植物生态学报 ›› 2012, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (6): 539-549.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00539
所属专题： 稳定同位素生态学
杨斌1,2, 谢甫绨1, 温学发2,*(
), 孙晓敏2, 王建林3
收稿日期:2012-02-14
接受日期:2012-04-16
出版日期:2012-02-14
发布日期:2012-06-04
通讯作者:
温学发
作者简介:*(E-mail:jshe@pku.edu.cn)
YANG Bin1,2, XIE Fu-Ti1, WEN Xue-Fa2,*(), SUN Xiao-Min2, WANG Jian-Lin3
Received:2012-02-14
Accepted:2012-04-16
Online:2012-02-14
Published:2012-06-04
Contact:
WEN Xue-Fa
摘要：
土壤蒸发δ18O (δE)是影响大气水汽δ18O (δv)变异的重要因素, 也是农田生态系统蒸散组分土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾拆分的核心科学问题之一。δE主要基于Craig-Gordon模型计算, 主要受地表大气水汽δv、相对湿度(h)、平衡和动力学分馏系数以及土壤蒸发前缘液态水δ18O (δs)的影响。该研究以华北平原冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)-夏玉米(Zea mays)生态系统大气水汽δv的原位连续观测数据为基础, 同时结合不同深度的土壤日变化采样, 综合探讨了δE的日变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明: 冬小麦和夏玉米生长季δE的日变化表现为双峰曲线, 分别在6:00和15:00左右达到峰值。h强烈影响农田生态系统δE, 特别是在h > 95%的高相对湿度环境条件下Craig-Gordon模型并不适用。大气水汽δv的原位连续观测技术克服了传统的降水平衡预测大气水汽δv方法的不确定性, 可以显著提高δE的准确性。不同的平衡分馏系数对δE的结果无显著影响。不同的动力分馏系数尤其是考虑湍流扩散对动力分馏系数的影响会显著影响δE的模拟结果。土壤蒸发前缘的确定直接影响δs和标准化到土壤蒸发前缘温度下的h, 显著影响δE的准确性。结合动态箱或静态箱与稳定同位素红外光谱连续观测技术直接测定δE, 从而避免模型参数化过程引入的不确定性是未来研究的重要方向。
杨斌, 谢甫绨, 温学发, 孙晓敏, 王建林. 华北平原农田土壤蒸发δ18O的日变化特征及其影响因素. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(6): 539-549. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00539
YANG Bin, XIE Fu-Ti, WEN Xue-Fa, SUN Xiao-Min, WANG Jian-Lin. Diurnal variations of soil evaporation δ18O and factors affecting it in cropland in North China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(6): 539-549. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00539
图1 栾城冬小麦和夏玉米生态系统生长季大气水汽δ18O (δv)、土壤水δ18O (0-5 cm, δs,5cm和15-20 cm, δs,20cm) (A、B)、土壤温度(Ts,5cm, Ts,20cm)和标准化到土壤温度下的相对湿度(h) (C、D)的日变化(平均值±标准偏差, n = 4)。
Fig. 1 Diurnal variations of δ18O of water vapor (δv), soil water at 0-5 cm (δs,5cm) and 15-20 cm (δs,20cm) (A、B) and soil temperature at 5 cm (Ts,5cm) and 20 cm (Ts,20cm) and relative humidity (h) normalized to soil temperature (C、D) during growing period in a winter wheat-summer maize ecosystem at Luancheng (mean ± SD, n = 4).
