Flower syndrome and pollination characteristics of two flower morphs in Lycium ruthenicum (Solanaceae)

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0463

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Flower syndrome and pollination characteristics are the basis and main driving forces of the evolutionary success of flowering plants. Lycium ruthenicum is a national second-class protected plant distributed in northwest China, with two flower morphs, i.e. homostylous flower (style length is similar to stamen length) and flower with approach herkogamy (style length is longer than stamen length). However, little is known about the flower syndrome and pollination characteristics of the different flower types of L. ruthenicum.

Methods In this study, we compared the flowering phenology, flower characteristics, flower reward, and pollination characteristics of two different flower morphs of L. ruthenicum.

Important findings In Kashi natural populations, there is no significant difference in the height of sexual organs of homostylous flower, but it is significant in the herkogamous flowers. The corolla diameter, corolla tube length, number of ovules of homostylous flowers are higher than that of herkogamous flowers. The stamen-stigma distance, number of pollen and pollen/ovule (P/O) of herkogamous flowers are higher than that of homostylous flower. The proportion of homostylous individuals (68%) is higher than that of herkogamous (32%). Population and individual level flowering times were significantly different between the flower morphs and were longer for homostylous flower individuals ((117.00 ± 2.25) d, (101.65 ± 1.98) d) than that of herkogamous flower individuals ((26.00 ± 1.00) d, (18.75 ± 1.00) d), but the longevity of herkogamy flowers ((4.50 ± 0.14) d) are longer than that of homostylous flowers ((3.13 ± 0.11) d). At early flower stage (purple phase) the nectar volume of two morphs is significantly higher than late stage (white phase). In the purple phase the main pollinators were Bombussp., Apis mellifera and Syrphidae, and the visiting frequency and duration of stay on the homostylous flowers are higher than that of herkogamy flowers. In the white phase, the main pollinators on the herkogamous flower have higher visiting frequency than that of homostylous flower. At the different phases the number of pollen deposited on the stigma, pollen removal rate, pollination efficiency of homostylous flowers are higher than that of herkogamous flowers. The fruit and seed set of homostylous flowers are higher than that of herkogamous flowers. Under the extreme environment of sandstorms in southern Xinjiang, homostylous flowers can secure reproduction through high self-compatibility, and herkogamous flowers will increase outcrossing rate in the population. These differences in flower traits and pollination adaptations may be the main factor affecting the reproductive success of L. ruthenicum.

Key words: Lycium ruthenicum, homostylous, approach herkogamy, pollination characteristic

Halibunuer , Gulzar ABDUKIRIM, Reyilamu MAIMAITITUERXUN, Aysajan ABDUSALAM. Flower syndrome and pollination characteristics of two flower morphs in Lycium ruthenicum (Solanaceae)[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2022, 46(9): 1050-1063.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0463

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2022/V46/I9/1050

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1 Measurements of flower traits (A) and relative height of sexual organs (B) of two flower morphs of Lycium ruthenicum (mean ± SE). a(a′)-e(e′), flower length; a(a′)-d(d′), pistil length; a(a′)-c(c′), stamen length; f(f′)-b(b′), corolla diameter. Different lowercase letters in B indicate significant difference between different sexual organs of the same flower morph (p < 0.05).

Fig. 2 Individual plant, inflorescence, fruit, flower morphs and flower color changes in Lycium ruthenicum in Kashi, Xinjiang, China. A, Herkogamous flower. B, Homostylous flower. C, Inflorescence of herkogamous flower. D, Inflorescence of homostylous flower. E, F, Fruit. G, Individual plant. H, Change of flower color in different phases of flower longevity in two flower morphs of L. ruthenicum (upper, homostylous flower; lower, herkogamous flower).

Table 1 Comparisons of flower traits (mean ± SE) among two flower morphs at early flowering phase (purple) and late flowering phase (white) of Lycium ruthenicum using generalized linear model (GLM)

花部特征 Flower characteristic	紫色阶段 Purple phase				白色阶段 White phase				花型×阶段 Morph × phase
花部特征 Flower characteristic	同位花 Homostylous flower	雌雄异位花 Herkogamous flower	Wald χ₁²	p₁	同位花 Homostylous flower	雌雄异位花 Herkogamous flower	Wald χ₂²	p₂	Wald χ₃²	p₃
花冠直径 Corolla diameter (mm)	8.29 ± 0.25	7.36 ± 0.33	10.411	0.001	7.18 ± 0.23	6.70 ± 0.43	0.914	0.659	17.380	0.001
花冠筒长 Corolla tube length (mm)	14.28 ± 0.31	10.70 ± 0.54	32.514	<0.001	14.92 ± 0.39	9.71 ± 0.57	57.284	<0.001	4.188	0.242
雌蕊长 Pistil length (mm)	11.99 ± 0.33	12.20 ± 0.57	0.104	0.747	12.06 ± 0.33	13.07 ± 0.48	3.005	0.083	0.043	0.998
雄蕊长 Stamen length (mm)	11.99 ± 0.24	10.20 ± 0.42	13.574	<0.001	12.37 ± 0.36	11.14 ± 0.53	3.745	0.053	1.481	0.687
雌雄蕊空间距离 Stamen-stigma distance (mm)	0.65 ± 0.16	2.00 ± 0.27	18.588	<0.001	1.02 ± 0.18	1.93 ± 0.27	8.042	0.005	4.358	0.225
雌蕊-花冠口距离 Corolla tube-stigma distance (mm)	2.29 ± 0.22	1.50 ± 0.39	3.175	0.075	2.86 ± 0.28	3.36 ± 0.42	0.975	0.323	12.430	0.006
雄蕊-花冠口距离 Corolla tube-stamen distance (mm)	0.70 ± 0.28	2.29 ± 0.16	24.444	<0.001	2.55 ± 0.29	1.86 ± 0.42	1.865	0.172	1.208	0.751

