不同象限分枝长度(平均值±标准偏差)。以东向为起点定为0°, 逆时针方向依次为i、ii、iii、iv象限。图中从左至右依次为带I、带II、带III。带I、带Ⅱ、带III分别距海岸线0-50、200-250、400-450 m。不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Branching length of Pinus thunbergii in different quadrant under different coastal gradient (mean ± SD). The east is 0° and 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrant in turn, antidockwise. From left to right on x-axis, that is transect I, II, III in turn. Transect I, Transect II, Transect III are apart from coastline 0-50, 200-250, 400-450 m, respectively. Different letters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 level.

图4 不同海岸梯度每株黑松不同象限分枝角度(平均值±标准偏差)。以东向为起点定为0°, 逆时针方向依次为i、ii、iii、iv象限。图中从左至右依次为带I、带II、带III。带I、带Ⅱ、带III分别距海岸线0-50、200-250、400-450 m。不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Branching angle of Pinus thunbergii in different quadrants under different coastal gradient gradient (mean ± SD). The east is 0° and 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrant in turn, antidockwise. From left to right on x-axis, that is transect I, II, III in turn. Transect I, Transect II, Transect III is apart from coastline 0-50, 200-250, 400-450 m, respectively. Different letters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 level.

图5 模拟风速与偏转角度的关系(平均值±标准偏差)。带I、带III分别距海岸线0-50、400-450 m。

Fig. 5 Relationship between imitated wind speed and branch rotated angle (mean ± SD). Transect I, Transect III is apart from coastline 0-50 and 400-450 m, respectively.

图6 所需拉力与偏转角度的关系(平均值±标准偏差)。带I、带III分别距海岸线0-50、400-450 m。

Fig. 6 Relationship between the force needed and branch rotated angle (mean ± SD). Transect I, Transect III is apart from coastline 0-50 and 400-450 m, respectively.

表3 模拟风速与所需拉力之间的拟合模型

Table 3 Relationship between imitated wind speed and the force needed

	模型 Model	参数 Parameter				R²
带I Transect I	$y=\frac{a}{1+b\cdot e^{-cx}}$	a = 12.756 1	b = 6.676 3	c = 0.109 6		0.977 4
带III Transect III	$y=\frac{a}{1+b\cdot e^{-cx}}$	a = 17.806 9	b = 21.110 7	c = 0.164 4		0.990 3

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