植物生态学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (8): 806-817.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0053
所属专题: 生物多样性
收稿日期:
2018-03-05
出版日期:
2018-08-20
发布日期:
2018-12-07
通讯作者:
任明迅
基金资助:
TAN Ke,DONG Shu-Peng,LU Tao,ZHANG Ya-Jing,XU Shi-Tao,REN Ming-Xun()
Received:
2018-03-05
Online:
2018-08-20
Published:
2018-12-07
Contact:
Ming-Xun REN
Supported by:
摘要:
翅果能够依靠风力进行传播, 可能是被子植物快速散布和物种分化的一个重要因素。狭义的翅果是指果皮延伸成翅且不开裂的干果; 广义的翅果则包括果皮、花被片或苞片形成果翅的所有果实。根据果翅形态及其生长方式的不同, 广义的翅果可分为单侧翅果、周位翅果(圆翅果与蝶翅果)、棱翅果、披针翅果、翼状萼翅果、叶状苞翅果6种类型, 其空中运动方式有自旋式(单侧翅果、翼状萼翅果)、波浪式(周位翅果、叶状苞翅果)、翻滚自旋式(周位翅果)、直升机式(披针翅果、翼状萼翅果)和滚筒式(棱翅果)。棱翅果与圆翅果在被子植物基部类群樟目就有发生, 并同时出现在单子叶植物和双子叶植物中, 可能是最早出现的翅果类型。翅果的演化过程呈现出果翅数量增加、果翅偏向单侧和果翅负荷(果实质量与果翅面积之比)降低的趋势, 以利于适应较小的风并增加传播距离。果翅除了促进果实与种子的风力传播外, 还具有物理防御、调节种子萌发和促进二次传播等作用。泛热带分布的金虎尾科有着极其丰富的翅果类型, 与其多次跨洋长距离扩散密切相关, 可以作为研究翅果适应与演化的一个模式类群。结合生态和演化-发育生物学方法, 研究不同类型翅果在适应风力传播方面的差异、萼片或苞片发育成翅的分子与遗传机制、翅果不同类型的演化历史及其对被子植物物种多样性的影响等是今后值得探讨的重要问题。
谭珂, 董书鹏, 卢涛, 张亚婧, 徐诗涛, 任明迅. 被子植物翅果的多样性及演化. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(8): 806-817. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0053
TAN Ke, DONG Shu-Peng, LU Tao, ZHANG Ya-Jing, XU Shi-Tao, REN Ming-Xun. Diversity and evolution of samara in angiosperm. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(8): 806-817. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0053
翅果类型 Samara type | 主要分布类群 Systematic distribution |
---|---|
1 单侧翅果 Single-winged samara (SWS) | |
1.1 单翅果 Mono-SWS | 金虎尾科(异翅藤属, Acridocarpus, Banisteriopsis, Barnebya, Bronwenia, Cordobia, Cottsia, Dinemagonum, Diplopterys, Ectopopterys, Janusia, Peixotoa, Sphedamnocarpus, Stigmaphyllon), 木犀科陉属, 远志科蝉翼藤属, 鼠李科翼核果属, 榆科刺榆属, 梧桐科银叶树属 Malpighiaceae (Heteropterys, Acridocarpus, Banisteriopsis, Barnebya, Bronwenia, Cordobia, Cottsia, Dinemagonum, Diplopterys, Ectopopterys, Janusia, Peixotoa, Sphedamnocarpus, Stigmaphyllon), Fraxinus (Oleaceae), Securidaca (Polygalaceae), Ventilago (Rhamnaceae), Hemiptelea (Ulmaceae), Heritiera (Sterculiaceae) |
1.2 双聚单翅果 Di-SWS | 槭树科槭树属, 木犀科陉属 Acer (Aceraceae), Fraxinus (Oleaceae) |
1.3 三聚单翅果 Tri-SWS | 金虎尾科翅实藤属, 异翅藤属 Malpighiaceae (Ryssopterys, Heteropterys) |
2 周位翅果 Perigynous samara | |
