入侵植物乌桕防御策略的适应性进化研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00092

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生长于不同昆虫群落胁迫下的植物地理种群可能进化出不同的防御策略。入侵植物在原产地同时受到专食性昆虫和广食性昆虫的取食危害, 而在入侵地“逃逸”了专食性昆虫的取食危害。入侵植物对不同类型昆虫防御策略的演化可能在其成功入侵的过程中起着至关重要的作用。该文主要以原产中国入侵北美的木本植物乌桕(Triadica sebifera)为例, 并结合其他入侵植物防御策略演化的研究, 从抗性和耐受性、直接抗性和间接抗性、组成抗性和诱导抗性三个方面系统分析不同昆虫选择压力下入侵植物防御策略的演化, 同时探讨入侵植物防御策略演化对生物防治效果的影响, 指出未来的重点研究方向。

关键词: 生物防治, 防御策略, 植物和昆虫互作关系, 入侵机制

Abstract:

Selection on defense strategies of plant species may be different in direction and magnitude among sites, because of differences in the herbivore communities in which plant populations are embedded. This may be the case for some invasive species, which are often introduced without coevolved specialists, but suffer generalist damage comparable to their native ones. We review recent advances in the adaptive evolution of defense strategies in Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) and other invasive plant species. We focus particularly on resistance and tolerance, direct and indirect resistance, and constitutive and induced resistance to understanding the effects of herbivores on invasive plant success. Furthermore, we evaluate the effects of changes in defense strategies on the efficiency of biological control. We also propose future research on defense strategies of invasive plant species.

Key words: biological control, defense strategies, interactions between plant and insect, invasive mechanism

黄伟, 王毅, 丁建清. 入侵植物乌桕防御策略的适应性进化研究. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(9): 889-900. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00092

HUANG Wei, WANG Yi, DING Jian-Qing. A review of adaptive evolution of defense strategies in an invasive plant species, Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera). Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(9): 889-900. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00092

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00092

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2013/V37/I9/889

图/表 4

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昆虫取食类型 Insect feeding type	昆虫种类 Insect species	测定指标 Measured index	变化 Variation	参考文献 Reference
专食性昆虫取食 Specialist insects feeding	癞皮夜蛾 Gadirtha inexacta	幼虫生长速率 Larval growth rate (mg·d^-1)	↑	Huang et al., 2010
		幼虫体重 Larval weight (g)	↑	Huang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2012
		蛹重 Pupal weight (g)	↑	Wang et al., 2011
		取食叶片量 Leaf mass consumed (mg·d^-1)	↑	Huang et al., 2010
		花外蜜分泌量 Volume of extrafloral nectarines production	↓	Wang, 2012
		耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Huang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2012a
	乌桕卷象 Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis
	乌桕卷象 Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis	耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Wang et al., 2011
	红胸律点跳甲 Bikasha collaris	地上昆虫取食率 Aboveground insect feeding rate (%)	↑	Zou et al., 2008b; Huang et al., 2012b
		地上耐受性 Aboveground tolerance	↑	Zou et al., 2008b; Huang et al., 2012b
		地下昆虫存活率 Belowground insect survival rate (%)	↑	Huang et al., 2012b
		地下耐受性 Belowground tolerance	-	Huang et al., 2012b
广食性昆虫取食 Generalist insects feeding	黄刺蛾 Cnidocampa flavescens	幼虫体重 Larval weight (g)	-	Huang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2012
		幼虫生长速率 Larval growth rate (mg·d^-1)	-	Huang et al., 2010
		取食叶片量 Leaf mass consumed (mg·d^-1)	-	Huang et al., 2010
		耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Huang et al., 2010, 2012a
	蝗虫 Melanoplus angustipennis	危害率 Damage rate (%)	↑	Lankau et al., 2004
	蝗虫 Melanoplus angustipennis	耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Rogers & Siemann, 2005
	米兰褐软蚧 Coccus hesperidum	花外蜜分泌量 Volume of extrafloral nectarines production	-	Carrillo et al., 2012b
	草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda	花外蜜分泌量 Volume of extrafloral nectarines production	-	Carrillo et al., 2012b
模拟昆虫取食 Simulated insects feeding		花外蜜分泌量 Volume of extrafloral nectarines production	-	Rogers et al., 2003; Carrillo et al., 2012a
模拟昆虫取食 Simulated insects feeding		耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Rogers & Siemann, 2004, 2005
自然昆虫取食 Natural insects feeding		危害率 Damage rate (%)	↑	Siemann & Rogers, 2003c , 2003d; Zou et al., 2008a
无昆虫取食 No insect feeding		叶片单宁含量 Foliar tannin content	↓	Siemann & Rogers, 2001, 2003c; Huang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2012
无昆虫取食 No insect feeding		叶片黄酮含量 Foliar flavonoid content	↑	Wang et al., 2012