| 年序日 Day of year | δv | δs,5cm | δs,20cm | Ts,5cm | Ts,20cm | h5cm | h20cm | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (‰) | (℃) | (%) | |||||||
| 冬小麦 Winter wheat | |||||||||
| 135-137 | -(13.1 ± 1.2) | -(5.7 ± 0.1) | -(7.1 ± 0.2) | 17.5 ± 1.8 | 16.4 ± 0.7 | 79.0 ± 6.5 | 85.0 ± 9.0 | ||
| 142-144 | -(9.0 ± 1.4) | -(3.8 ± 0.5) | -(6.4 ± 0.1) | 20.2 ± 2.8 | 18.3 ± 0.9 | 76.9 ± 12.5 | 87.4 ± 20.7 | ||
| 夏玉米 Summer maize | |||||||||
| 236-237 | -(14.3 ± 1.2) | -(8.4 ± 0.3) | -(9.0 ± 0.3) | 25.2 ± 2.3 | 24.5 ± 0.6 | 74.9 ± 7.2 | 77.3 ± 10.3 | ||
| 244-246 | -(16.1 ± 3.4) | -(6.0 ± 0.5) | -(8.9 ± 0.2) | 23.1 ± 2.6 | 23.1 ± 0.7 | 56.6 ± 12.8 | 56.0 ± 10.9 | ||
表1 冬小麦和夏玉米生态系统生长季大气水汽δ18O(δv)、土壤水δ18O (0-5 cm, δs,5cm和15-20 cm, δs,20cm)、土壤温度(Ts,5cm, Ts,20cm)和标准化到土壤温度下的相对湿度(h)的平均值(平均值±标准偏差)
Table 1 Mean values of water vapor δ18O (δv) , soil water δ18O (0-5 cm, δs,5cm; 15-20 cm, δs,20cm) , soil temperature (Ts,5cm, Ts,20cm) and relative humidity (h) normalized to soil temperature during growing period in a winter wheat and summer maize ecosystem (mean ± SD)
| 年序日 Day of year | δv | δs,5cm | δs,20cm | Ts,5cm | Ts,20cm | h5cm | h20cm | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (‰) | (℃) | (%) | |||||||
| 冬小麦 Winter wheat | |||||||||
| 135-137 | -(13.1 ± 1.2) | -(5.7 ± 0.1) | -(7.1 ± 0.2) | 17.5 ± 1.8 | 16.4 ± 0.7 | 79.0 ± 6.5 | 85.0 ± 9.0 | ||
| 142-144 | -(9.0 ± 1.4) | -(3.8 ± 0.5) | -(6.4 ± 0.1) | 20.2 ± 2.8 | 18.3 ± 0.9 | 76.9 ± 12.5 | 87.4 ± 20.7 | ||
| 夏玉米 Summer maize | |||||||||
| 236-237 | -(14.3 ± 1.2) | -(8.4 ± 0.3) | -(9.0 ± 0.3) | 25.2 ± 2.3 | 24.5 ± 0.6 | 74.9 ± 7.2 | 77.3 ± 10.3 | ||
| 244-246 | -(16.1 ± 3.4) | -(6.0 ± 0.5) | -(8.9 ± 0.2) | 23.1 ± 2.6 | 23.1 ± 0.7 | 56.6 ± 12.8 | 56.0 ± 10.9 | ||
图2 栾城冬小麦(A)和夏玉米(B)生态系统土壤蒸发δ18O (δE)的日变化特征。h, 相对湿度。
Fig. 2 Diurnal variation of δ18O of soil evaporation (δE) in a winter wheat (A)-summer maize (B) ecosystem at Luancheng. h, relative humidity.
图3 相对湿度(h)对栾城冬小麦和夏玉米生态系统土壤蒸发δ18O (δE)的影响。
Fig. 3 Effect of relative humidity (h) on soil evaporation δ18O (δE) in a winter wheat-summer maize ecosystem at Luancheng.
图4 选择原位连续观测或降水平衡预测的大气水汽δ18O (δv)计算的栾城冬小麦(A)和夏玉米(B)生态系统土壤蒸发δ18O (δE,in-situ和δE,p)日变化特征。
Fig. 4 Diurnal variations of δ18O (δE,in-situ and δE,p) calculated with atmosphere water vapor δ18O (δv) acquired by in-situ measurement or equilibrium prediction in a winter wheat (A) and summer maize (B) ecosystem at Luancheng.
图5 选择Merlivat (Merlivat, 1978)、Cappa等(Cappa et al., 2003)或Lee等(Lee et al., 2009)的动力分馏系数对栾城冬小麦(A)和夏玉米(B)生态系统土壤蒸发δ18O (δE,Merlivat、δE,Cappa和δE,Lee)的日变化的影响。
Fig. 5 Effect of kinetic factor of Merlivat (Merlivat, 1978), Cappa et al. (Cappa et al., 2003) or Lee et al. (Lee et al., 2009) on daily variation of δ18O of soil evaporation (δE,Merlivat、δE,Cappa and δE,Lee) in a winter wheat (A) and summer maize (B) ecosystem at Luancheng.
