Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on non-structural carbohydrates and C, N and P stoichiometry in oat plants under drought stress

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0434

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The accumulation of nutritional components in plants is critically linked to their survival capacity and productivity. Investigating how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation regulates drought tolerance in plants through nutrient component changes in various organ will establish a theoretical framework for applying AMF to improve crop resilience under water-limited conditions.
Methods The study employed a controlled pot experiment with two water regimes (75% vs. 55% field capacity) and AMF inoculation treatments, using oat (Avena sativa) cultivar ‘Bayou 1’. Mycorrhizal colonization rates were quantified at jointing and filling stages, followed by analysis of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) contents in root, stem, and leaf. Grain yield was recorded at the maturity stage.
Important findings In oat plants inoculated with AMF under drought stress, the AMF colonization rate, plant height, and root-to-shoot ratio were significantly enhanced, resulting in 13.31% increase in grain yield. Notably, these improvements in growth parameters and yield exceeded those observed in AMF-inoculated plants under well-watered conditions. Furthermore, AMF inoculation under drought stress increased soluble sugar accumulation in stem and leaf. Concurrently, the contents of C, N, P in root, stem, leaf, as well as the leaf C:N significantly increased, especially the contents of P in leaf. In contrast, the leaf N:P significantly declined. Redundancy analysis revealed that the contents of leaf soluble sugars, and stem C, root N contents served as key indicators explaining variations in growth traits and grain yield under drought stress and AMF inoculation, respectively. Overall, AMF inoculation under drought conditions enhanced oat drought tolerance and hence improved grain yield, primarily attributed to increase AMF colonization rate, which facilitated synergistically the accumulation of soluble sugar and C, N, P in organs, and modulated the leaf stoichiometric ratios (C:N and N:P).

Key words: Avena sativa, drought stress, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, non-structural carbohydrates, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, grain yield

ZHANG Bin, ZHANG Hao-Cheng, QIAO Tian, LÜ Zhi-Bing, XU Ya-Nan, LI Xue-Qin, YUAN Xiang-Yang, FENG Mei-Chen, ZHANG Mei-Jun. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on non-structural carbohydrates and C, N and P stoichiometry in oat plants under drought stress[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(7): 1082-1095.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0434

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I7/1082

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization to oat root. A, 75% soil relative water content without AMF inoculation. B, 75% soil relative water content with AMF inoculation. C, 55% soil relative water content without AMF inoculation. D, 55% soil relative water content with AMF inoculation.

Fig. 2 Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on AMF colonization rate, plant height, root-to-shoot ratio and grain yield of oat under drought stress (mean ± SE). W and A represented water treatment and AMF treatment, and the following values are F values. * indicated that soil water, AMF and their interactions had significant influence (p < 0.05), NS indicated no significance. Different lowercase letters at same growth stage indicated significant difference among treatments (p < 0.05). 75%NAMF, 75% soil relative water content without AMF inoculation; 75%AMF, 75% soil relative water content with AMF inoculation; 55%NAMF, 55% soil relative water content without AMF inoculation; 55%AMF, 55% soil relative water content with AMF inoculation.

Fig. 3 Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) of oat organs under drought stress (mean ± SE). W and A represented water treatment and AMF treatment, and the following values are F values. * indicated that soil water, AMF and their interactions had significant influence (p < 0.05), NS indicated no significance. Different lowercase letters of the same organ at the same growth stage indicated significant difference among treatments (p < 0.05). 75%NAMF, 75% soil relative water content without AMF inoculation; 75%AMF, 75% soil relative water content with AMF inoculation; 55%NAMF, 55% soil relative water content without AMF inoculation; 55%AMF, 55% soil relative water content with AMF inoculation.

Table 1 The main effects and interactions of water and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) contents and its stoichiometric ratio of oat organs

