高海拔幼林地表苔藓组成与结构——皆伐与造林实践的影响评估

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对壤塘县二林场4个不同时间皆伐和造林后形成的幼林地, 开展了苔藓植物和维管植物多样性调查, 采用方差分析法对苔藓植物特征进行差异性检验, 对苔藓植物结构特征和环境因子作偏相关性分析。结果表明: 1)幼林地4个阶段的发展进程中苔藓物种组成变化显著。优势种相似, 为喜光耐旱的侧蒴藓物种; 一些耐阴喜湿的种类种群扩大成为林下局部生境优势物种; 同时由于干扰造成地表裸露后产生耐旱土生或石生性广泛分布的藓类。2)随着幼林地植被恢复进程, 苔藓物种丰富度(22~37)和多样性指数(0.37~1.08)呈增长趋势。结构特征在4个幼林地表现出较强的差异性。3)乔木与灌木层盖度与苔藓植物的发育呈正相关, 灌木层盖度的发育明显促进了苔藓植物丰富度的增加, 而基于喜光先锋的禾草为主的草本发育程度很高, 与凋落物生物量一起抑制了苔藓的发育。随幼林地发展, 乔、灌、凋落物发育性质及其相互作用发生动态变化。因此加速幼林地乔、灌层片的发育对于促进地表苔藓植物多样性的恢复与层片发育具有重要作用。

关键词: 苔藓物种组成与结构, 林业实践, 维管植物, 高海拔幼林地

Abstract:

Aims Traditional forestry management influences biodiversity. Revealing effects of clear-cutting and silvicultural history on ground bryophyte communities is important for evaluating impacts of forest management on biodiversity.

Methods We selected four sites with similar physical conditions but different development phases in Rangtang County. We investigated bryophyte and vascular plant vegetation, including species composition and structural characteristics, in 30 plots in each site. ANOVA analysis was used to detect differences among bryophyte communities, and the relationship between vascular plant and bryophyte communities was examined by partial correlations.

Important findings Bryophyte composition changed significantly during developmental processes of young forests. Photophilic or pleurocarpous mosses were dominant species, while some hygrophilous mosses expanded their populations and become dominant species locally and drought-tolerant species occurred because of disturbance. Richness index (22-37) and diversity index (0.37-1.08) increased during the process of development, and the four young forestlands had differences in structural characteristics. There was a positive relationship between cover of tree and shrub layers and development of bryophytes. Shrub layer significantly promoted bryophyte richness, while pioneer grass with strong development and litter restrained bryophyte development. Characteristics of development in tree, shrub, litter layer and their interaction changed dynamically during the developmental process. Promoting development of tree and shrub layers has an important role on enhancing bryophytes.

Key words: bryophyte composition and structure, forest management, vascular plant, high-altitude young silvicultural cutovers

闫晓丽, 包维楷. 高海拔幼林地表苔藓组成与结构——皆伐与造林实践的影响评估. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(4): 815-824. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.010

YAN Xiao-Li, BAO Wei-Kai. STRUCTURE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF GROUND BRYOPHYTE COMMUNITY OF HIGH-ALTITUDE YOUNG SILVICULTURAL CUTOVERS IN RANGTANG COUNTY, CHINA: EVALUATION ON EFFECTS OF CLEAR- CUTTING AND SILVICULTURAL MANAGEMENT. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(4): 815-824. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.010

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.010

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I4/815

图/表 8

参考文献 27

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	八支沟(F93) Bazhigou	四支沟(F85) Sizhigou	三支沟(F80) Sanzhigou	一支沟(F75) Yizhigou
采伐时间 Clear-cutting time	1991	1983	1978	1973
初植时间 Initial planting time	1993	1985	1980	1975
海拔 Elevation (m)	3 550~3 580	3 525~3 560	3 530~3 550	3 520~3 550
坡向 Aspect	N-E15°	N-E20°	N-E15°	N-E15°
坡度 Slope	50°	50°	47.5°	50°
林木密度 Forest density (ind.·hm^-2)	2 208	2 624	2 300	1 666
林木高度 Forest height (m)	1.15	2.41	2.45	2.59
林木盖度 Forest coverage (%)	25.0	41.0	55.0	40.0
灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	39.5	47.1	54.2	46.7
草本盖度 Herb coverage (%)	89.6	85.6	84.8	79.7

