Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology >
ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN CLONAL PLANTS
Received date: 2005-01-06
Accepted date: 2005-07-30
Online published: 2006-01-30
Most plants can reproduce both sexually and vegetatively, and the balance between the two reproductive modes may vary widely between and within species. Extensive clonal growth may affect the evolution of life history traits in many ways. First, in some clonal species, sexual reproduction and recruitment are very low and drop to nil in extreme cases. Variation in sexual reproduction may strongly influence the adaptation to local environments and the evolution of the geographic range. Second, clonal growth can increase floral display, and thus pollinator attraction, while it may impose serious constraints and evolutionary challenges on plants through geitonogamy that may strongly influence pollen dispersal. Geitonogamous pollination can bring a fitness cost for the female and male function in both self-compatible and self-incompatible species. Some co-evolutionary interactions, therefore, may exist between the spatial structure and the mating behavior of clonal plants. Finally, a trade-off may exist between sexual reproduction and clonal growth. Resource allocation towards the two reproductive modes may depend on environmental conditions, competitive dominance, life span and genetic factors. If different reproductive modes are the adaptive strategies for plants in different environments, we can predict that most of the resources should be allocated towards sexual reproduction in habitats with fluctuating environmental conditions and strong competition, while clonal growth should be dominant in stable habitats. Yet we know little about the consequences of natural selection on the two reproductive modes and the underlying ecological and/or genetic factors that control the balance of the two reproductive modes. It is still unclear whether clonal growth unidirectionally determines sexual reproductive processes or whether the selection pressures arising from sexual reproductive processes leads to clonality. Few studies have investigated the reproductive strategies of clonal plants simultaneously both from sexual and asexual perspectives.
ZHANG Yu-Fen, ZHANG Da-Yong . ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN CLONAL PLANTS[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006 , 30(1) : 174 -183 . DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0024
| [1] | Abrahamson WG (1975). Reproductive strategies in dewberries. Ecology, 56,721-726. |
| [2] | Abrahamson WG (1980). Demography and vegetative reproduction. In: Solbrig OT ed. Demography and Evolution in Plant Populations. Blackwell, Oxford, 89-106. |
| [3] | Alpert P, Stuefer JF (1997). Division of labour in clonal plants. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendal JM eds. The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 137-154. |
| [4] | Aspinwall N, Christian T (1992). Clonal structure, genotypic diversity and seed production in populations of Filipendula rubra (Rosaceae) from the northcentral United States. American Journal of Botany, 79,294-299. |
| [5] | Back AJ, Kron P, Stewart SC (1996). Phenological regulation of opportunities for within-inflorescence geitonogamy in the clonal species, Iris versicolor (Iridaceae). American Journal of Botany, 83,1033-1040. |
| [6] | Bai WN (白伟宁), Zhang DY (张大勇) (2004). Dichogamy. In: Zhang DY (张大勇) ed. Life History Evolution and Reproductive Ecology in Plants (植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学). Science Press, Beijing, 284-301. (in Chinese) |
| [7] | Bazzaz FA (1996). Plants in Changing Environments: Linking Physiological, Population,and Community Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. |
| [8] | Begon M (1982). Density and individual fitness: asymmetric competition. In: Shorrocks B ed. Evolutionary Ecology. Blackwell, Oxford, 175-194. |
| [9] | Biere A (1995). Genotypic and plastic variation in plant size: effects on fecundity and allocation patterns in Lychnis floscuculi along a gradient of natural soil fertility. Journal of Ecology, 83,629-642. |