生育时期 Growth stage	器官 Organ	处理 Treatment	C	N	P	C:N	N:P	C:P
拔节期 Jointing stage	根 Root	W	529.24^*	85.09^*	85.16^*	57.00^*	2.48^NS	69.60^*
		A	104.57^*	123.01^*	47.47^*	2.63^NS	30.53^*	4.55^NS
		W × A	2.21^NS	14.23^*	0.002	5.31^*	12.32^*	0.09^NS
	茎 Stem	W	391.94^*	161.40^*	1 364.34^*	21.98^*	0.22^NS	28.39^*
		A	154.92^*	139.41^*	323.21^*	0.88^NS	28.31^*	28.56^*
		W × A	2.61^NS	0.11^NS	5.49^*	4.27^NS	0.72^NS	8.76^*
	叶 Leaf	W	534.48^*	150.29^*	239.67^*	0.002^NS	71.94^*	45.39^*
		A	344.69^*	37.92^*	138.98^*	9.29^NS	72.44^*	21.58^*
		W × A	24.08^*	3.62^NS	6.28^*	14.14^*	2.73	2.51^NS
灌浆期 Filling stage	根 Root	W	807.34^*	64.28^*	146.04^*	49.02^*	0.01^NS	72.57^*
		A	261.64^*	37.47^*	44.13^*	5.61^*	1.76^NS	23.50^*
		W × A	26.66^*	1.62^NS	2.17^NS	0.51^NS	2.80^NS	12.02^*
	茎 Stem	W	833.29^*	60.87^*	94.90^*	23.91^*	0.50^NS	27.93^*
		A	355.78^*	49.97^*	31.31^*	0.93^NS	7.71^*	14.93^*
		W × A	70.14^*	8.21^*	0.92^NS	0.17^NS	10.58^*	14.20^*
	叶 Leaf	W	611.60^*	700.33^*	667.78^*	1.09^NS	74.46^*	47.59^*
		A	227.67^*	95.68^*	46.38^*	17.63^*	18.06^*	39.50^*
		W × A	21.66^*	38.60^*	317.30^*	0.82^NS	182.00^*	131.77^*

Table 2 Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and stoichiometric ratio of oat organs under drought stress (mean ± SE)

生育时期 Growth stage	器官 Organ	处理 Treatment	C (g·kg^-1)	N (g·kg^-1)	P (g·kg^-1)	C:N	N:P	C:P
拔节期 Jointing stage	根 Root	75%NAMF	93.73 ± 1.67^b	8.44 ± 0.25^b	2.63 ± 0.08^b	11.12 ± 0.47^a	3.20 ± 0.03^c	35.61 ± 1.39^a
		75%AMF	109.10 ± 2.23^a	10.78 ± 0.38^a	2.90 ± 0.09^a	10.13 ± 0.53^b	3.72 ± 0.06^a	37.72 ± 1.96^a
		55%NAMF	65.50 ± 2.80^d	7.58 ± 0.29^c	2.29 ± 0.03^c	8.65 ± 0.35^c	3.31 ± 0.17^bc	28.65 ± 1.53^b
		55%AMF	76.97 ± 2.25^c	8.73 ± 0.10^b	2.55 ± 0.03^b	8.82 ± 0.35^c	3.43 ± 0.07^b	30.24 ± 0.94^b
	茎 Stem	75%NAMF	87.57 ± 1.88^b	8.48 ± 0.33^b	2.58 ± 0.03^b	10.33 ± 0.18^a	3.29 ± 0.15^b	33.99 ± 0.98^a
