Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology >
Analysis of applicability of Granier’s original equation for calculating the stem sap flux density—Take Populus tomentosa as an example
*Contributed equally to this work
Received date: 2022-07-29
Accepted date: 2022-09-12
Online published: 2022-09-13
Supported by
Key R&D Plan of Ningxia Huizu Autonomous Region(2019BFG02024);National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD2201203);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171763)
Aims Thermal dissipation probes (TDP) have been extensively applied in studying forest transpiration. The calculation accuracy of TDP data directly affects the precise quantification of water consumption of trees and stands. Granier’s original equation (Fd = 0.0119K1.231, Fd is the sap flux density (cm·s-1), K is the temperature difference coefficient) is a standard method for calculating the data measured by TDP, but its accuracy is questioned. The objective of this study is to systematically understand the applicability of Granier’s original equation to Populus tomentosa and clarify the need for calibration.
Methods With P. tomentosa s With P. tomentosa as the experimental material, this study used the stem-weighing and the whole-tree potometer methods to evaluate the accuracy of Granier’s original equation for different types of TDP probes, and compared the applicability of equations calibrated by various methods.
Important findings Compared with the values measured by the stem-weighing method, the sap flux density calculated by Granier’s original equation was underestimated by 52.3%-61.4% on average. The calibrated equations by the stem-weighing method and the whole-tree potometer method were Fd= 0.0362K1.870 and Fd = 0.0105K0.976, respectively. The calibrated equation by one method produced a large deviation when applied to calculate the sap flux density measured by other methods. Relative to the values estimated by Granier’s original equation, the average sap flux density of seven field-grown trees calculated using the whole-tree potometer calibrated equation did not change significantly, but that calculated using the equations calibrated by the stem-weighing method or in other studies became significantly larger. Compared with the sap flux density measured by the whole-tree potometer method, the calculation precision of Granier’s original equation is considerably higher than that of other calibrated equations, and its relative average absolute error and root mean square error were 10% and 0.000 5 cm·s-1, respectively. In addition, the coefficients of the calibrated equation differed greatly across different trees, but their values were negatively correlated with the length ratio of the probe inserted into the water conducting sapwood. To sum up, it may be necessary to calibrate original Granier’s equation when applying TDP to measure sap flux density. However, the application effects of calibrated equations by different methods varied considerably, indicating that the calibrated equations derived in previous studies have great limitations. Meanwhile, this study did not find sufficient evidence to support the viewpoint that it is necessary to use a calibrated equation for accurately estimate the sap flux density of P. tomentosa, especially considering that no significant difference was observed when using the calibrated equation by the whole-tree potometer method and Granier’s original equation to estimate the sap flux density of field-grown P. tomentosa. Therefore, continued application of Granier’s original equation is recommended for this tree species.
Key words： transpiration; water use; water relation; heat dissipation; poplar
ZHAO Xiao-Ning, TIAN Xiao-Nan, LI Xin, LI Guang-De, GUO You-Zheng, JIA Li-Ming, DUAN Jie, XI Ben-Ye . Analysis of applicability of Granier’s original equation for calculating the stem sap flux density—Take Populus tomentosa as an example[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023 , 47(3) : 404 -417 . DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0321
| [1] | B?rja I, Sv?tlík J, Nadezhdin V, ?ermák J, Rosner S, Nadezhdina N (2016). Sap flux—A real time assessment of health status in Norway spruce. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 31, 450-457. |
| [2] | Burgess SSO, Adams MA, Turner NC, Beverly CR, Ong CK, Khan AAH, Bleby TM (2001). An improved heat pulse method to measure low and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants. Tree Physiology, 21, 589-598. |
| [3] | Bush SE, Hultine KR, Sperry JS, Ehleringer JR (2010). Calibration of thermal dissipation sap flow probes for ring- and diffuse-porous trees. Tree Physiology, 30, 1545-1554. |
| [4] | Clearwater MJ, Meinzer FC, Andrade JL, Goldstein G, Holbrook NM (1999). Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation probes. Tree Physiology, 19, 681-687. |
| [5] | Dix MJ, Aubrey DP (2021a). Calibration approach and range of observed sap flow influences transpiration estimates from thermal dissipation sensors. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 307, 108534. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108534. |
