三温模型——基于表面温度测算蒸散和评价环境质量的方法Ⅰ.土壤蒸发

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2006.0032

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

三温模型是近年提出的测算蒸散量和评价环境质量的一种方法,因为该模型的核心是表面温度、参考表面温度、气温,所以被称为“三温模型”。该文通过理论分析结合实验的方法,讨论了用三温模型测算土壤蒸发量的方法及其验证。通过引入没有蒸发的参考土壤的概念,三温模型中用下式计算土壤蒸发量:方法及其验证。通过引入没有蒸发的参考土壤的概念,三温模型中用下式计算土壤蒸发量:

LE=R_n-G-(R_nd-G_d) $T s - T a T sd - T a$

式中,E为土壤蒸发量,L为水汽的汽化潜热,R_n和R_nd为蒸发土壤面和参考土壤面的净辐射,G和G_d为蒸发土壤和参考土壤热通量,T_s、T_sd、T_a分别为蒸发土壤的表面温度、参考土壤表面温度、气温。试验结果表明,在参考土壤和蒸发土壤中,能量通量存在明显差异,参考土壤中的土壤热通量和净辐射通量均小于蒸发土壤,而显热通量则大于蒸发土壤;在一般情况下,参考土壤的表面温度最高,蒸发土壤表面温度次之,大气温度最低,在土壤湿润时,这些差异更为显著。经过与大型称重式蒸渗仪的实测值比较,三温模型能较好地计算土壤蒸发量,在22 d的实验期间内,绝对平均误差仅为0.17 mm·d^-1,相关系数达r²=0.88。与热电偶测温结果相比较,采用红外温度计测温的结果更为精确,和实测值的绝对平均误差仅为每天0.15 mm·d^-1,相关系数达r²=0.94,表明三温模型有较好的精度。另外,三温模型在计算土壤蒸发量时,所需要的参数种类少(净辐射、土壤热通量、温度),不含经验系数,不需要空气动力学阻抗和表面阻抗等参数,因此简便实用,具有较好的应用前景。

关键词: 参考土壤, 三温模型, 土壤蒸发, 蒸发土壤, 遥感应用, 环境评价

Abstract:

The “Three temperatures (3T) model” is a recently proposed method to estimate evapotranspiration and evaluate environmental quality. Because the key components for this model are three temperature variables, it is referred to as the “3T model”. This study discusses the procedures used to estimate evaporation, and model is verified based on a theoretical analysis and experimental data.

By introducing a reference dry soil (a soil without evaporation), soil evaporation (E) can be calculated by:

LE=R_n-G-(R_nd-G_d) $T s - T a T sd - T a$

where L is latent heat of vaporization, R_n and R_nd are the net radiations of drying and dry soil, respectively. G and G_d are soil heat fluxes in drying soil and dry soil, respectively. T_s and T_sd are the surface temperatures of drying soil and dry soil, respectively. T_a is the air temperature. Results of the experimental work indicated that the energy fluxes over drying and dry soil were significantly different. Soil heat flux and net radiation on the dry soil are smaller than that on the drying soil, whereas the heat flux of the dry soil is higher than that of the drying soil. Typically, the dry soil surface temperature was higher than that of the drying soil surface temperature and the drying soil surface temperature was higher than the air temperature. Results of a field experiment showed that the measured E (using of a weighing lysimeter) and the calculated E using the 3T model agreed with each other and the mean absolute error (MAE) between them was 0.17 mm·d^-1 with a regression coefficient of r²=0.88. Furthermore, by using the temperature measured by infrared thermometers, the MAE between measured and estimated evaporation was 0.15 mm·d^-1 with a regression coefficient of r²=0.94. These results showed that evaporation as estimated by 3T model is accurate. The main advantage of the 3T model is that only a few parameters (temperature, net radiation and soil heat flux) are required. Soil surface resistance, aerodynamic resistance, and other empirical parameters are not necessary.

Key words: 3T Model, Dry soil, Drying soil, Soil evaporation

邱国玉, 王帅, 吴晓. 三温模型——基于表面温度测算蒸散和评价环境质量的方法Ⅰ.土壤蒸发. 植物生态学报, 2006, 30(2): 231-238. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0032

QIU Guo_Yu, WANG Shuai, WU Xiao. THREE TEMPERATURE (3T) MODEL——A METHOD TO ESTIMATE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND EVALUATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(2): 231-238. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0032

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2006.0032

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2006/V30/I2/231

图/表 6

图1 蒸发土壤与参考土壤间土壤热通量(G与Gd)、净辐射通量(Rn与Rnd)和显热通量(H与Hd)日平均值的比较 G: 蒸发土壤热通量 Soil heat flux in drying soil Gd: 参考土壤热通量 Soil heat flux in reference dry soil Rn: 蒸发土壤面净辐射通量 Net radiation of drying soil Rnd: 参考土壤面净辐射通量 Net radiation of reference dry soil H: 蒸发土壤显热通量 Sensible heat flux above drying soil Hd: 参考土壤显热通量 Sensible heat flux above reference dry soil

Fig.1 Comparison of the soil heat fluxes (G and Gd), net radiation (Rn and Rnd), and sensible heat fluxes (H and Hd) of the drying soil and dry soil

图2 蒸发土壤和参考土壤的净辐射通量(Rn,Rnd)、温度(Ts,Tsd)和地表反照率(α,αd)在1995年5月27日随时间的变化 Rn、Rnd同图1 See Fig. 1 Ts: 蒸发土壤表面温度 Surface temperature of drying soil Tsd: 参考土壤表面温度 Surface temperature of reference dry soil α: 蒸发土壤地表反照率 Albedo of drying soil α d: 参考土壤地表反照率 Albedo of reference dry soil

Fig.2 Net radiation (Rn,Rnd), temperature (Ts,Tsd), and albedo (α,αd) of the drying soil and dry soil measured during a day, data were collected on May 27, 1995

图3 参考土壤表面温度(Tsd)、蒸发土壤表面温度 (Ts)和气温(Ta)在5月30日随时间的变化

Fig.3 Daily variation of the temperature of the dry soil surface (Tsd), temperature of the drying soil surface (Ts), and temperature of air (Ta),data were collected on May 30, 1995

图4 三温模型计算的土壤蒸发量(Calculated E)与大型蒸渗仪实测的土壤蒸发量(Measured E)的比较

Fig.4 The relationship between calculated daily evaporation (Calculated E) and measured daily evaporation (Measured E)

图5 红外测温(IRT)和热电偶测温(TMC)计算的累积蒸发量以及与实测值之间的比较

Fig.5 Comparison of the cumulative evaporation measured with lysimeter (Measured), estimated from temperatures measured by the thermocouple (TMC) and estimated from temperature measured by infrared thermometer (IRT)

表1 用三温模型、温度差法和彭曼_蒙蒂思公式计算蒸发所需参数的比较

Table 1 Comparison of the parameters required for the estimation of evaporation by 3T model, temperature difference method, and Penman_Monteith method

方法 Method	三温模型 3T Model	温度差法 Temperature difference	彭曼_蒙蒂思公式 Penman_Monteith
所需参数	温度 Temperature	温度 Temperature	温度 Temperature
Required parameters	净辐射通量 Net radiation	净辐射通量 Net radiation	净辐射通量 Net radiation
	土壤热通量 Soil heat flux	土壤热通量 Soil heat flux	土壤热通量 Soil heat flux
		水汽压 Vapor pressure	水汽压 Vapor pressure
		空气动力学阻抗 r_a	空气动力学阻抗 r_a
			土壤表面阻抗 r_s

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