		75%AMF	97.73 ± 1.61^a	9.82 ± 0.09^a	2.80 ± 0.02^a	9.96 ± 0.23^ab	3.51 ± 0.05^a	34.97 ± 0.48^a
		55%NAMF	67.47 ± 2.00^d	7.11 ± 0.09^c	2.20 ± 0.01^d	9.49 ± 0.30^c	3.23 ± 0.02^b	30.60 ± 0.88^b
		55%AMF	80.67 ± 0.68^c	8.38 ± 0.15^b	2.37 ± 0.02^c	9.63 ± 0.11^bc	3.53 ± 0.06^a	34.00 ± 0.17^a
	叶 Leaf	75%NAMF	79.17 ± 1.18^b	9.52 ± 0.45^b	0.88 ± 0.04^b	8.33 ± 0.50^ab	10.84 ± 0.27^b	90.34 ± 5.80^b
		75%AMF	88.17 ± 1.58^a	10.75 ± 0.20^a	1.21 ± 0.05^a	8.20 ± 0.25^bc	8.93 ± 0.48^c	73.21 ± 1.73^c
		55%NAMF	60.70 ± 0.80^d	7.94 ± 0.19^d	0.58 ± 0.02^d	7.65 ± 0.26^c	13.67 ± 0.61^a	104.53 ± 5.11^a
		55%AMF	76.17 ± 0.81^c	8.59 ± 0.02^c	0.79 ± 0.04^c	8.87 ± 0.07^a	10.84 ± 0.51^b	96.12 ± 5.32^ab
灌浆期 Filling stage	根 Root	75%NAMF	98.93 ± 2.41^b	10.70 ± 0.39^b	2.88 ± 0.06^b	9.26 ± 0.42^a	3.72 ± 0.18^a	34.40 ± 1.54^b
		75%AMF	123.87 ± 3.00^a	12.52 ± 0.40^a	3.09 ± 0.04^a	9.90 ± 0.42^a	4.05 ± 0.18^a	40.10 ± 1.16^a
		55%NAMF	71.77 ± 0.55^d	9.03 ± 0.17^c	2.32 ± 0.11^d	7.94 ± 0.11^b	3.89 ± 0.11^a	30.94 ± 1.24^c
		55%AMF	84.63 ± 1.12^c	10.23 ± 0.62^b	2.65 ± 0.05^c	8.29 ± 0.41^b	3.85 ± 0.27^a	31.89 ± 0.63^c
	茎 Stem	75%NAMF	102.93 ± 1.38^b	9.64 ± 0.32^b	2.71 ± 0.03^b	10.68 ± 0.21^a	3.55 ± 0.08^c	37.92 ± 0.12^b
		75%AMF	127.43 ± 1.68^a	11.65 ± 0.55^a	2.89 ± 0.07^a	10.96 ± 0.57^a	4.03 ± 0.10^a	44.09 ± 1.23^a
		55%NAMF	84.50 ± 1.10^d	8.64 ± 0.29^c	2.31 ± 0.09^d	9.79 ± 0.30^b	3.75 ± 0.22^ab	36.70 ± 1.96^b
		55%AMF	93.93 ± 1.94^c	9.49 ± 0.04^b	2.56 ± 0.06^c	9.90 ± 0.17^b	3.71 ± 0.10^c	36.77 ± 1.57^b
	叶 Leaf	75%NAMF	99.17 ± 1.10^b	10.33 ± 0.16^b	0.95 ± 0.03^b	9.60 ± 0.26^ab	10.87 ± 0.21^b	104.39 ± 0.50^b
		75%AMF	114.93 ± 0.96^a	11.47 ± 0.17^a	1.31 ± 0.02^a	10.02 ± 0.18^a	8.76 ± 0.39^c	87.73 ± 2.46^c
		55%NAMF	83.13 ± 1.91^d	8.89 ± 0.02^c	0.68 ± 0.03^d	9.35 ± 0.21^b	13.03 ± 0.55^a	121.96 ± 7.66^a
		55%AMF	91.47 ± 1.37^c	9.14 ± 0.07^b	0.84 ± 0.03^c	10.00 ± 0.23^a	10.89 ± 0.38^c	108.94 ± 3.24^b