| [6] | Dix MJ, Aubrey DP (2021b). Recalibrating best practices, challenges, and limitations of estimating tree transpiration via sap flow. Current Forestry Reports, 7, 31-37. |
| [7] | FAO (2020). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. |
| [8] | Flo V, Martinez-Vilalta J, Steppe K, Schuldt B, Poyatos R (2019). A synthesis of bias and uncertainty in sap flow methods. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 271, 362-374. |
| [9] | Fricke W (2019). Night-time transpiration—Favouring growth? Trends in Plant Science, 24, 311-317. |
| [10] | Fuchs S, Leuschner C, Link R, Coners H, Schuldt B (2017). Calibration and comparison of thermal dissipation, heat ratio and heat field deformation sap flow probes for diffuse-porous trees. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 244- 245, 151-161. |
| [11] | Granier A (1985). A new method of sap flow measurement in tree stems. Annales des Sciences Forestières, 42, 193-200. |
| [12] | Green S, Clothier B, Jardine B (2003). Theory and practical application of heat pulse to measure sap flow. Agronomy Journal, 95, 1371-1379. |
| [13] | Iqbal S, Zha TS, Jia X, Hayat M, Qian D, Bourque CPA, Tian Y, Bai YJ, Liu P, Yang RZ, Khan A (2021). Interannual variation in sap flow response in three xeric shrub species to periodic drought. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 297, 108276. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108276. |
| [14] | Jasechko S, Sharp ZD, Gibson JJ, Birks SJ, Yi Y, Fawcett PJ (2013). Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration. Nature, 496, 347-350. |
| [15] | Komatsu H, Shinohara Y, Nogata M, Tsuruta K, Otsuki K (2013). Changes in canopy transpiration due to thinning of a Cryptomeria japonica plantation. Hydrological Research Letters, 7, 60-65. |
| [16] | K?stner BMM, Schulze ED, Kelliher FM, Hollinger DY, Byers JN, Hunt JE, McSeveny TM, Meserth R, Weir PL (1992). Transpiration and canopy conductance in a pristine broad- leaved forest of Nothofagus: an analysis of xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements. Oecologia, 91, 350-359. |
| [17] | Li DD, Liu JQ, Verhoef A, Xi BY, Hernandez-Santana V (2021). Understanding the relationship between biomass production and water use of Populus tomentosa trees throughout an entire short-rotation. Agricultural Water Management, 246, 106710. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.106710. |
| [18] | Li GD, Fu FZ, Xi BY, Wang Y, Jia LM (2016). Study of transpiration and water consumption of triploid Populus tomentosa at individual tree and stand scales by using thermal dissipation technology. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36, 2945-2953. |
| [18] | [李广德, 富丰珍, 席本野, 王烨, 贾黎明 (2016). 基于热扩散技术的三倍体毛白杨单木及林分蒸腾耗水研究. 生态学报, 36, 2945-2953.] |
| [19] | Li GD, Jia LM, Fu FZ (2014). Comparison on the whole-tree water use of hybrid triploid of Chinese white poplar between the whole tree potometer and thermal dissipation probe. China Forestry Science and Technology, 28(5), 41-44. |
| [19] | [李广德, 贾黎明, 富丰珍 (2014). 不同方法测定三倍体毛白杨整树蒸腾的比较. 林业科技开发, 28(5), 41-44.] |
| [20] | Link RM, Fuchs S, Arias Aguilar D, Leuschner C, Castillo Ugalde M, Valverde Otarola JC, Schuldt B (2020). Tree height predicts the shape of radial sap flow profiles of Costa-Rican tropical dry forest tree species. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 287, 107913. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107913. |
| [21] | Liu JQ, Li DD, Fernández JE, Coleman M, Hu W, Di N, Zou SY, Liu Y, Xi BY, Clothier B (2022). Variations in water- balance components and carbon stocks in poplar plantations with differing water inputs over a whole rotation: implications for sustainable forest management under climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 320, 108958. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108958. |
| [22] | Liu QX, Meng P, Zhang JS, Gao J, Sun SJ, Ren YF (2013). Calibration coefficients of Granier original formula based on sap flow of Platycladus orientalis. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33, 1944-1951. |
| [22] | [刘庆新, 孟平, 张劲松, 高峻, 孙守家, 任迎丰 (2013). 基于侧柏液流的测定对Granier原始公式系数进行校正. 生态学报, 33, 1944-1951.] |
| [23] | Lu P, Woo KC, Liu ZT (2002). Estimation of whole-plant transpiration of bananas using sap flow measurements. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 1771-1779. |
| [24] | Ma CM, Zhang HH, Han Y, Meng QX, Zhang JS, Ma YJ (2021). Error and correction formula of Granier’s original formula to calculate the stem sap flux density of clone 107 poplar. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 57(3), 161-169. |
| [24] | [马长明, 张含含, 韩煜, 孟庆星, 张劲松, 马玉洁 (2021). Granier原始公式测算107杨树干液流通量密度的误差及校正公式. 林业科学, 57(3), 161-169.] |
| [25] | Ma YJ, Wu PF, Wang X, Zhang JS, Yin CJ, Ma CM (2020). Adaptability of Granier empirical formula in sap flow measurement of Populus tomentosa based on whole tree weighing method. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 31, 1518-1524. |
| [25] | [马玉洁, 武鹏飞, 王晓, 张劲松, 尹昌君, 马长明 (2020). 基于整树称重法的Granier经验公式对毛白杨树干液流测定的适用性. 应用生态学报, 31, 1518-1524.] |