图6 选择0-5或15-20 cm土壤作为蒸发前缘对栾城冬小麦(A)和夏玉米(B)生态系统土壤蒸发δ18O (δE,5cm和δE,20cm)日变化的影响。
Fig. 6 Effect of soil evaporating front at 0-5 cm depth or 15-20 cm depth on daily variations of δ18O of soil evaporation (δE,5cm and δE,20cm) in a winter wheat (A) and summer maize (B) ecosystem at Luancheng.
| αe | 平衡分馏系数(无量纲) Equilibrium fractionation factor between liquid water and vapor (dimensionless) | d | 零平面位移 Displacement height (m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| αk | 动力分馏系数(无量纲) Kinetic fractionation factor (dimensionless) | h | 标准化到蒸发前缘温度的空气相对湿度 Relative humidity normalized to soil temperature (%) |
| δ | 相对于标准物质V-SMOW的18O/16O或D/H同位素比值 18O/16O or D/H relative to the value of V-SMOW (‰) | h5cm | 标准化到5 cm土壤温度的空气相对湿度 Relative humidity normalized to soil temperature at 5 cm (%) |
| δ18O | 18O/16O的δ值 18O/16O relative to the value of V-SMOW (‰) | h20cm | 标准化到20cm土壤温度的空气相对湿度 Relative humidity normalized to soil temperature at 20 cm (%) |
| δD | D/H的δ值 D/H relative to the value of V-SMOW (‰) | H | 冠层高度 Canopy height (m) |
| δE | 土壤蒸发水汽的δ18O δ18O of evaporation water (‰) | k | von Karman常数, 等于0.4 von Karman constant, 0.4 |
| δE,5cm | 0-5 cm土壤水作为蒸发前缘计算的δE δE calculated with soil water at 0-5 cm (‰) | KH | 冠层顶的涡度扩散系数 eddy diffusivity (s2·m-1) |
| δE,20cm | 15-20 cm土壤水作为蒸发前缘计算的δE δE calculated with soil water at 15-20 cm (‰) | lw | 叶宽 Leaf width (m) |
| δE,Cappa | δE calculated with kinetic fractionation factor of Cappa et al., (2003) (‰) | L | Monin-Obukhov长度(无量纲) Monin-Obukhov length (dimensionless) |
| δE,in-situ | 采用原位连续观测的大气水汽δv计算的δE δE calculated with calculated with atmosphere water vapor δ18O acquired by in-situ measurement (‰) | LAI | 叶面积指数 Leaf area index (m2·m-2) |
| δE,Lee | 采用Lee等(2009)的动力分馏系数计算的δE δE calculated with kinetic fractionation factor of Lee et al.,( | ra | 空气动力学阻力 Aerodynamic resistance in the surface layer (s·m-1) |
| δE,Merlivat | 采用Merlivat等(1978)的动力分馏系数计算的δE δE calculated with kinetic factor of Merlivat ( | ra,f | 冠层到参考高度之间空气层的空气动力学阻力 Aerodynamic resistance in the air layer between canopy and reference height (s·m-1) |
| δE,p | 采用降水平衡预测的δv计算的δE δE calculated with atmosphere water vapor δ18O acquired by equilibrium prediction (‰) | ra,c | 土壤表面到冠层高度之间空气层的空气动力学阻力 Aerodynamic resistance in the air layer between soil surface to the canopy height (s·m-1) |
| δp | 降水的δ18O δ18O of precipitation (‰) | rb | 土壤边界层对水汽的阻力 Soil boundary layer resistances to water vapor (s·m-1) |
| δs | 土壤蒸发前缘液态水的δ18O δ18O of soil water at evaporating front (‰) | rbw | 冠层对水汽的边界层阻力 Canopy boundary layer resistances to water vapor (s·m-1) |
| δs,5cm | 0-5 cm土壤水的δ18O δ18O of soil water at 0-5 cm depth (‰) | rs | 土壤孔隙对水汽的阻力 Soil resistance to water vapor (s·m-1) |
| δs,20cm | 15-20 cm土壤水的δ18O δ18O of soil water at 15-20 cm depth (‰) | rt | 参考高度内水汽和热量的总阻力 Total resistance above the foliage surface (s·m-1) |
| δv | 大气水汽的δ18O δ18O of atmosphere water vapor (‰) | Ts | 土壤温度 Soil temperature at the evaporating front (℃) |