Table 2 Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and stoichiometric ratio of oat organs under drought stress (mean ± SE)

生育时期 Growth stage	器官 Organ	处理 Treatment	C (g·kg^-1)	N (g·kg^-1)	P (g·kg^-1)	C:N	N:P	C:P
拔节期 Jointing stage	根 Root	75%NAMF	93.73 ± 1.67^b	8.44 ± 0.25^b	2.63 ± 0.08^b	11.12 ± 0.47^a	3.20 ± 0.03^c	35.61 ± 1.39^a
		75%AMF	109.10 ± 2.23^a	10.78 ± 0.38^a	2.90 ± 0.09^a	10.13 ± 0.53^b	3.72 ± 0.06^a	37.72 ± 1.96^a
		55%NAMF	65.50 ± 2.80^d	7.58 ± 0.29^c	2.29 ± 0.03^c	8.65 ± 0.35^c	3.31 ± 0.17^bc	28.65 ± 1.53^b
		55%AMF	76.97 ± 2.25^c	8.73 ± 0.10^b	2.55 ± 0.03^b	8.82 ± 0.35^c	3.43 ± 0.07^b	30.24 ± 0.94^b
	茎 Stem	75%NAMF	87.57 ± 1.88^b	8.48 ± 0.33^b	2.58 ± 0.03^b	10.33 ± 0.18^a	3.29 ± 0.15^b	33.99 ± 0.98^a
		75%AMF	97.73 ± 1.61^a	9.82 ± 0.09^a	2.80 ± 0.02^a	9.96 ± 0.23^ab	3.51 ± 0.05^a	34.97 ± 0.48^a
		55%NAMF	67.47 ± 2.00^d	7.11 ± 0.09^c	2.20 ± 0.01^d	9.49 ± 0.30^c	3.23 ± 0.02^b	30.60 ± 0.88^b
		55%AMF	80.67 ± 0.68^c	8.38 ± 0.15^b	2.37 ± 0.02^c	9.63 ± 0.11^bc	3.53 ± 0.06^a	34.00 ± 0.17^a
	叶 Leaf	75%NAMF	79.17 ± 1.18^b	9.52 ± 0.45^b	0.88 ± 0.04^b	8.33 ± 0.50^ab	10.84 ± 0.27^b	90.34 ± 5.80^b
		75%AMF	88.17 ± 1.58^a	10.75 ± 0.20^a	1.21 ± 0.05^a	8.20 ± 0.25^bc	8.93 ± 0.48^c	73.21 ± 1.73^c
		55%NAMF	60.70 ± 0.80^d	7.94 ± 0.19^d	0.58 ± 0.02^d	7.65 ± 0.26^c	13.67 ± 0.61^a	104.53 ± 5.11^a
		55%AMF	76.17 ± 0.81^c	8.59 ± 0.02^c	0.79 ± 0.04^c	8.87 ± 0.07^a	10.84 ± 0.51^b	96.12 ± 5.32^ab
灌浆期 Filling stage	根 Root	75%NAMF	98.93 ± 2.41^b	10.70 ± 0.39^b	2.88 ± 0.06^b	9.26 ± 0.42^a	3.72 ± 0.18^a	34.40 ± 1.54^b
		75%AMF	123.87 ± 3.00^a	12.52 ± 0.40^a	3.09 ± 0.04^a	9.90 ± 0.42^a	4.05 ± 0.18^a	40.10 ± 1.16^a
		55%NAMF	71.77 ± 0.55^d	9.03 ± 0.17^c	2.32 ± 0.11^d	7.94 ± 0.11^b	3.89 ± 0.11^a	30.94 ± 1.24^c
		55%AMF	84.63 ± 1.12^c	10.23 ± 0.62^b	2.65 ± 0.05^c	8.29 ± 0.41^b	3.85 ± 0.27^a	31.89 ± 0.63^c
	茎 Stem	75%NAMF	102.93 ± 1.38^b	9.64 ± 0.32^b	2.71 ± 0.03^b	10.68 ± 0.21^a	3.55 ± 0.08^c	37.92 ± 0.12^b
		75%AMF	127.43 ± 1.68^a	11.65 ± 0.55^a	2.89 ± 0.07^a	10.96 ± 0.57^a	4.03 ± 0.10^a	44.09 ± 1.23^a
		55%NAMF	84.50 ± 1.10^d	8.64 ± 0.29^c	2.31 ± 0.09^d	9.79 ± 0.30^b	3.75 ± 0.22^ab	36.70 ± 1.96^b
		55%AMF	93.93 ± 1.94^c	9.49 ± 0.04^b	2.56 ± 0.06^c	9.90 ± 0.17^b	3.71 ± 0.10^c	36.77 ± 1.57^b
	叶 Leaf	75%NAMF	99.17 ± 1.10^b	10.33 ± 0.16^b	0.95 ± 0.03^b	9.60 ± 0.26^ab	10.87 ± 0.21^b	104.39 ± 0.50^b
		75%AMF	114.93 ± 0.96^a	11.47 ± 0.17^a	1.31 ± 0.02^a	10.02 ± 0.18^a	8.76 ± 0.39^c	87.73 ± 2.46^c
		55%NAMF	83.13 ± 1.91^d	8.89 ± 0.02^c	0.68 ± 0.03^d	9.35 ± 0.21^b	13.03 ± 0.55^a	121.96 ± 7.66^a
		55%AMF	91.47 ± 1.37^c	9.14 ± 0.07^b	0.84 ± 0.03^c	10.00 ± 0.23^a	10.89 ± 0.38^c	108.94 ± 3.24^b

Table 3 Correlation coefficient between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization rate and each indicators (p < 0.05)

X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6	X7	X8	X9	X10	X11	X12	X13	X14	X15	X16
0.60	0.54	0.68	0.54	0.51	0.48	0.46	0.53	0.57	0.57	0.62	0.58	0.66	0.60	0.68	0.51

Fig. 4 Correlation between non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) contents and its stoichiometric ratio. X1-X30 represented root soluble sugar content, stem soluble sugar content, leaf soluble sugar content, root starch content, stem starch content, leaf starch content, root NSC content, stem NSC content, leaf NSC content, root soluble sugar:starch, stem soluble sugar:starch, leaf soluble sugar:starch, root C content, stem C content, leaf C content, root N content, stem N content, leaf N content, root P content, stem P content, leaf P content, root C:N, stem C:N, leaf C:N, root N:P, stem N:P, leaf N:P, root C:P, stem C:P, leaf C:P, respectively.

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis of the effects of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) content, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) contents and its stoichiometric ratio on growth indicators and grain yield of oat organs under water and inoculation treatments. A, 75% water supply. B, 55% water supply. C, AMF-free. D, AMF inoculation. X1-X33 represented plant height, root-to-shoot ratio, grain yield, root sucrose content, stem sucrose content, leaf sucrose content, root starch content, stem starch content, leaf starch content, root NSC content, stem NSC content, leaf NSC content, root soluble sugar:starch, stem soluble sugar:starch, leaf soluble sugar:starch, root C content, stem C content, leaf C content, root N content, stem N content, leaf N content, root P content, stem P content, leaf P content, root C:N, stem C:N, leaf C:N, root N:P, stem N:P, leaf N:P, root C:P, stem C:P, leaf C:P, respectively. 75%NAMF, 75% soil relative water content without AMF inoculation; 75%AMF, 75% soil relative water content with AMF inoculation; 55%NAMF, 55% soil relative water content without AMF inoculation; 55%AMF, 55% soil relative water content with AMF inoculation.

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