| [10] | Bonser SP, Aarssen LW (1996). Meristem allocation: a new classification theory for adaptive strategies in herbaceous plants. Oikos, 77,347-352. |
| [11] | Bostock SJ (1980). Variation in reproductive allocation in Tussilago farfara. Oikos, 34,359-363. |
| [12] | Bowker MA, Stark LR, McLetchie DN, Mishler BD (2000). Sex expression, skewed sex ratios, and microhabitat distribution in the dioecious desert moss Syntrichia caninervis (Pottiaceae). American Journal of Botany, 87,517-526. |
| [13] | Brochmann C, Hapnes A (2001). Reproductive strategies in some arctic Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae), with emphasis on the narrow endemic S. svalbardensis and its parental species. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 137,31-49. |
| [14] | Byers DL (1995). Pollen quantity and quality as explanations for low seed set in small populations exemplified by Eupatorium (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany, 82,1000-1006. |
| [15] | Callaghan TV, Carlsson BA, Jonsdottir IS, Svensson BM, Jonasson S (1992). Clonal plants and environmental-change: introduction to the proceedings and summary. Oikos, 63,341-347. |
| [16] | Charpentier A (2002). Consequences of clonal growth for plant mating. Evolutionary Ecology, 15,521-530. |
| [17] | Charpentier A, Grillas P, Thompson JD (2000). The effects of population size limitation on fecundity in mosaic populations of the clonal macrophyte Scirpus maritimus (Cyperaceae). American Journal of Botany, 87,502-507. |
| [18] | Cook RE (1979). Asexual reproduction: a further consideration. American Naturalist, 113,769-772. |
| [19] | Cook RE (1985). Growth and development in clonal plant population. In: Jackson JBC, Buss LW, Cook RE eds. Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Organisms. Yale University Press, New Haven, 259-296. |
| [20] | Darwin C (1877). The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. Murray, London. |
| [21] | de Jong TJ, Waser NM, Klinkhamer PGL (1993). Geitonogamy: the neglected side of selfing. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8,321-325. |
| [22] | de Kroon H, van Groenendael JM (1997). The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. |
| [23] | Dong M (董鸣) (1996a). Clonal growth in plants in relation to resource heterogeneity: foraging behavior. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 38,828-835. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [24] | Dong M (董鸣) (1996b). Plant clonal growth in heterogeneous habitats: risk-spreading. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 20,543-548. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [25] | Dong M, de Kroon H (1994). Plasticity in morphology and biomass allocation in Cymodon dactylon, a grass forming stolons and rhizomes. Oikos, 70,99-106. |
| [26] | Dong M, During HJ, Werger MJA (2002). Root and shoot plasticity of the stoloniferous herb Ajuga reptans L. planted in a heterogeneous environment. Flora, 197,37-46. |
| [27] | Dorken ME, Eckert CG (2001). Severely reduced sexual reproduction in northern populations of a clonal plant, Decodon verticillatus (Lythraceae). Journal of Ecology, 89,339-350. |
| [28] | Eckert CG (1999). Clonal plant research: proliferation, integration, but not much evolution. American Journal of Botany, 86,1649-1654. |
| [29] | Eckert CG (2000). Contributions of autogamy and geitonogamy to self-fertilization in a mass-flowering, clonal plant. Ecology, 81,532-542. |
| [30] | Eckert CG (2002). The loss of sex in clonal plants. Evolutionary Ecology, 15,501-520. |
| [31] | Eckert CG, Barrett SCH (1992). Stochastic loss of style morphs from populations of tristylous Lythrum salicaria and Decodon verticillatus (Lythraceae). Evolution, 46,1014-1029. |
| [32] | Eckert CG, Dorken ME, Mitchell SA (1999). Loss of sex in clonal populations of a flowering plant, Decodon verticillatus (Lythraceae). Evolution, 53,1079-1092. |
| [33] | Eckert CG, Lui K, Bronson K, Corradini P, Bruneau A (2003). Population genetic consequences of extreme variation in sexual and clonal reproduction in an aquatic plant. Molecular Ecology, 12,331-344. |
