Calcium-tolerance type and adaptability to high-calcium habitats of Rosa roxburghii

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0172

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Rosa roxburghii is a special economic tree species native to southwest China, and it has been taken as a key fruit tree in karst mountainous areas of Guizhou Province. However, it is unclear whether R. roxburghii can adapt to high-calcium habitats in the karst areas. To provide scientific evidence for determining the potential planting sites of R. roxburghii, the calcium-tolerance type and adaptability to high-calcium habitats of R. roxburghii were needed to be clarified.

Methods In this study, different organs from 50 R. roxburghii individuals and different calcareous soils where R. roxburghii grew were sampled in karst areas of Guizhou. The pH, exchangeable calcium and magnesium contents in the soil, total calcium and calcium oxalate contents in the plant organs, and calcium and magnesium contents in the leaves were determined, and the proportion of calcium oxalate in different organs to total calcium content was calculated. Then, the correlations between the exchangeable calcium and magnesium content in the soil with total calcium in different organs, and calcium and magnesium content in the leaves were analyzed. In addition, the distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in different organs as well as on the leaf surface was observed in samples collected from low-calcium and high-calcium habitats.

Important findings The soil at R. roxburghii sites in karst areas had a high pH, and the content of exchangeable calcium and magnesium was abundant and varies greatly. In different calcareous habitats, the total calcium content in different organs of R. roxburghii was significantly and positively correlated with the exchangeable calcium content in the soil. Similarly, the contents of total calcium and magnesium in the leaves were correlated with those in the soil. The branches and leaves were the organs that accumulated the most calcium, whereas the calcium enrichment in the roots and fruit were relatively low. The total calcium and magnesium contents of all the sample leaves ranged from 1.71% to 2.73%, among which, the proportions of calcium oxalate in branches and leaves were 55.81% and 52.76% of the total calcium, respectively; while only 29.34% and 34.30% were in roots and fruit. In samples from a high-calcium habitats, calcium oxalate prismatic crystals were abundant in the branches, leaves, and around stomatal pores, while few needle crystals were observed in the fruits. However, in samples from a low-calcium environment, no calcium oxalate crystals were observed in the roots, fruit, and leaf stomatal pores. In this study, we clarified that the R. roxburghii is an intermediate type of calcium-tolerance, which has strong adaptability to different calcium habitats in karst areas. The physiological characteristics of storing abundant calcium oxalate crystals in branches and leaves, and excreting calcium through leaf stomata play important roles in reducing the calcium concentration in R. roxburghii tissues and alleviating damages from high-calcium stress. The results of this study provide important guidance for the determination of suitable planting sites for R. roxburghii in karst areas.

Key words: Rosa roxburghii, karst area, high-calcium habitat, calcium-tolerance type, adaptability analysis

MENG Qing-Jing, FAN Wei-Guo. Calcium-tolerance type and adaptability to high-calcium habitats of Rosa roxburghii[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2022, 46(12): 1562-1572.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0172

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2022/V46/I12/1562

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1 Characteristics of pH, exchangeable calcium and magnesium content of wild Rosa roxburghii site soil in karst area (n = 50)

指标 Index	分级 Classification	样本数 Number (n)	范围 Range	占比 Percentage (%)	平均值 Mean	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
pH	酸性 Acid (<5.5)	5	4.73-8.58	10.00	7.28	14.77
	微酸性 Faintly acid (5.5-6.5)	7		14.00
	中性 Neutral (6.5-7.5)	8		16.00
	碱性 Alkaline (7.5-8.5)	29		48.00
	强碱性 Highly alkaline (>8.5)	1		2.00
交换性钙含量 Exchangeable calcium content (mg·kg^-1)	缺乏 Lack (<250)	0	406.41-9 425.98	0.00	3 839.36	60.59
	适量 Suitable (250-1 000)	5		10.00
	高量 High (1 000-2 000)	5		10.00
	过量 Superfluous (>2 000)	40		80.00
交换性镁含量 Exchangeable magnesium content (mg·kg^-1)	缺乏 Lack (<50)	4	23.04-1 354.48	8.00	315.01	97.80
	适量 Suitable (50-100)	8		16.00
	高量 High (100-200)	13		26.00
	过量 Superfluous (>200)	25		50.00

Table 2 Range, coefficient of variation and distribution characteristics of total calcium content in root, branch, leaf and fruit of wild Rosa roxburghii in karst area

