Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2017, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (11): 1190-1198.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0153
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Qiao-Xia LI*(), Xiao-Xia HUANG, Wen CHEN, Yong WANG, Kun SUN
Received:
2017-06-14
Accepted:
2017-11-20
Online:
2017-11-10
Published:
2017-11-10
Contact:
Qiao-Xia LI
Qiao-Xia LI, Xiao-Xia HUANG, Wen CHEN, Yong WANG, Kun SUN. Patterns of flower morphology and structural changes during interconversion between chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in Viola philippica[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2017, 41(11): 1190-1198.
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Fig. 1 The phenotype variation of dimorphic flower in Viola philippica. A, Chasmogamous flower. B, Cleistogamous flower. C-J, Intermediate cleistogamous flower. K, The cross section of chasmogamous flower. L, The cross section of cleistogamous flower. M-O, The cross section of intermediate cleistogamous flower. ca, carpel; fi, filament; pe, petal; se, sepal; st, stamen. A-J, bar = 500 μm; K, bar = 200 μm; L-O, bar = 100 μm.
Fig. 2 The morphological and number variation of stamens in dimorphic flower of Viola philippica. A, The five stamens in chasmogamous flower. B-L, The different number of stamens in intermediate cleistogamous flower. M, The two stamens in cleistogamous flower. an, anther; fi, filament; sc, stamen cap, the membranous appendage structure. Bar = 500 μm.
光周期 Photoperiod (light/dark) | 开放花植株比率 The ratio of plant with CH flowers (%) | 5枚或4枚雄蕊、3个花瓣过渡闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with inCL flowers of 5 or 4 stamens and 3 petals (%) | 3枚雄蕊、3个花瓣过渡闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with inCL flowers of 3 stamens and 3 petals (%) | 2枚雄蕊、3个花瓣过渡闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with inCL flowers of 2 stamens and 3 petals (%) | 2枚雄蕊、1个花瓣过渡闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with inCL flowers of 2 stamens and 1 petal (%) | 完全闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with CL flowers (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 h/14 h | 81.93 ± 0.016d | 6.40± 0.011c | 4.73 ± 0.012c | 4.87 ± 0.006c | 2.10 ± 0.008b | 0.00 ± 0.000a |
12 h/12 h | 3.50 ± 0.004b | 4.70 ± 0.014b | 9.27 ± 0.009c | 23.80 ± 0.032d | 59.57 ± 0.008e | 0.00 ± 0.000a |
16 h/8 h | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 100.00 ± 0.000b |
Table 1 The effect of different photoperiod on the morphological structure of intermediate cleistogamous flowers of Viola philippica (mean ± SE)
光周期 Photoperiod (light/dark) | 开放花植株比率 The ratio of plant with CH flowers (%) | 5枚或4枚雄蕊、3个花瓣过渡闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with inCL flowers of 5 or 4 stamens and 3 petals (%) | 3枚雄蕊、3个花瓣过渡闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with inCL flowers of 3 stamens and 3 petals (%) | 2枚雄蕊、3个花瓣过渡闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with inCL flowers of 2 stamens and 3 petals (%) | 2枚雄蕊、1个花瓣过渡闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with inCL flowers of 2 stamens and 1 petal (%) | 完全闭锁花植株比率 The ratio of plant with CL flowers (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 h/14 h | 81.93 ± 0.016d | 6.40± 0.011c | 4.73 ± 0.012c | 4.87 ± 0.006c | 2.10 ± 0.008b | 0.00 ± 0.000a |
12 h/12 h | 3.50 ± 0.004b | 4.70 ± 0.014b | 9.27 ± 0.009c | 23.80 ± 0.032d | 59.57 ± 0.008e | 0.00 ± 0.000a |
16 h/8 h | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 0.00 ± 0.000a | 100.00 ± 0.000b |
Fig. 3 The variation trends of flowers type of the plants with chasmogamous or cleistogamous flowers under different photoperiod in Viola philippica. A-E, The variation trends of flowers type of the plants with chasmogamous flowers under 16 h daylight. A, The morphological structure of flowers at 0 days. B, The morphological structure of flowers at 10 days. C, The morphological structure of flowers at 20 days. D, The morphological structure of flowers at 30 days. E, The morphological structure of flowers at 40 days. F-J, The variation trends of flowers type of the plants with cleistogamous flowers under 10 h daylight. F, The morphological structure of flowers at 0 days. G, The morphological structure of flowers at 20 days. H, The morphological structure of flowers at 40 days. I, The morphological structure of flowers at 60 days. J, The morphological structure of flowers at 80 days. fi, filament; ne, nectar; pe, petal; st, stamen. Bar = 500 μm.
Fig. 4 The variation trends of floral organ size in dimorphic flowers of Viola philippica under different photoperiod. A, B, The variation trends of flowers organ size in newly developed floral buds of the plants with chasmogamous flowers under 16 h daylight. C, D, the variation trends of flowers organ size in newly developed floral buds of the plants with cleistogamous flowers under 10 h daylight. AnL, the length of anther; FiL, the length of filament; LpeL, the length of lower petal; LpeW, the width of lower petal. The different lowercase letters indicated that there were significant differences in the size of floral organs as the time went on (p < 0.05).
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