	八支沟(F93) Bazhigou	四支沟(F85) Sizhigou	三支沟(F80) Sanzhigou	一支沟(F75) Yizhigou
采伐时间 Clear-cutting time	1991	1983	1978	1973
初植时间 Initial planting time	1993	1985	1980	1975
海拔 Elevation (m)	3 550~3 580	3 525~3 560	3 530~3 550	3 520~3 550
坡向 Aspect	N-E15°	N-E20°	N-E15°	N-E15°
坡度 Slope	50°	50°	47.5°	50°
林木密度 Forest density (ind.·hm^-2)	2 208	2 624	2 300	1 666
林木高度 Forest height (m)	1.15	2.41	2.45	2.59
林木盖度 Forest coverage (%)	25.0	41.0	55.0	40.0
灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	39.5	47.1	54.2	46.7
草本盖度 Herb coverage (%)	89.6	85.6	84.8	79.7

	F93 (14年)	F85 (22年)	F80 (27年)	F75 (32年)
乔木盖度 Arbor coverage (%)	11.50±3.07^a	21.47±5.21^ac	43.17±6.78^b	34.47±7.21^bc
灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	15.67±3.80^a	20.53±5.12^ac	29.60±6.94^bc	29.60±5.56^b
草本盖度 Herb coverage (%)	51.72±3.99^a	47.67±3.99^ac	39.50±4.01^bc	34.50±3.25^b
草本高度 Herb height (cm)	17.13±0.78^a	20.57±1.28^a	20.73±1.35^a	25.73±2.79^b
草本生物量 Herb biomass (g·m^-2)	87.61±7.19^a	95.06±9.22^a	82.43±7.25^a	76.25±8.32^a
草本丰富度 Herb richness (spp.·plot^-1)	8.27±0.28^ab	7.77±0.24^a	8.27±0.27^ab	8.80±0.29^b
凋落物盖度 Litter coverage (%)	5.17±0.52^a	15.17±2.17^b	15.33±1.42^b	11.83±0.70^b
凋落物生物量 Litter biomass (g·m^-2)	28.21±2.62^a	58.52±9.39^b	55.82±6.44^b	48.83±5.83^b

	F93 (14年)	F85 (22年)	F80 (27年)	F75 (32年)
乔木盖度 Arbor coverage (%)	11.50±3.07^a	21.47±5.21^ac	43.17±6.78^b	34.47±7.21^bc
灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	15.67±3.80^a	20.53±5.12^ac	29.60±6.94^bc	29.60±5.56^b
草本盖度 Herb coverage (%)	51.72±3.99^a	47.67±3.99^ac	39.50±4.01^bc	34.50±3.25^b
草本高度 Herb height (cm)	17.13±0.78^a	20.57±1.28^a	20.73±1.35^a	25.73±2.79^b
草本生物量 Herb biomass (g·m^-2)	87.61±7.19^a	95.06±9.22^a	82.43±7.25^a	76.25±8.32^a
草本丰富度 Herb richness (spp.·plot^-1)	8.27±0.28^ab	7.77±0.24^a	8.27±0.27^ab	8.80±0.29^b
凋落物盖度 Litter coverage (%)	5.17±0.52^a	15.17±2.17^b	15.33±1.42^b	11.83±0.70^b
凋落物生物量 Litter biomass (g·m^-2)	28.21±2.62^a	58.52±9.39^b	55.82±6.44^b	48.83±5.83^b

