CORRELATION BETWEEN FLORAL TRAITS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM (DENDRANTHEMA MORIFOLIUM) AND INSECT VISITORS

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium) is a self-incompatible allogamous plant. Its main pollination vectors are bees and butterflies. Our aim is to investigate and evaluate the effects of flower color, corolla density, corolla diameter, tubular flower diameter, plant height and essential oil components on attracting insect visitors.

MethodsWe investigated the floral traits of 19 chrysanthemum cultivars. Five cultivars with different floral traits were selected for identification of essential oil components using a Thermo Finnigan TRACE GC/DSQ spectrometer, and data on essential oil components were analyzed by SPSS (Analysis of Variance, stepwise and correlation).

Important findings Bees (Apis mellifera) preferred yellow color flower to others including orange yellow, red, mauve, orange and pink. The number of visiting bees was significantly correlated with corolla density (r=0.715, p<0.01), indicating that the effect of a colony was more significant than the size of a single flower head. For all tested traits of a single flower head, tubular flower diameter had the most significant influence on attracting bees (r=0.622, p<0.01), followed by corolla diameter (r = -0.502, p<0.05). Butterflies (Vanessa indica) preferred red color flowers, and tubular flower diameter significantly influenced the number of pollinating butterflies (r=0.635, p<0.01). Results suggested that rewards from the flowers were the dominating attractive factors to visitors. The effect of single flower head on number of visiting butterflies was more significant than corolla density (r=0.487, p<0.05). In all tested traits of a single flower head, flower color and tubular flower diameter were the main influencing factors on numbers of visiting butterflies. The main essential oil components,such as camphor (r_bees= -0.191, p>0.05;r_butterflies=0.507, p>0.05) and borneol (r_bees=0.354, p>0.05;r_butterflies= -0.387, p>0.05) had little correlation with number of visiting insects, whereas some specific essential oil components, such as camphene (r= -0.909, p<0.05), 2-pentadecanone,6,10,14-trimethyl- (r=0.882, p<0.05) showed significant correlations with number of visiting bees, and α-terpineol (r=0.979, p<0.01),cis-limonene oxide (r=0.979, p<0.01),E-farnesene epoxide (r=0.979, p<0.01),p-mentha-6,8-dien-2-ol, cis- (r=0.973, p<0.01),p-menth-1-en-8-ol (r=0.962, p<0.01) andp-menth-1-en-4-ol, [R]-[-]-(r=0.957, p<0.05) showed significant correlations with number of visiting butterflies. Therefore, some specific essential oil components were important in attracting visitors.

Key words: Dendrantyema morifolium, insect visitors, floral traits, essential oil components

WANG Wei, DAI Hua-Guo, CHEN Fa-Di, GUO Wei-Ming. CORRELATION BETWEEN FLORAL TRAITS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM (DENDRANTHEMA MORIFOLIUM) AND INSECT VISITORS[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2008, 32(4): 776-785.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.006