| [34] | Ellstrand NC, Roose ML (1987). Patterns of genotypic diversity in clonal plant species. American Journal of Botany, 74,123-131. |
| [35] | Eriksson O (1997). Clonal life histories and the evolution of seed recruitment. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendae JM eds. The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 211-226. |
| [36] | Eriksson O, Bremer B (1993). Genet dynamics of the clonal plant Rubus saxatilis. Journal of Ecology, 81,533-542. |
| [37] | Eriksson O, Jerling L (1990). Hierarchical selection and risk spreading in clonal plants. In: van Groenendael JM, de Kroon H eds. Clonal Growth in Plants: Regulation and Function. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague,79-94. |
| [38] | Gardner SN, Mangel M (1999). Modeling investments in seeds, clonal offspring, and translocation in a clonal plant. Ecology, 80,1202-1220. |
| [39] | Hammerli A, Reusch TBH (2003). Inbreeding depression influences genet size distribution in a marine angiosperm. Molecular Ecology, 12,619-629. |
| [40] | Handel SN (1985). The intrusion of clonal growth patterns on plant breeding systems. American Naturalist, 125,367-384. |
| [41] | Harder LD, Barrett CH (1995). Mating cost of large floral displays in hermaphrodite plants. Nature, 373,512-515. |
| [42] | Harper JL (1967). A Darwinian approach to plant ecology. Journal of Ecology, 55,247-270. |
| [43] | Hartemink N, Jongejans E, de Kroon H (2004). Flexible life history responses to flower and rosette bud removal in three perennial herbs. Oikos, 105,159-167. |
| [44] | Hartnett DC (1990). Size-dependent allocation to sexual and vegetative reproduction in four clonal composites. Oecologia, 84,254-259. |
| [45] | Heywoods JS (1986). The effect of plant size variation on genetic drift in populations of annuals. American Naturalist, 127,851-861. |
| [46] | Holler LC, Abrahamson WG (1977). Seed and vegetative reproduction in relation to density in Fragaria virginiana (Rosaceae). American Journal of Botany, 64,1003-1007. |
| [47] | Huber H, During HJ (2000). No long-term costs of meristem allocation to flowering in stoloniferous Trifolium species. Evolutionary Ecology, 14,731-748. |
| [48] | Hutchinson GE (1975). A Treatise on Limnology Vol.3.Limnological Botany. John Wiley & Sons, New York. |
| [49] | Iwasa Y (1990). Evolution of the selfing rate and resource allocation models. Plant Species Biology, 5,19-31. |
| [50] | Jonsdottir IS, Watson MA (1997). Extensive physiological integration: an adaptive trait in resource-poor environments? In: de Kroon H, van Groenendae JM eds. The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 109-136. |
| [51] | Klekowski EJJ (1988a). Mutation,Developmental Selection and Plant Evolution. Columbia University Press, New York. |
| [52] | Klekowski EJJ (1988b). Progressive cross- and self-sterility associated with aging in fern clones and perhaps other plants. Heredity, 61,247-253. |
| [53] | Kudoh H, Dhibaike H, Whigham DF, Kawano S (1999). Genet structure and determinants of clonal structure in a temperate deciduous woodland herb, Uvularia perfoloata. Journal of Ecology, 87,244-257. |
| [54] | Liao WJ (廖万金) (2004). Molecular markers. In: Zhang DY (张大勇) ed. Life History Evolution and Reproductive Ecology in Plants (植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学). Science Press, Beijing,369-403. (in Chinese) |
| [55] | Loehle C (1987). Partitioning of reproductive effort in clonal plants: a benefit-cost model. Oikos, 49,199-208. |
| [56] | Lopez F, Fungairino S, de la Heras P, Serrano J, Acosta F (2001). Age changes in the vegetative vs. reproductive allocation by module demographic strategies in a perennial plant. Plant Ecology, 157,13-21. |
| [57] | Lopez-Almansa JC, Pannell JR, Gil L (2003). Female sterility in Ulmus minor (Ulmaceae): a hypothesis invoking the cost of sex in a clonal plant. American Journal of Botany, 90,603-609. |
| [58] | Lovett Doust LL (1981). Population dynamics and local specialization in a clonal plant Tanunculus repens.Ⅰ. The dynamics of ramets in contrasting habitats. Journal of Ecology, 69,743-755. |