	F93	F85	F80	F75
苔类 Hepatic
双齿裂萼苔 Chiloscyphus latifolius	0.04	0.01	0.03	0.04
蛇苔 Conocephalum conicum	-	0.09	0.08	0.04
纤枝羽苔 Plagiochila corniculata	0	-	-	0
羽苔未知种 Plagiochilasp.	0.09	0.05	0.13	0.09
三瓣苔 Tritomaria exsecta	-	-	-	0.01
藓类 Moss
顶蒴藓类 Acrocarpous moss	15	10	13	18
银藓未知种 Anomobryumsp.	0.04	-	0	-
狭叶扭口藓 Barbula subcontorta	-	-	-	0
珠藓 Bartramia halleriana	0	0.01	-	0
银叶真藓 Bryum argenteum	-	-	0	0
喀什真藓 Bryum kashmirense	-	-	-	0
真藓未知种 Bryum sp.	0	-	-	-
青毛藓 Dicranodontium denudatum	0.02	-	-	0.02
湿地藓 Hyophila javanica	-	0.03	0	-
平肋提灯藓 Mnium laevinerve	-	-	-	0.01
具缘提灯藓 Mnium marginatum	0.02	0.13	-	0.02
刺叶提灯藓 Mnium spinosum	0	0.03	0	0.03
卷叶曲背藓 Oncophorus crispifolius	-	-	-	0
曲背藓 Oncophorus wahlenbergii	0.01	0.01	0.02	0
小酸土藓 Oxystegus cuspidatus	-	-	-	0
酸土藓 Oxystegus cylindricus	-	-	0	-
拟白发藓 Paraleucobryum enerve	-	-	-	0
泽藓 Philonotissp.	-	-	0	-
密叶匍灯藓 Plagiomnium confertidens	0.06	0.1	0.18	0.12
多蒴匍灯藓 Plagiomnium medium	-	0.04	-	0.04
长蒴丝瓜藓 Pohlia elongata	0.04	-	0.04	0.02
无齿曲尾藓 Pseudochorisatontium gymnostomum	0.07	-	-	0.01
韩氏曲尾藓 Pseudochorisodontium hokinense	0.05	-	0	-
阔边大叶藓 Rhodobryum laxe-limbatum	0.04	0.07	0.04	-
狭边大叶藓 Rhodobryum ontariense	0.01	0.02	-	-
长齿连轴藓 Schistidium trichodon	-	-	0	-
合睫藓 Symblepharis vaginata	0.07	-	-	-
泛生墙藓 Tortula muralis	-	0.01	-	-
树形疣灯藓 Trachycysis ussuriensis	0.04	-	0.03	0.02
毛口藓 Trichostomum brachydontium	-	-	-	0
侧蒴藓类 Pleurocarpous moss	9	9	8	14
锦丝藓 Actinothuidium hookeri	0.09	0.01	0.04	0.06
勃氏青藓 Brachythecium brotheri	0.02	0.23	0.19	0.13
匙叶毛尖藓 Cirriphyllum cirrosum	-	-	-	0.02
厚角绢藓 Entodon concinnus	0.43	0.69	0.27	0.26
密枝粗枝藓 Gollania turgens	0.02	-	0.03	0.06
狭叶小羽藓 Haplocladium angustifolium	-	-	-	0.01
塔藓 Hylocomium splendens	-	0.01	-	0
弯叶灰藓 Hypnum hamulosum	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
鼠尾藓 Myuroclada maximowiczii	-	0.01	-	-
半栉小金发藓 Pogonatum subfuscatum	-	-	-	0.01
高山拟金发藓 Polytrichastrum alpinum	0.09	0.01	-	0.03
台湾拟金发藓 Polytrichastrum formosum	-	-	-	0
卵叶长喙藓 Rhynchostegium ovalifolium	-	-	-	0
疣拟垂枝藓 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus	0.01	0.01	0.08	0.25
垂枝藓 Rhytidium rugosum	0.19	-	0	-
大羽藓 Thuidium cymbifolium	1.52	1.43	1.77	1.63