| δv,e | 大气水汽δ18O的降水平衡预测值 δ18O of atmosphere water vapor acquired by equilibrium prediction (‰) | Ts,5cm | 5 cm土壤温度 Soil temperature at 5 cm (℃) |
| εeq | 平衡分馏过程引起的同位素富集因子 Equilibrium fractionation factor [εeq = 1000(1-1/αe)] (‰) | Ts,20cm | 20 cm土壤温度 Soil temperature at 20 cm (℃) |
| εk | 动力分馏过程引起的同位素富集因子 Kinetic fractionation factor [εk = 1000(αk-1)] (‰) | u* | 摩擦风速 Friction wind speed (m·s-1) |
| Φh | 热量的Monin-Obukhov相似函数从地表到参考高度的积分(无量纲) Integral similarity function for heat from soil surface to reference height (dimensionless) | uc | 冠层内平均风速 Mean wind speed in the canopy (m·s-1) |
| Φh,c | 热量的Monin-Obukhov相似函数从地表到冠层高度的积分(无量纲) Integral similarity function for heat from soil surface to canopy height (dimensionless) | uh | 冠层顶风速 Wind speed at the canopy top (m·s-1) |
| Φm | 动量的Monin-Obukhov相似函数从地表到参考高度的积分(无量纲) Integral similar to Monin-Obukhov function for momentum (dimensionless) | um | 参考高度上风速 Wind speed at the reference height (m·s-1) |
| a | 风力衰减系数(无量纲) Extinction coefficient of within-canopy wind profile (dimensionless) | wi | 水汽混合比 Mole mixing ratio of vapor in air (μ mol·mol-1) |
| b | 边界层阻力系数 Boundary layer resistance coefficient (s0.5·m-1) | zm | 参考高度 Reference height (m) |
| B | 界面底层Dalton数(无量纲) Dalton number of the interfacial sublayer (dimensionless) | zo | 动量的表面粗糙度 Surface roughness for momentum (m) |
| CH | 动量传导系数(无量纲) Transfer coefficient (dimensionless) | zoT | 温度的表面粗糙度 Surface roughness for temperature (m) |
附录II 本文中的变量符号及定义
Appendix II Notations in the text
| αe | 平衡分馏系数(无量纲) Equilibrium fractionation factor between liquid water and vapor (dimensionless) | d | 零平面位移 Displacement height (m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| αk | 动力分馏系数(无量纲) Kinetic fractionation factor (dimensionless) | h | 标准化到蒸发前缘温度的空气相对湿度 Relative humidity normalized to soil temperature (%) |
| δ | 相对于标准物质V-SMOW的18O/16O或D/H同位素比值 18O/16O or D/H relative to the value of V-SMOW (‰) | h5cm | 标准化到5 cm土壤温度的空气相对湿度 Relative humidity normalized to soil temperature at 5 cm (%) |
| δ18O | 18O/16O的δ值 18O/16O relative to the value of V-SMOW (‰) | h20cm | 标准化到20cm土壤温度的空气相对湿度 Relative humidity normalized to soil temperature at 20 cm (%) |
| δD | D/H的δ值 D/H relative to the value of V-SMOW (‰) | H | 冠层高度 Canopy height (m) |
| δE | 土壤蒸发水汽的δ18O δ18O of evaporation water (‰) | k | von Karman常数, 等于0.4 von Karman constant, 0.4 |
| δE,5cm | 0-5 cm土壤水作为蒸发前缘计算的δE δE calculated with soil water at 0-5 cm (‰) | KH | 冠层顶的涡度扩散系数 eddy diffusivity (s2·m-1) |
| δE,20cm | 15-20 cm土壤水作为蒸发前缘计算的δE δE calculated with soil water at 15-20 cm (‰) | lw | 叶宽 Leaf width (m) |
| δE,Cappa | δE calculated with kinetic fractionation factor of Cappa et al., (2003) (‰) | L | Monin-Obukhov长度(无量纲) Monin-Obukhov length (dimensionless) |
| δE,in-situ | 采用原位连续观测的大气水汽δv计算的δE δE calculated with calculated with atmosphere water vapor δ18O acquired by in-situ measurement (‰) | LAI | 叶面积指数 Leaf area index (m2·m-2) |