2.1 圆翅果 Round-winged samara | 金虎尾科(盾翅藤属, Alicia, Amorimia, Calcicola, Caucanthus, Christianella, Diaspis, Excentradenia, Flabellaria, Madagasikaria, Malpighiodes, Mascagnia, Mezia), 胡桃科(青钱柳属, 化香树属), 豆科(紫檀属, 黄檀属), 十字花科(菘蓝属, 屈曲花属, 菥属), 桦木科(桤木属, 桦木属), 榆科(榆属, 青檀属), 蓼科山蓼属, 木樨科雪柳属, 槭树科金钱槭属, 苦木科臭椿属, 杜仲科杜仲属, 芸香科榆橘属, 蓝果树科喜树属, 莲叶桐科青藤属, 鼠李科马甲子属, 马尾树科马尾树属 Malpighiaceae (Aspidopterys, Alicia, Amorimia, Calcicola, Caucanthus, Christianella, Diaspis, Excentradenia, Flabellaria, Madagasikaria, Malpighiodes, Mascagnia, Mezia), Juglandaceae (Cyclocarya, Platycarya), Fabaceae (Pterocarpus, Dalbergia), Cruciferae (Isatis, Iberis, Thlaspi), Betulaceae (Alnus, Betula), Ulmaceae (Ulmus, Pteroceltis), Oxyria (Polygonaceae), Fontanesia (Oleaceae), Dipteronia (Aceraceae), Ailanthus (Simaroubaceae), Eucommia (Eucommiaceae), Ptelea (Rutaceae), Camptotheca (Nyssaceae), Illigera (Hernandiaceae), Paliurus (Rhamnaceae), Rhoiptelea (Rhoipteleaceae) |
2.2 蝶翅果 Butterfly-winged samara | 金虎尾科(Adelphia, Aenigmatanthera, Hiraea, Amorimia, Callaeum, Carolus, Christianella, Dinemandra等), 菊科(金鸡菊属, 偶雏菊属, 蟛蜞菊属), 木犀科(雪柳属, 六道木叶属), 使君子科(诃子属, 榆绿木属, 假榆橘属) Malpighiaceae (Adelphia, Christianella, Aenigmatanthera, Hiraea, Amorimia, Callaeum, Carolus, Dinemandra, etc.), Asterceae (Coreopsis, Boltonia, Sphagneticola), Oleaceae (Fontanesia, Abeliophyllum), Combretaeeae (Terminalia, Anogeissus, Pteleopsis) |
3 棱翅果 Rib-winged samara | 金虎尾科(Aspicarpa, Calcicola, Digoniopterys), 蓼科(翅果蓼属, 红药子属, 大黄属, 沙拐枣属, 等), 卫矛科(雷公藤属, 卫矛属, 等), 使君子科(风车子属, 诃子属), 无患子科(车桑子属, 黄梨木属), 椴树科(滇桐属, 蚬木属, 柄翅果属, 一担柴属), 鼠李科咀签属, 莲叶桐科青藤属, 茶茱萸科心翼果属, 薯蓣科薯蓣属, 藜科四翅滨藜, 胡颓子科翅果油树 Malpighiaceae (Aspicarpa, Calcicola, Digoniopterys), Polygonaceae (Parapteropyrum, Pteroxygonum, Rheum, Calligonum etc.), Celastraceae (Tripterygium, Euonymus etc.), Sapindaceae (Dodonaea, Boniodendron), Tiliaceae (Craigia, Excentrodendron, Burretiodendron, Colona), Gouania (Rhamnaceae), Illigera (Hernandiaceae), Cardiopteris (Icacinaceae), Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae), Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae), Elaeagnus mollis (Elaeagnaceae) |
4 披针翅果 Lanceolate-winged samara | 金虎尾科(风筝果属, 三星果属, Lophopterys, Dicella, Microsteira, Niedenzuella, Rhynchophora, Tetrapterys), 椴树科六翅木属, 卫矛科斜翼属, 十字花科沙芥属, 使君子科萼翅藤属 Malpighiaceae (Hiptage, Tristellateia, Lophopterys, Dicella, Microsteira, Niedenzuella, Rhynchophora, Tetrapterys), Berrya (Tiliaceae), Plagiopteron (Celastraceae), Pugionium (Crucificeae), Getonia (Combretaeeae) |
5 翼状萼翅果 Sepal-winged samara | 龙脑香科, 钩枝藤科钩枝藤属, 旋花科(飞蛾藤属, 三翅藤属, 白花叶属, 地旋花属) Dipterocarpaceae, Ancistrocladus (Ancistrocladaceae), Convolvulaceae (Dinetus, Tridynamia, Poranopsis, Xenostegia) |