Fig. 3 Pollen viability and stigma acceptability in purple phase (1, 2 and 3) and white phase (4 and 5) of two flower morphs of Lycium ruthenicum (mean ± SE). “+” indicates the degree of acceptability of stigma.

Fig. 4 Nectar volume at early flowering phase (purple) and late phase (white) of two flower morphs of Lycium ruthenicum (mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between different phases of the same flower morph, and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between different flower morphs at the same phase (p < 0.05).

Table 2 Mean relative composition of two flower morphs at early flowering phase (purple) and late flowering phase (white) of Lycium ruthenicum flower volatiles in Kashi, Xinjiang, China (mean ± SE)

传感器 Sensor	物质 Substance	紫色阶段 Purple phase				白色阶段 White phase				花型×阶段 Morph × phase
传感器 Sensor	物质 Substance	同位花 Homostylous flower	雌雄异位花 Herkogamy flower	Wald χ₁²	p₁	同位花 Homostylous flower	雌雄异位花 Herkogamy flower	Wald χ₂²	p₂	Wald χ₃²	p₃
W1C	芳香成分苯类 Benzenoids	8.58 ± 0.37	9.26 ± 0.46	1.408	0.235	6.31 ± 0.20	8.23 ± 0.04	130.437	<0.001	3.385	0.066
W3C	氨类, 芳香成分 Ammonia, benzenoids	8.19 ± 0.40	7.01 ± 1.49	0.463	0.496	5.45 ± 0.27	7.76 ± 0.05	106.682	<0.001	3.120	0.077
W5C	烷烃芳香成分 Alkane aromatic composition	8.06 ± 0.41	8.92 ± 0.55	1.566	0.211	5.28 ± 0.28	7.64 ± 0.05	103.141	<0.001	3.424	0.064
W2W	芳香成分, 有机硫化物 Benzenoids, organic sulfide	10.92 ± 0.39	10.11 ± 0.27	4.025	0.045	14.97 ± 0.24	10.28 ± 0.22	309.736	<0.001	87.539	<0.001
W1S	甲基类 Methyl	19.83 ± 0.55	15.87 ± 1.60	4.450	0.035	25.47 ± 1.01	19.86 ± 0.31	42.106	<0.001	0.531	0.466
W1W	无机硫化物 Inorganic sulfide	7.61 ± 2.61	10.25 ± 0.22	2.484	0.115	13.67 ± 0.19	10.48 ± 0.14	267.990	<0.001	9.389	0.002
W2S	醇类, 醛酮类 Alcohols, aldehydes and ketones	10.40 ± 0.30	10.67 ± 0.14	1.223	0.269	10.92 ± 0.39	10.70 ± 0.10	0.357	0.550	0.279	0.598
W3S	烷烃 Alkane	8.28 ± 0.40	8.99 ± 0.53	1.131	0.288	5.37 ± 0.27	7.77 ± 0.04	112.877	<0.001	4.695	0.030
W5S	氮氧化合物 Nitrogen oxides	9.68 ± 0.29	9.85 ± 0.33	0.160	0.689	7.41 ± 0.36	9.35 ± 0.09	40.361	<0.001	10.389	0.001
W6S	氢化物 Hydride	8.46 ± 0.39	9.08 ± 0.51	0.952	0.329	5.46 ± 0.26	7.93 ± 0.05	125.947	<0.001	6.120	0.013

Fig. 5 Main visiting insects of Lycium ruthenicum. A, Apis mellifera. B, Bombus sp. C, Syrphidae. D, Lasioglossum occidens. E, Lucilia sericata.

Fig. 6 Visiting frequency of main pollinators at early flowering phase (purple) and late flowering phase (white) of Lycium ruthenicum of two flower morphs (mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between different pollinators of the same morph, and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between different flower morphs of same pollinator (p < 0.05).

Fig. 7 Proportion of total pollen grains removed (A), deposited pollen grains (B), pollen transfer efficiency (C) and fruit and seed set rate (D) in the two flower morphs of Lycium ruthenicum at early flowering phase (purple) and late flowering phase (white)(mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between different phases of the same morph, and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between different flower morph at the same phase (p < 0.05).

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