| δE,Lee | 采用Lee等(2009)的动力分馏系数计算的δE δE calculated with kinetic fractionation factor of Lee et al.,( | ra | 空气动力学阻力 Aerodynamic resistance in the surface layer (s·m-1) |
| δE,Merlivat | 采用Merlivat等(1978)的动力分馏系数计算的δE δE calculated with kinetic factor of Merlivat ( | ra,f | 冠层到参考高度之间空气层的空气动力学阻力 Aerodynamic resistance in the air layer between canopy and reference height (s·m-1) |
| δE,p | 采用降水平衡预测的δv计算的δE δE calculated with atmosphere water vapor δ18O acquired by equilibrium prediction (‰) | ra,c | 土壤表面到冠层高度之间空气层的空气动力学阻力 Aerodynamic resistance in the air layer between soil surface to the canopy height (s·m-1) |
| δp | 降水的δ18O δ18O of precipitation (‰) | rb | 土壤边界层对水汽的阻力 Soil boundary layer resistances to water vapor (s·m-1) |
| δs | 土壤蒸发前缘液态水的δ18O δ18O of soil water at evaporating front (‰) | rbw | 冠层对水汽的边界层阻力 Canopy boundary layer resistances to water vapor (s·m-1) |
| δs,5cm | 0-5 cm土壤水的δ18O δ18O of soil water at 0-5 cm depth (‰) | rs | 土壤孔隙对水汽的阻力 Soil resistance to water vapor (s·m-1) |
| δs,20cm | 15-20 cm土壤水的δ18O δ18O of soil water at 15-20 cm depth (‰) | rt | 参考高度内水汽和热量的总阻力 Total resistance above the foliage surface (s·m-1) |
| δv | 大气水汽的δ18O δ18O of atmosphere water vapor (‰) | Ts | 土壤温度 Soil temperature at the evaporating front (℃) |
| δv,e | 大气水汽δ18O的降水平衡预测值 δ18O of atmosphere water vapor acquired by equilibrium prediction (‰) | Ts,5cm | 5 cm土壤温度 Soil temperature at 5 cm (℃) |
| εeq | 平衡分馏过程引起的同位素富集因子 Equilibrium fractionation factor [εeq = 1000(1-1/αe)] (‰) | Ts,20cm | 20 cm土壤温度 Soil temperature at 20 cm (℃) |
| εk | 动力分馏过程引起的同位素富集因子 Kinetic fractionation factor [εk = 1000(αk-1)] (‰) | u* | 摩擦风速 Friction wind speed (m·s-1) |
| Φh | 热量的Monin-Obukhov相似函数从地表到参考高度的积分(无量纲) Integral similarity function for heat from soil surface to reference height (dimensionless) | uc | 冠层内平均风速 Mean wind speed in the canopy (m·s-1) |
| Φh,c | 热量的Monin-Obukhov相似函数从地表到冠层高度的积分(无量纲) Integral similarity function for heat from soil surface to canopy height (dimensionless) | uh | 冠层顶风速 Wind speed at the canopy top (m·s-1) |
| Φm | 动量的Monin-Obukhov相似函数从地表到参考高度的积分(无量纲) Integral similar to Monin-Obukhov function for momentum (dimensionless) | um | 参考高度上风速 Wind speed at the reference height (m·s-1) |
| a | 风力衰减系数(无量纲) Extinction coefficient of within-canopy wind profile (dimensionless) | wi | 水汽混合比 Mole mixing ratio of vapor in air (μ mol·mol-1) |
| b | 边界层阻力系数 Boundary layer resistance coefficient (s0.5·m-1) | zm | 参考高度 Reference height (m) |
| B | 界面底层Dalton数(无量纲) Dalton number of the interfacial sublayer (dimensionless) | zo | 动量的表面粗糙度 Surface roughness for momentum (m) |
| CH | 动量传导系数(无量纲) Transfer coefficient (dimensionless) | zoT | 温度的表面粗糙度 Surface roughness for temperature (m) |
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| [1] | 温学发, 张世春, 孙晓敏, 于贵瑞. 叶片水H218O富集的研究进展[J]. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(4): 961-966. |
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