| [59] | McLetchie DN, Garcia-Ramos G, Crowley PH (2002). The lost ratio dynamics: a model for the dioecious liverwort Marchantia inflexa. Evolutionary Ecology, 15,231-254. |
| [60] | Mendez M (1999). Effects of sexual reproduction on growth and vegetative propagation in the perennial geophyte Arum italicum (Araceae). Plant Biology, 1,115-120. |
| [61] | Mendez M, Obeso JR (1993). Size-dependent reproductive and vegetative allocation in Arum italicum (Araceae). Canadian Journal of Botany, 71,309-314. |
| [62] | Nishitami S, Takada T, Kachi N (1999). Optimal resource allocation to seeds and vegetative propagules under density-dependent regulation in Syneilesis palmate (Compositae). Plant Ecology, 141,179-189. |
| [63] | Olejniczak P (2001). Evolutionarily stable allocation to vegetative and sexual reproduction in plants. Oikos, 95,156-160. |
| [64] | Pan JJ, Price JS (2002). Fitness and evolution in clonal plants: the impact of clonal growth. Evolutionary Ecology, 15,583-600. |
| [65] | Philbrick CT, Les DH (1996). Evolution of aquatic angiosperm reproductive systems. BioScience, 46,813-826. |
| [66] | Pitelka LF, Ashmun JW (1985). Physiology and integration of ramets in clonal plants. In: Jackson JBC, Buss LW, Cook RE eds. Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Arganisms. Yale University Press, New Haven,399-435. |
| [67] | Prach K, Py?ek P (1994). Clonal plants—what is their role in succession. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica, 29,307-320. |
| [68] | Prati D, Schmid B (2000). Genetic differentiation of life-history traits within populations of the clonal plant Ranunculus reptans. Oikos, 90,442-456. |
| [69] | Preston CD, Croft JM (1997). Aquatic Plants in Britain and Ireland. Harley Books, Colchester, UK. |
| [70] | Rautiainen P, Koivula K, Hyvarinen M (2004). The effect of within-genet and between-genet competition on sexual reproduction and vegetative spread in Potentilla anserina ssp.egedii. Journal of Ecology, 92,505-511. |
| [71] | Reekie EG (1991). Cost of seed versus rhizome production in Agropyron repens. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69,2678-2683. |
| [72] | Reekie EG (1999). Resource allocation, trade-offs, and reproductive effort in plants. In: Vuorisalo TO, Mutikainen PK eds. Life History Evolution in Plants. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 173-193. |
| [73] | Reznick D (1985). Costs of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence. Oikos, 44,257-267. |
| [74] | Roff DA (1992). The Evolution of Life Histories: Theory and Analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York. |
| [75] | Ronsheim ML, Bever JD (2000). Genetic variation and evolutionary trade-offs for sexual and asexual reproductive modes in Allium vineale (Liliaceae). American Journal of Botany, 87,1769-1777. |
| [76] | Sackville Hamilton NR, Schmid B, Harper JL (1987). Life-history concepts and the population biology of clonal organisms. Proceeding of Royal Society London B, 232,35-57. |
| [77] | Saikkonen K, Koivunen S, Vuorisalo T, Mutikainen P (1998). Interactive effects of pollination and heavy metals on resource allocation in Potentilla anserina L. Ecology, 79,1620-1629. |
| [78] | Sakai S (1995). Optimal resource allocation to vegetative and sexual reproduction of a plant growing in a spatially varying environment. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 175,271-282. |
| [79] | Samson DA, Werk KS (1986). Size-dependent effects in the analysis of reproductive effort in plants. American Naturalist, 127,667-680. |
| [80] | Sato T (2002). Size-dependent resource allocation among vegetative propagules and male and female functions in the forest herb Laportea bulbifera. Oikos, 96,453-462. |
| [81] | Schmid B (1990). Some ecological and evolutionary consequences of modular organization and clonal growth in plants. Evolutionary Trend in Plant, 4,25-34. |
| [82] | Schmid B, Bazzaz FA (1995). Size dependency of sexual reproduction and of clonal growth in two perennial plants. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73,1831-1837. |