6 叶状苞翅果 Bract-winged samara | 桦木科(鹅耳枥属, 铁木属, 桦木属, 桤木属, 榛属), 胡桃科(黄杞属, 枫杨属), 败酱科败酱属, 旋花科盾苞藤属, 马鞭草科楔翅藤属, 檀香科米面蓊属 Betulaceae (Carpinus, Ostrya, Betula, Alnus, Corylus), Juglandaceae (Engelhardia, Pterocarya), Patrinia (Valerianaceae), Neuropeltis (Convolvulaceae), Sphenodesme (Verbenaceae), Buckleya (Santalaceae) |
表1 被子植物翅果主要类型及其系统分布
Table 1 The six types of angiosperm samaras and their systematic distribution
翅果类型 Samara type | 主要分布类群 Systematic distribution |
---|---|
1 单侧翅果 Single-winged samara (SWS) | |
1.1 单翅果 Mono-SWS | 金虎尾科(异翅藤属, Acridocarpus, Banisteriopsis, Barnebya, Bronwenia, Cordobia, Cottsia, Dinemagonum, Diplopterys, Ectopopterys, Janusia, Peixotoa, Sphedamnocarpus, Stigmaphyllon), 木犀科陉属, 远志科蝉翼藤属, 鼠李科翼核果属, 榆科刺榆属, 梧桐科银叶树属 Malpighiaceae (Heteropterys, Acridocarpus, Banisteriopsis, Barnebya, Bronwenia, Cordobia, Cottsia, Dinemagonum, Diplopterys, Ectopopterys, Janusia, Peixotoa, Sphedamnocarpus, Stigmaphyllon), Fraxinus (Oleaceae), Securidaca (Polygalaceae), Ventilago (Rhamnaceae), Hemiptelea (Ulmaceae), Heritiera (Sterculiaceae) |
1.2 双聚单翅果 Di-SWS | 槭树科槭树属, 木犀科陉属 Acer (Aceraceae), Fraxinus (Oleaceae) |
1.3 三聚单翅果 Tri-SWS | 金虎尾科翅实藤属, 异翅藤属 Malpighiaceae (Ryssopterys, Heteropterys) |
2 周位翅果 Perigynous samara | |
2.1 圆翅果 Round-winged samara | 金虎尾科(盾翅藤属, Alicia, Amorimia, Calcicola, Caucanthus, Christianella, Diaspis, Excentradenia, Flabellaria, Madagasikaria, Malpighiodes, Mascagnia, Mezia), 胡桃科(青钱柳属, 化香树属), 豆科(紫檀属, 黄檀属), 十字花科(菘蓝属, 屈曲花属, 菥属), 桦木科(桤木属, 桦木属), 榆科(榆属, 青檀属), 蓼科山蓼属, 木樨科雪柳属, 槭树科金钱槭属, 苦木科臭椿属, 杜仲科杜仲属, 芸香科榆橘属, 蓝果树科喜树属, 莲叶桐科青藤属, 鼠李科马甲子属, 马尾树科马尾树属 Malpighiaceae (Aspidopterys, Alicia, Amorimia, Calcicola, Caucanthus, Christianella, Diaspis, Excentradenia, Flabellaria, Madagasikaria, Malpighiodes, Mascagnia, Mezia), Juglandaceae (Cyclocarya, Platycarya), Fabaceae (Pterocarpus, Dalbergia), Cruciferae (Isatis, Iberis, Thlaspi), Betulaceae (Alnus, Betula), Ulmaceae (Ulmus, Pteroceltis), Oxyria (Polygonaceae), Fontanesia (Oleaceae), Dipteronia (Aceraceae), Ailanthus (Simaroubaceae), Eucommia (Eucommiaceae), Ptelea (Rutaceae), Camptotheca (Nyssaceae), Illigera (Hernandiaceae), Paliurus (Rhamnaceae), Rhoiptelea (Rhoipteleaceae) |