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2008/V32/I4/776

Figures/Tables 4

References 25

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供试菊花 Variety	花部特征 Floral features				株高 Plant height (cm)
供试菊花 Variety	花色 Flower color	花朵繁密度 Corolla density (no.·100 cm^-2)	花冠直径 Corolla diameter (cm)	管状花花盘直径 Tubular flower diameter (cm)	株高 Plant height (cm)
‘金陵春梦’‘Jinlingchunmeng’	黄色 Yellow	29.00±3.61^a	3.10±0.26^d	1.10±0.06^ab	29.50±1.32^def
‘金陵圆黄’‘Jinlingyuanhuang’	黄色 Yellow	26.66±3.51^abc	2.57±0.15^f	1.15±0.06^a	21.00±1.73^ij
‘金陵晚霞’ ‘Jinlingwanxia’	黄色 Yellow	24.67±3.21^bcde	3.00±0.26^de	0.73±0.06^e	20.67±3.06^ij
‘金陵之光’ ‘Jinlingzhiguang’	黄色 Yellow	22.67±3.06^cdef	3.07±0.40^d	0.94±0.06^c	26.33±1.53^fgh
‘04-8-7’	黄色 Yellow	16.67±3.06^gh	3.27±0.15^bcd	0.87±0.00^cd	30.33±2.31^cdef
‘04-1-29’	橙黄色 Orange yellow	27.33±5.69^ab	2.67±0.12^ef	1.13±0.06^a	23.33±3.06^hi
‘04-2-14’	橙黄色 Orange yellow	25.33±1.15^abcd	3.23±0.06^cd	1.02±0.06^b	15.67±2.08^k
‘金陵之枫’ ‘Jinlingzhifeng’	橙黄色 Orange yellow	24.00±1.00^bcdef	3.63±0.40^ab	0.8±0.10^de	32.67±1.15^abcde
‘金陵泥金’ ‘Jinlingnijin’	橙色 Orange	22.67±4.62^cdef	3.33±0.15^bcd	1.10±0.10^ab	35.33±2.52^a
‘04-8-8’	橙色 Orange	21.67±3.79^def	2.4±0.20^f	0.87±0.06^cd	21.00±4.00^ij
‘04-2-9’	橙色 Orange	23.33±4.04^bcdef	3.00±0.01^de	0.75±0.06^e	24.67±1.53^ghi
‘金陵锦袍’	橙色 Orange	12.67±2.08^h	3.90±0.10^a	0.36±0.04^g	28.67±0.58^efg
‘Jinlingjinpao’	橙色 Orange	12.67±2.08^h	3.90±0.10^a	0.36±0.04^g	28.67±0.58^efg
‘金陵紫光’ ‘Jinlingziguang’	粉色 Pink	20.33±2.52^fg	3.63±0.35^ab	0.85±0.00^d	27.33±4.04^fgh
‘04-9-5’	粉色 Pink	13.00±1.73^h	3.58±0.23^abc	0.57±0.06^f	17.67±2.31^jk
‘金陵紫荷’ ‘Jinlingzihe’	粉色 Pink	14.33±1.53^h	3.30±0.10^bcd	0.62±0.06^f	16.33±1.53^k
‘04-5-4’	红色 Red	25.00±2.00^abcd	3.23±0.21^cd	1.13±0.06^a	33.33±1.53^abcd
‘04-17-2’	红色 Red	20.67±3.06^ef	3.17±0.15^d	1.03±0.06^b	30.67±1.15^bcdef
‘04-21-1’	紫红色 Mauve	26.33±2.52^abc	3.63±0.35^ab	1.02±0.06^b	35.00±2.00^ab
‘金陵国紫’ ‘Jinlingguozi’	紫红色 Mauve	24.00±2.00^bcdef	3.73±0.21^a	1.10±0.06^ab	34.33±3.79^abc