| [26] | McCulloh KA, Winter K, Meinzer FC, Garcia M, Aranda J, Lachenbruch B (2007). A comparison of daily water use estimates derived from constant-heat sap-flow probe values and gravimetric measurements in pot-grown saplings. Tree Physiology, 27, 1355-1360. |
| [27] | Nadezhdina N (2018). Revisiting the Heat Field Deformation (HFD) method for measuring sap flow. iForest, 11, 118-130. |
| [28] | Niu JF, Xu Y, Peng YH, Chen YJ, Zhao P (2022). Small inaccuracies in estimating narrow sapwood depth produce large error in sap velocity corrections. Ecohydrology, 15, e2409. DOI: 10.1002/eco.2409. |
| [29] | Ouyang L, Wu J, Zhao P, Zhu LW, Ni GY (2021). Stand age rather than soil moisture gradient mainly regulates the compromise between plant growth and water use of Eucalyptus urophylla in hilly South China. Land Degradation & Development, 32, 2423-2436. |
| [30] | Pasqualotto G, Carraro V, Menardi R, Anfodillo T (2019). Calibration of granier-type (TDP) sap flow probes by a high precision electronic potometer. Sensors, 19, 2419. DOI: 10.3390/s19102419. |
| [31] | Peters RL, Fonti P, Frank DC, Poyatos R, Pappas C, Kahmen A, Carraro V, Prendin AL, Schneider L, Baltzer JL, Baron-Gafford GA, Dietrich L, Heinrich I, Minor RL, Sonnentag O, Matheny AM, Wightman MG, Steppe K, et al. (2018). Quantification of uncertainties in conifer sap flow measured with the thermal dissipation method. New Phytologist, 219, 1283-1299. |
| [32] | Poyatos R, Granda V, Flo V, Adams MA, Adorján B, Aguadé D, Aidar MPM, Allen S, Alvarado-Barrientos MS, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Aparecido LM, Arain MA, Aranda I, Asbjornsen H, Baxter R, et al. (2021). Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: the SAPFLUXNET database. Earth System Science Data, 13, 2607-2649. |
| [33] | Rafael P, Víctor G, Víctor F, Adams MA, Balázs A, David A, Aidar Marcos PM, Scott A, Susana ABM, Anderson Kristina J, Maria AL, Altaf AM, Ismael A, Heidi A, Robert B, et al. (2021). Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: the SAPFLUXNET database. Earth System Science Data, 13, 2607-2649. |
| [34] | Schlesinger WH, Jasechko S (2014). Transpiration in the global water cycle. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 189- 190, 115-117. |
| [35] | Schw?rzel K, Zhang LL, Montanarella L, Wang YH, Sun G (2020). How afforestation affects the water cycle in drylands: a process-based comparative analysis. Global Change Biology, 26, 944-959. |
| [36] | Smith DM, Allen SJ (1996). Measurement of sap flow in plant stems. Journal of Experimental Botany, 47, 1833-1844. |
| [37] | Steppe K, de Pauw DJW, Doody TM, Teskey RO (2010). A comparison of sap flux density using thermal dissipation, heat pulse velocity and heat field deformation methods. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150, 1046-1056. |
| [38] | Sun HZ, Aubrey DP, Teskey RO (2012). A simple calibration improved the accuracy of the thermal dissipation technique for sap flow measurements in juvenile trees of six species. Trees, 26, 631-640. |
| [39] | Taiz L, Zeiger E (2006). Plant Physiology. 4th ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, USA. |
| [40] | Taneda H, Sperry JS (2008). A case-study of water transport in co-occurring ring-versus diffuse-porous trees: contrasts in water-status, conducting capacity, cavitation and vessel refilling. Tree Physiology, 28, 1641-1651. |
| [41] | Wang HB, Li X, Xiao JF, Ma MG (2021). Evapotranspiration components and water use efficiency from desert to alpine ecosystems in drylands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 298-299, 108283. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108283. |
| [42] | Wei ZW, Yoshimura K, Wang LX, Miralles D, Jasechko S, Lee X (2017). Revisiting the contribution of transpiration to global terrestrial evapotranspiration. Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 2792-2801. |
| [43] | Xi BY, Di N, Wang Y, Duan J, Jia LM (2017). Modeling stand water use response to soil water availability and groundwater level for a mature Populus tomentosa plantation located on the North China Plain. Forest Ecology and Management, 391, 63-74. |
| [44] | Xi BY, Wang Y, Di N, Jia LM, Li GD, Huang XF, Gao YY (2012). Effects of soil water potential on the growth and physiological characteristics of Populus tomentosa pulpwood plantation under subsurface drip irrigation. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32, 5318-5319. |
| [44] | [席本野, 王烨, 邸楠, 贾黎明, 李广德, 黄祥丰, 高园园 (2012). 地下滴灌下土壤水势对毛白杨纸浆林生长及生理特性的影响. 生态学报, 32, 5318-5329.] |
| [45] | Xie J, Wan XC (2018). The accuracy of the thermal dissipation technique for estimating sap flow is affected by the radial distribution of conduit diameter and density. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 40, 88. |
| [46] | Zhao XH, Zhao P, Zhou J, Zhang ZZ, Sun ZW, Zhong WC (2015). Applicability evaluation of transpiration of five bamboo species by using TDP (thermal dissipation probe) method. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany, 23, 567-575. |
| [46] | [赵秀华, 赵平, 周娟, 张振振, 孙振伟, 钟文超 (2015). 热消散法(TDP)在5种竹子蒸腾耗水测定中的适用性评价. 热带亚热带植物学报, 23, 567-575.] |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