| [83] | Sculthorpe CD (1967). The Biology of Aquatic Vasvular Plants. Edward Arnold, London. |
| [84] | Silander JA (1985). Microevolution in clonal plants. In: Jackson JBC, Buss LW, Cook RE eds. Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Organisms. Yale University Press, London,107-152. |
| [85] | Snow AA, Whigham DF (1989). Costs of flower and fruit production in Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). Ecology, 70,1286-1293. |
| [86] | Stearns SC (1992). The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford. |
| [87] | Stebbins GL (1950). Variation and Evolution in Plants. Columbia University Press, New York. |
| [88] | Stebbins GL (1971). Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. Edward Arnold, London. |
| [89] | Stuefer JF, DeKroon H, During HJ (1996). Exploitation of environmental heterogeneity by spatial division of labour in a clonal plant. Functional Ecology, 10,328-334. |
| [90] | Stuefer JF, Erschbamer B, Huber H, Suzuki JI (2001). The ecology and evolutionary biology of clonal plants: an introduction to the proceedings of Clone-2000. Evolutionary Ecology, 15,223-230. |
| [91] | Thompson FL, Eckert CG (2004). Trade-offs between sexual and clonal reproduction in an aquatic plant: experimental manipulations vs. phenotypic correlations. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 17,581-592. |
| [92] | Thompson JD (2001). How do visitation patterns vary among pollinators in relation to floral display and floral design in a generalist pollination system? Oecologia, 126,386-394. |
| [93] | Ushimaru A, Kikuzawa K (1999). Variation of breeding system, floral rewards, and reproductive success in clonal Calystegia species (Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 86,436-446. |
| [94] | van Kleunen M, Fischer M, Schmid B (2001). Effects of intraspecific competition on size variation and reproductive allocation in a clonal plant. Oikos, 94,515-524. |
| [95] | Vange V (2002). Breeding system and inbreeding depression in the clonal plant species Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae): implications for survival in abandoned grassland. Biological Conservation, 108,59-67. |
| [96] | Watson MA (1984). Developmental constraints effect on population growth and patterns of resource allocation in a clonal plant. American Naturalist, 123,411-426. |
| [97] | Westley LC (1993). The effect of inflorescence bud removal on tuber production in Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae). Ecology, 74,2136-2144. |
| [98] | Widen B, Cronberg N, Widen M (1994). Genotypic diversity, molecular markers and spatial distribution of genets in clonal plants, a literature survey. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica, 29,245-263. |
| [99] | Widen B, Widen M (1990). Pollen limitation and distance dependent fecundity in females of the clonal gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae). Oecologia, 83,191-196. |
| [100] | Wilcock CC, Jennings SB (1999). Partner limitation and restoration of sexual reproduction in the clonal dwarf shrub Linnea borealis L. (Caprifoliaceae). Protoplasma, 208,76-86. |
| [101] | Williams GC (1966). Natural selection, the cost of reproduction and refinement of lacks of principle. American Naturalist, 100,687-690. |
| [102] | Winkler E, Fischer M (1999). Two fitness measures for clonal plants and the importance of spatial aspects. Plant Ecology, 141,191-199. |
| [103] | Winkler E, Fischer M (2001). The role of vegetative spread and seed dispersal for optimal life histories of clonal plants: a simulation study. Evolutionary Ecology, 15,281-301. |
| [104] | Wolf AT, Harrison SP (2001). Effects of habitat size and patch isolation on reproductive success of the serpentine morning glory. Conservation Biology, 15,111-121. |
| [105] | Yu FH, Dong M, Zhang CY, Zhang SM (2002). Phenotypic plasticity in response to salonity gradient in a stoloniferous herb Halerpestes ruthenica. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 26,140-148. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology
Tel: 010-62836134, 62836138, E-mail: apes@ibcas.ac.cn, cjpe@ibcas.ac.cn