供试菊花 Variety	花部特征 Floral features				株高 Plant height (cm)
供试菊花 Variety	花色 Flower color	花朵繁密度 Corolla density (no.·100 cm^-2)	花冠直径 Corolla diameter (cm)	管状花花盘直径 Tubular flower diameter (cm)	株高 Plant height (cm)
‘金陵春梦’‘Jinlingchunmeng’	黄色 Yellow	29.00±3.61^a	3.10±0.26^d	1.10±0.06^ab	29.50±1.32^def
‘金陵圆黄’‘Jinlingyuanhuang’	黄色 Yellow	26.66±3.51^abc	2.57±0.15^f	1.15±0.06^a	21.00±1.73^ij
‘金陵晚霞’ ‘Jinlingwanxia’	黄色 Yellow	24.67±3.21^bcde	3.00±0.26^de	0.73±0.06^e	20.67±3.06^ij
‘金陵之光’ ‘Jinlingzhiguang’	黄色 Yellow	22.67±3.06^cdef	3.07±0.40^d	0.94±0.06^c	26.33±1.53^fgh
‘04-8-7’	黄色 Yellow	16.67±3.06^gh	3.27±0.15^bcd	0.87±0.00^cd	30.33±2.31^cdef
‘04-1-29’	橙黄色 Orange yellow	27.33±5.69^ab	2.67±0.12^ef	1.13±0.06^a	23.33±3.06^hi
‘04-2-14’	橙黄色 Orange yellow	25.33±1.15^abcd	3.23±0.06^cd	1.02±0.06^b	15.67±2.08^k
‘金陵之枫’ ‘Jinlingzhifeng’	橙黄色 Orange yellow	24.00±1.00^bcdef	3.63±0.40^ab	0.8±0.10^de	32.67±1.15^abcde
‘金陵泥金’ ‘Jinlingnijin’	橙色 Orange	22.67±4.62^cdef	3.33±0.15^bcd	1.10±0.10^ab	35.33±2.52^a
‘04-8-8’	橙色 Orange	21.67±3.79^def	2.4±0.20^f	0.87±0.06^cd	21.00±4.00^ij
‘04-2-9’	橙色 Orange	23.33±4.04^bcdef	3.00±0.01^de	0.75±0.06^e	24.67±1.53^ghi
‘金陵锦袍’	橙色 Orange	12.67±2.08^h	3.90±0.10^a	0.36±0.04^g	28.67±0.58^efg
‘Jinlingjinpao’	橙色 Orange	12.67±2.08^h	3.90±0.10^a	0.36±0.04^g	28.67±0.58^efg
‘金陵紫光’ ‘Jinlingziguang’	粉色 Pink	20.33±2.52^fg	3.63±0.35^ab	0.85±0.00^d	27.33±4.04^fgh
‘04-9-5’	粉色 Pink	13.00±1.73^h	3.58±0.23^abc	0.57±0.06^f	17.67±2.31^jk
‘金陵紫荷’ ‘Jinlingzihe’	粉色 Pink	14.33±1.53^h	3.30±0.10^bcd	0.62±0.06^f	16.33±1.53^k
‘04-5-4’	红色 Red	25.00±2.00^abcd	3.23±0.21^cd	1.13±0.06^a	33.33±1.53^abcd
‘04-17-2’	红色 Red	20.67±3.06^ef	3.17±0.15^d	1.03±0.06^b	30.67±1.15^bcdef
‘04-21-1’	紫红色 Mauve	26.33±2.52^abc	3.63±0.35^ab	1.02±0.06^b	35.00±2.00^ab
‘金陵国紫’ ‘Jinlingguozi’	紫红色 Mauve	24.00±2.00^bcdef	3.73±0.21^a	1.10±0.06^ab	34.33±3.79^abc

访花昆虫数量 No. of visiting insects (no.·m^-2)	花朵繁密度 Corolla density (no.·100 cm^-2)	花冠直径 Corolla diameter (cm)	管状花花盘直径 Tubular flower diameter (cm)	株高 Plant height (cm)
西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	0.715**	-0.502*	0.622**	-0.133
大红蛱蝶 Vanessa indica	0.487*	-0.229	0.635**	0.251

访花昆虫数量 No. of visiting insects (no.·m^-2)	花朵繁密度 Corolla density (no.·100 cm^-2)	花冠直径 Corolla diameter (cm)	管状花花盘直径 Tubular flower diameter (cm)	株高 Plant height (cm)
西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	0.715**	-0.502*	0.622**	-0.133
大红蛱蝶 Vanessa indica	0.487*	-0.229	0.635**	0.251

品种 Varieties	花色 Flower color	平均访花蜂数 Mean visiting bees (no.·m^-2)	平均访花蝶数 Mean visiting butterflies (no.·m^-2)
‘金陵春梦’‘Jinlingchunmeng’ ‘金陵圆黄’‘Jinlingyuanhuang’ ‘金陵晚霞’‘Jinlingwanxia’ ‘金陵之光’‘Jinlingzhiguang’ ‘04-8-7’	黄色 Yellow	9.22±1.26^a	2.35±4.23^b
‘04-1-29’ ‘4-2-14’ ‘金陵之枫’‘Jinlingzhifeng’	橙黄色 Orange yellow	7.37±2.45^ab	1.67±2.08^b
‘04-5-4’ ‘04-17-2’	红色 Red	5.17±1.79^bc	8.37±5.47^a
‘04-21-1’ ‘04-1-31’	紫色红 Mauve	4.54±1.61^bc	5.13±3.01^ab
‘04-8-9’ ‘04-8-8’ ‘04-2-9’ ‘金陵锦袍’‘Jinlingjinpao’	橙色 Orange	3.29±2.24^c	0.25±0.50^b
‘金陵紫光’‘Jinlingziguang’ ‘04-9-5’ ‘04-12-6’	粉红色 Pink	3.22±1.84^c	0.00±0.00^b