中国东北样带植被净初级生产力时空动态遥感模拟

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国东北样带(Northeast China Transect, NECT)是中纬度半干旱区的国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP)陆地样带之一, 是全球变化研究的重要手段与热点。该研究应用生态系统碳循环过程CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型分析了NECT从1982~1999年植被净初级生产力(Net primary productivity, NPP)的时空变异及其影响因子。结果表明, 1) 1982~1999年NECT植被NPP为58 ~ 811 g C·m^-2·a^-1, 平均为426 g C·m^-2·a^-1, 大体上呈现由东向西逐渐递减的趋势; 2)研究时段内NECT的总NPP变异范围是0.218 ~ 0.325 Pg C, 平均为0.270 Pg C (1 Pg = 10¹⁵ g); 3) NECT的总NPP在过去18年内整体呈显著性增加趋势, 其中从1982~1990年样带NPP呈显著性增加趋势, 而后期1991~1999样带NPP没有显著性变化趋势; 4)沿NECT不同植被类型对气候变化的响应特征是不同的, 在研究时段内, 农田、典型草原和草甸草原表现出最大的NPP增加量, 而典型草原、荒漠草原对气候变化表现出高的敏感性; 5) NECT植被NPP的空间分布格局是由年降水量的分布格局所决定, 而NPP的时间变异则由年降水量、年太阳总辐射的变化所影响驱动。

关键词: CASA模型, 植被净初级生产力, 中国东北样带(NECT)

Abstract:

Aims Net primary productivity (NPP) and its responses to global climate change have been important issues of global change research. Accurately estimating spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of NPP of terrestrial ecosystems is important to human society and is necessary for understanding the carbon cycle of the terrestrial biosphere. The Northeast China Transect (NECT), one of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme terrestrial transects, is an ideal region for identifying effects of climate change on spatial-temporal variations in NPP.

Methods We investigated NPP derived from a carbon model (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach, CASA) and its spatial-temporal variations along NECT 1982-1999 time series data sets of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at 8 km spatial resolution and paired ground-based information on vegetation, climate, soil and solar radiation, after validating the CASA model using NPP data from 33 stations along NECT.

Important findings The 18-year averaged annual NPPalong NECT was 426 g C·m^-2·a^-1, ranging from 58 to 811 g C·m^-2·a^-1 and decreased from east to west, which is consistent with the distribution of precipitation. Total annual NPP changed from 0.218 to 0.325 Pg C over the 18 years, with an average of 0.270 Pg C. Two distinct periods (1982-1990 and 1991-1999) of NPP variations were observed, separated by a sharp reduction during 1990-1991. From 1982 to 1990, a significant increase of 0.007 5 Pg C·a^-1 was observed; from 1991 to 1999, annual NPP showed no marked trend. From 1982 to 1999, annual NPP showed a significant increase, accounting for 56.65% of the whole transect, and the largest annual NPP increase during 1982-1999 appeared in cultivated land, typical steppe and meadow steppe, accounting for 62.6% of the increment of the whole region, while desert steppe and typical steppe showed higher sensitivity to climate change. Spatial distribution of NPP along NECT is determined by the pattern annual precipitation, and temporal variation of NPP is influenced by changes in annual precipitation and annual total solar radiation.

Key words: CASA model, net primary productivity, Northeast China Transect (NECT)

张峰, 周广胜. 中国东北样带植被净初级生产力时空动态遥感模拟. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(4): 798-809. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.008

ZHANG Feng, ZHOU Guang-Sheng. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY ALONG NORTHEAST CHINA TRANSECT (NECT) FROM 1982 TO 1999. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(4): 798-809. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.008

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.008

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I4/798

图/表 12

图1 中国东北样带(NECT)及其植被地上生物量(AGB)观测站点空间分布

Fig. 1 Location of the Northeast China Transect (NECT) and spatial distribution of aboveground biomass (AGB) of terrestrial vegetation observation stations

图2 陆地植被净初级生产力(NPP)模拟值与观测值的比较

Fig. 2 Comparison between simulated net primary productivity (NPP) and observed NPP of terrestrial vegetation along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

表1 中国东北样带不同植被类型年NPP

Table 1 Annual NPP for different vegetation types along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