昆虫取食类型 Insect feeding type	昆虫种类 Insect species	测定指标 Measured index	变化 Variation	参考文献 Reference
专食性昆虫取食 Specialist insects feeding	癞皮夜蛾 Gadirtha inexacta	幼虫生长速率 Larval growth rate (mg·d^-1)	↑	Huang et al., 2010
		幼虫体重 Larval weight (g)	↑	Huang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2012
		蛹重 Pupal weight (g)	↑	Wang et al., 2011
		取食叶片量 Leaf mass consumed (mg·d^-1)	↑	Huang et al., 2010
		花外蜜分泌量 Volume of extrafloral nectarines production	↓	Wang, 2012
		耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Huang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2012a
	乌桕卷象 Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis
	乌桕卷象 Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis	耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Wang et al., 2011
	红胸律点跳甲 Bikasha collaris	地上昆虫取食率 Aboveground insect feeding rate (%)	↑	Zou et al., 2008b; Huang et al., 2012b
		地上耐受性 Aboveground tolerance	↑	Zou et al., 2008b; Huang et al., 2012b
		地下昆虫存活率 Belowground insect survival rate (%)	↑	Huang et al., 2012b
		地下耐受性 Belowground tolerance	-	Huang et al., 2012b
广食性昆虫取食 Generalist insects feeding	黄刺蛾 Cnidocampa flavescens	幼虫体重 Larval weight (g)	-	Huang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2012
		幼虫生长速率 Larval growth rate (mg·d^-1)	-	Huang et al., 2010
		取食叶片量 Leaf mass consumed (mg·d^-1)	-	Huang et al., 2010
		耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Huang et al., 2010, 2012a
	蝗虫 Melanoplus angustipennis	危害率 Damage rate (%)	↑	Lankau et al., 2004
	蝗虫 Melanoplus angustipennis	耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Rogers & Siemann, 2005
	米兰褐软蚧 Coccus hesperidum	花外蜜分泌量 Volume of extrafloral nectarines production	-	Carrillo et al., 2012b
	草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda	花外蜜分泌量 Volume of extrafloral nectarines production	-	Carrillo et al., 2012b
模拟昆虫取食 Simulated insects feeding		花外蜜分泌量 Volume of extrafloral nectarines production	-	Rogers et al., 2003; Carrillo et al., 2012a
模拟昆虫取食 Simulated insects feeding		耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Rogers & Siemann, 2004, 2005
自然昆虫取食 Natural insects feeding		危害率 Damage rate (%)	↑	Siemann & Rogers, 2003c , 2003d; Zou et al., 2008a
无昆虫取食 No insect feeding		叶片单宁含量 Foliar tannin content	↓	Siemann & Rogers, 2001, 2003c; Huang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2012
无昆虫取食 No insect feeding		叶片黄酮含量 Foliar flavonoid content	↑	Wang et al., 2012

植物种 Plant species	昆虫取食类型 Insect feeding type	测定指标 Measured index	变化 Variation	参考文献 Reference
糖朴 Celtis laevigata	自然昆虫取食 Natural insects feeding	危害率 Damage rate (%)	↑	Siemann & Rogers, 2003b, 2006
糖朴 Celtis laevigata	模拟地上昆虫取食 Simulated aboveground insects feeding	耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Rogers & Siemann, 2002
北美枫香 Liquidambar styraci?ua	蝗虫 Melanoplus angustipennis Orphullela pelidna	危害率 Damage rate (%)	↓	Lankau et al., 2004
悬铃木 Platanus occidentalis	蝗虫 Melanoplus angustipennis Orphullela pelidna	危害率 Damage rate (%)	↓	Lankau et al., 2004

植物种 Plant species	昆虫取食类型 Insect feeding type	测定指标 Measured index	变化 Variation	参考文献 Reference
糖朴 Celtis laevigata	自然昆虫取食 Natural insects feeding	危害率 Damage rate (%)	↑	Siemann & Rogers, 2003b, 2006
糖朴 Celtis laevigata	模拟地上昆虫取食 Simulated aboveground insects feeding	耐受性 Tolerance	↑	Rogers & Siemann, 2002
北美枫香 Liquidambar styraci?ua	蝗虫 Melanoplus angustipennis Orphullela pelidna	危害率 Damage rate (%)	↓	Lankau et al., 2004
悬铃木 Platanus occidentalis	蝗虫 Melanoplus angustipennis Orphullela pelidna	危害率 Damage rate (%)	↓	Lankau et al., 2004

性状 Trait	测定指标 Measured index	变化 Variation	参考文献 Reference
生理性状 Physiological traits	叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)	↑	Zou et al., 2007, 2009
	光合组织分配 Photosynthetic tissue allocation (m²·g^-1)	↑	Zou et al., 2007
	非光合组织分配 Non-photosynthetic tissue allocation (m²·g^-1)	↑	Zou et al., 2007
	净CO₂同化速率 Net CO₂assimilation rate (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	↑	Zou et al., 2007
	暗呼吸速率 Dark respiration rate (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	-	Zou et al., 2007
	叶片碳氮比 Foliar C:N	↑	Siemann & Rogers, 2001
	叶片碳水化合物蛋白质比 Foliar carbohydrate : protein	↑	Huang et al., 2010
繁殖性状 Reproductive trait	植株结实率 Percentage of the trees produced seed (%)	↑	Siemann & Rogers, 2001
生长性状 Growth traits	地径 Stem diameter (cm)	↑	Siemann & Rogers, 2001, 2003c
	株高 Plant height (cm)	↑	Siemann & Rogers, 2003d; Zou et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2010
	相对株高生长速率 Relative plant height growth rate (mm·cm^-1·d^-1)	-	Rogers & Siemann, 2004, 2005; Zou et al., 2007
	叶片数 Total number of leaves	-	Zou et al., 2008a
	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g)	↑	Rogers & Siemann, 2004, 2005; Zou et al., 2006, 2008a, 2009; Huang et al., 2010, 2012b
	地下生物量 Belowground biomass (g)	-	Rogers & Siemann, 2004; Huang et al., 2010, 2012b
	总生物量 Total biomass (g)	↑	Zou et al., 2006, 2008a, 2009; Huang et al., 2010, 2012b
	根冠比 Ratio of root to shoot	↓	Zou et al., 2006, 2007; Huang et al., 2010, 2012a, 2012b
	相对生长速率 Relative growth rates (mg·g^-1·d^-1)	↑	Zou et al., 2007
	幼苗存活率 Seedlings survival (%)	↑	Siemann et al., 2006