器官 Organ	范围 Range (g·kg^-1)	平均值 Mean (g·kg^-1)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)	总钙含量分布的样本数 Sample number of total calcium content distribution (n)
器官 Organ	范围 Range (g·kg^-1)	平均值 Mean (g·kg^-1)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)	<10 g·kg^-1	10-20 g·kg^-1	>20 g·kg^-1
根 Root	3.87-13.47	6.51^b	2.25	34.64	45	5	0
枝 Branch	11.01-24.96	19.92^a	3.27	16.41	0	25	25
叶 Leaf	13.95-24.95	19.72^a	2.96	15.01	0	28	22
果实 Fruit	3.21-11.50	6.19^b	1.81	29.22	27	2	0

Fig. 1 Calcium and magnesium content in leaves of 50 wild Rosa roxburghii plants in karst area (mean ± SD).

Fig. 2 Correlation between calcium and magnesium content in leaf of wild Rosa roxburghii and exchangeable calcium and magnesium content in soil in karst area (n = 50). **, p < 0.01.

Fig. 3 Correlation between total calcium content in branches, leaves, fruits, and roots of wild Rosa roxburghii and exchangeable calcium content in soil in karst area. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

Table 3 Content range, coefficient of variation and percentage of calcium oxalate in total calcium in root, branch, leaf and fruit of wild Rosa roxburghii in karst area

器官 Organ	草酸钙含量范围 Content range of calcium oxalate (g·kg^-1)	含量平均值 Content mean (g·kg^-1)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)	占器官总钙的百分比 Percentage of total calcium in organs (%)
根 Root	0.35-5.64	1.91^b	1.09	57.02	29.35^c
枝 Branch	3.34-16.88	11.12^a	2.82	25.39	55.81^a
叶 Leaf	7.16-13.67	10.41^a	1.64	15.73	52.76^a
果实 Fruit	0.52-4.96	2.12^b	1.01	47.52	34.30^b

Table 4 Exchangeable calcium content in soil, total calcium and calcium oxalate content in different organs of wild Rosa roxburghii plants in different calcium conditions (mean ± SD)

生境 Condition	交换性钙含量 Exchangeable calcium content (mg·kg^-1)	总钙含量 Total calcium content (g·kg^-1)				草酸钙含量 Calcium oxalate content (g·kg^-1)
生境 Condition	交换性钙含量 Exchangeable calcium content (mg·kg^-1)	叶 Leaf	枝 Branch	果实 Fruit	根 Root	叶 Leaf	枝 Branch	果实 Fruit	根 Root
高钙 High calcium	5 938.12 ± 185.04^A	19.92 ± 0.70^A	20.90 ± 0.10^A	11.50 ± 0.14^A	10.07 ± 0.13^A	9.75 ± 0.14^A	10.10 ± 0.14^A	4.96 ± 0.02^A	2.34 ± 0.03^A
低钙 Low calcium	406.41 ± 14.41^B	14.07 ± 0.37^B	12.03 ± 0.08^B	3.86 ± 0.02^B	5.64 ± 0.13^B	7.53 ± 0.57^B	5.70 ± 0.23^B	0.52 ± 0.04^B	1.91 ± 0.06^B

Fig. 4 Observation results of calcium oxalate crystals grown in the organs of Rosa roxburghii and at the stomata margins of leaves in two calcium conditions. A-F, Observation results of calcium oxalate crystals in different organs and leaves of R. roxburghii in high calcium conditions with soil exchangeable calcium content of 5 938.12 mg·kg-1. A, Calcium oxalate prism in leaf tissue. B, Calcium oxalate prism in branch phloem. C, Calcium oxalate raphid in fruit tissue. D, Root tissue without calcium oxalate crystals. E, Calcium oxalate deposits at the edge of the stomata. F, Calcium oxalate prism outside stomata. G-L, Observation results of calcium oxalate crystals in different organs and leaves of R. roxburghii in low calcium conditions with soil exchangeable calcium content of 406.41 mg·kg-1. G, Calcium oxalate prism in leaf tissue. H, Calcium oxalate prism in branch phloem. I, No calcium oxalate crystals were observed in fruit tissue. J, Root tissue without calcium oxalate crystals. K, No calcium oxalate deposits were observed around the stomata. L, No calcium oxalate crystals were observed around the stomata on the leaf surface.

Fig. 5 Rosa roxburghii in two calcium conditions. Left: R. roxburghii grows on acidic low calcium yellow soil with pH 5.02 and exchangeable calcium content of 432 mg·kg-1, there were more acidic indicator ferns around the plant. Right: R. roxburghii grows in alkaline calcareous soil with pH 8.24 and exchangeable calcium content up to 6 631 mg·kg-1.

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