植被类型 Vegetation type	面积 Area (10⁴km)	NPP (g C·m^-2·a^-1)	标准偏差 SD	总NPP Total NPP (Tg C)
阔叶林 Broadleaf forest	9.19	564	180	51.83
针叶林 Coniferous forest	0.58	667	60	3.87
灌丛 Shrub	13.13	429	188	56.33
草甸 Meadow	3.23	365	131	11.79
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	10.77	432	96	46.53
典型草原 Typical steppe	9.64	299	91	28.82
荒漠草原 Desert steppe	3.73	129	31	4.81
农田 Cultivation	13.22	503	113	66.50
总 Total transect	63.49	426	176	270.47

图3 中国东北样带18年平均NPP (a); 年降水量(Annual precipitation, AP) (b);年均温(Annual mean temperature, AMT)(c)的空间分布格局

Fig. 3 Spatial patterns of 18-year averaged annual NPP derived from the CASA model (a), annual precipitation (AP) (b), and annual mean temperature (AMT) (c) along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

图4 中国东北样带1982~1999年NPP(a)、T-NDVI(b)、年均温(c)、年降水量(d)和年太阳总辐射(e)的年际变异特征

Fig. 4 Inter-annual changes in net primary productivity (NPP) (a), T-NDVI (b), annual mean temperature (AMT) (c), annual precipitation (AP) (d), and annual total solar radiation (ATS) (e) from 1982 to 1999 along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

图5 中国东北样带1982~1990和1991~1999年两个时间段总NPP的年际变异特征比较

Fig. 5 Comparison between inter-annual changes in net primary productivity (NPP) over the period 1982-1990 and 1991-1999 along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

表2 中国东北样带1982~1999年不同植被类型NPP平均增量(A)、平均增加速率(P)和NPP与年份的相关系数(r)

Table 2 Mean increase amount of annual NPP (Tg C·a-2) (A), mean increase rate of annual NPP (%·a-1) (P), and coefficients of correlation between NPP and year (r) for different vegetation types from 1982 to 1999 along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

植被类型 Vegetation Type	1982~1990
植被类型 Vegetation Type	A	P	r	A	P	r	A	P	r
阔叶林Broadleaf forest	1.138	2.32	0.71^*	0.142	0.28	0.35	0.391	0.83	0.50^*
针叶林 Coniferous forest	0.074	1.98	0.71^*	0.020	0.50	0.34	0.027	0.71	0.52^*
灌丛 Shrub	1.379	2.62	0.63	0.150	0.43	0.39	0.555	1.19	0.52^*
草甸 Meadow	0.377	3.40	0.63	-0.044	-0.21	-0.34	0.133	1.24	0.44
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	1.340	3.22	0.63	-0.037	-0.11	-0.31	0.647	1.41	0.53^*
典型草原 Typical steppe	0.946	3.77	0.51	0.291	1.08	0.30	0.670	2.33	0.55^*
荒漠草原 Desert steppe	0.184	4.02	0.42	0.154	2.94	0.36	0.113	2.36	0.46
农田 Cultivation	2.081	3.43	0.75^*	-0.003	0.03	0.34	0.710	1.13	0.53^*
总 Total transect	7.517	3.14	0.65	0.673	0.45	0.34	3.238	1.40	0.52^*

表3 中国东北样带1982~1990、1991~1999和1982~1999年不同植被类型NDVI(N)、年降水量(P)、年均温(T)和年太阳总辐射(S)与年份的相关系数

Table 3 Correlative coefficients between annual NDVI (N), annual precipitation (P), annual mean temperature (T), annual solar radiation (S), and year for each vegetation type during 1982-1990, 1991-1999, and 1982-1999 along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

植被类型 Vegetation type	1982~1990		1991~1999		1982~1999
植被类型 Vegetation type	N	P	T	S	N	P	T	S	N	P	T	S
阔叶林 Broadleaf forest	0.34	0.27	0.38	0.74^*	0.42	-0.31	0.60	0.39	0.29	-0.12	0.55^*	0.71^*
针叶林 Coniferous forest	0.34	0.20	0.40	0.76^*	-0.34	-0.16	0.61	0.40	-0.27	-0.08	0.57^*	0.72^*
灌丛Shrub	0.37	0.24	0.36	0.71^*	0.47	-0.34	0.59	0.33	0.38	-0.17	0.52^*	0.69^*
草甸Meadow	0.34	0.27	0.38	0.72^*	0.47	0.31	0.62	0.24	0.38	0.23	0.57^*	0.65^*
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	0.37	0.25	0.36	0.71^*	0.49	-0.31	0.65	0.30	0.44	0.20	0.55^*	0.67^*
典型草原 Typical steppe	0.31	0.32	0.43	0.77^*	0.45	-0.26	0.71^*	0.19	0.43	0.32	0.55^*	0.67^*
荒漠草原 Desert steppe	0.23	0.27	0.38	0.79^*	0.52	0.44	0.73^*	-0.22	0.34	0.38	0.63^*	0.66^*
农田Cultivation	0.49	0.26	0.32	0.68^*	0.43	-0.31	0.54	0.28	0.46	0.14	0.52^*	0.68^*
总Total	0.38	0.27	0.37	0.73^*	0.46	-0.32	0.62	0.30	0.40	0.21	0.54^*	0.68^*

图6 中国东北样带(NECT)植被NPP随年份变异趋势相对变化(a)和绝对变化(b)的空间格局

Fig. 6 Spatial patterns of inter-annual linear variation trends from relative change (a) and absolute change (b) in NPP along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

图7 中国东北样带(NECT)植被NPP与年均温、年降水量相关分析显著性水平分布格局 I: 降水型 Precipitation type II: 复杂型 Complex type III: 温度型 Temperature type IV: 降水、温度型 Precipitation and temperature type

Fig. 7 Spatial pattern of statistical significant levels between NPP and annual precipitation, NPP and annual mean temperature along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

表4 1982~1999年中国东北样带(NECT)各植被类型NPP时间变异的环境影响

Table 4 Environmental driving mechanism of temporal variations for mean NPP of each vegetation types during 1982-1999 along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

植被类型 Vegetation type	第一气候因子 First climatic factor		第二气候因子 Second climatic factor		第三气候因子 Third climatic factor
植被类型 Vegetation type	因子 Factor	系数 Coefficient (r)	因子 Factor	系数 Coefficient (r)	因子 Factor	系数 Coefficient (r)
阔叶林 Broadleaf forest	S	0.555	P	0.698	T	0.798
针叶林 Coniferous forest	T	0.565	-	-	-	-
灌丛 Shrub	S	0.637	P	0.785	T	0.853
草甸 Meadow	P	0.708	S	0.925	-	-
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	P	0.643	S	0.870	T	0.909
典型草原 Typical steppe	P	0.765	S	0.847	-	-
荒漠草原 Desert steppe	P	0.793	-	-	-	-
农田 Cultivation	S	0.600	P	0.801	-	-
总 Total transect	P	0.609	S	0.847	T	0.899

表5 中国东北样带1982~1999年不同植被类型NPP随年均温、年降水量变化的平均增量,以及NPP与年均温、年降水量的相关系数

Table 5 Mean increase amount of annual NPP (g C·m-2·a-1) with increasing annual mean temperature and annual precipitation, and coefficients of correlation between annual mean temperature, annual precipitation and NPP for different vegetation types during 1982-1999 along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

植被类型 Vegetation type	年均温每升高1 ℃ Increasing 1 ℃ of annual mean temperature	年降水量每升高1 mm Increasing 1 mm of annual precipitation
植被类型 Vegetation type	NPP增加量Increment of NPP (g C·m^-2·a^-1)	相关系数Correlate coefficient (r)	NPP增加量Increment of NPP (g C·m^-2·a^-1)	相关系数Correlate coefficient (r)
阔叶林 Broadleaf forest	27.22	0.42	0.16	0.36
针叶林 Coniferous forest	37.43	0.52*	0.09	0.26
灌丛 Shrub	19.23	0.33	0.16	0.37
草甸 Meadow	14.22	0.28	0.35	0.51*
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	19.66	0.29	0.39	0.52*
典型草原 Typical steppe	19.40	0.25	0.67	0.65**
荒漠草原 Desert steppe	9.11	0.23	0.53	0.70**
农田 Cultivation	20.51	0.30	0.18	0.36
总 Total transect	20.12	0.32	0.31	0.47*

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