2.2 蝶翅果 Butterfly-winged samara | 金虎尾科(Adelphia, Aenigmatanthera, Hiraea, Amorimia, Callaeum, Carolus, Christianella, Dinemandra等), 菊科(金鸡菊属, 偶雏菊属, 蟛蜞菊属), 木犀科(雪柳属, 六道木叶属), 使君子科(诃子属, 榆绿木属, 假榆橘属) Malpighiaceae (Adelphia, Christianella, Aenigmatanthera, Hiraea, Amorimia, Callaeum, Carolus, Dinemandra, etc.), Asterceae (Coreopsis, Boltonia, Sphagneticola), Oleaceae (Fontanesia, Abeliophyllum), Combretaeeae (Terminalia, Anogeissus, Pteleopsis) |
3 棱翅果 Rib-winged samara | 金虎尾科(Aspicarpa, Calcicola, Digoniopterys), 蓼科(翅果蓼属, 红药子属, 大黄属, 沙拐枣属, 等), 卫矛科(雷公藤属, 卫矛属, 等), 使君子科(风车子属, 诃子属), 无患子科(车桑子属, 黄梨木属), 椴树科(滇桐属, 蚬木属, 柄翅果属, 一担柴属), 鼠李科咀签属, 莲叶桐科青藤属, 茶茱萸科心翼果属, 薯蓣科薯蓣属, 藜科四翅滨藜, 胡颓子科翅果油树 Malpighiaceae (Aspicarpa, Calcicola, Digoniopterys), Polygonaceae (Parapteropyrum, Pteroxygonum, Rheum, Calligonum etc.), Celastraceae (Tripterygium, Euonymus etc.), Sapindaceae (Dodonaea, Boniodendron), Tiliaceae (Craigia, Excentrodendron, Burretiodendron, Colona), Gouania (Rhamnaceae), Illigera (Hernandiaceae), Cardiopteris (Icacinaceae), Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae), Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae), Elaeagnus mollis (Elaeagnaceae) |
4 披针翅果 Lanceolate-winged samara | 金虎尾科(风筝果属, 三星果属, Lophopterys, Dicella, Microsteira, Niedenzuella, Rhynchophora, Tetrapterys), 椴树科六翅木属, 卫矛科斜翼属, 十字花科沙芥属, 使君子科萼翅藤属 Malpighiaceae (Hiptage, Tristellateia, Lophopterys, Dicella, Microsteira, Niedenzuella, Rhynchophora, Tetrapterys), Berrya (Tiliaceae), Plagiopteron (Celastraceae), Pugionium (Crucificeae), Getonia (Combretaeeae) |
5 翼状萼翅果 Sepal-winged samara | 龙脑香科, 钩枝藤科钩枝藤属, 旋花科(飞蛾藤属, 三翅藤属, 白花叶属, 地旋花属) Dipterocarpaceae, Ancistrocladus (Ancistrocladaceae), Convolvulaceae (Dinetus, Tridynamia, Poranopsis, Xenostegia) |
6 叶状苞翅果 Bract-winged samara | 桦木科(鹅耳枥属, 铁木属, 桦木属, 桤木属, 榛属), 胡桃科(黄杞属, 枫杨属), 败酱科败酱属, 旋花科盾苞藤属, 马鞭草科楔翅藤属, 檀香科米面蓊属 Betulaceae (Carpinus, Ostrya, Betula, Alnus, Corylus), Juglandaceae (Engelhardia, Pterocarya), Patrinia (Valerianaceae), Neuropeltis (Convolvulaceae), Sphenodesme (Verbenaceae), Buckleya (Santalaceae) |
图2 被子植物翅果在目一级的系统分布。系统树根据The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016)绘制。
Fig. 2 The systematic distribution of samara types across angiosperm orders. The phylogeny of angiosperm orders was drawn according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016).
图3 金虎尾科翅果类型的多样性与演化。在不同大洲之间的长距离扩散之后都伴随着翅果类型的变化。系统树改自Davis等(2014)。
Fig. 3 Samara diversity and evolution in Malpighiaceae. Note there has evolutionary transition of samara types for each long-distance dispersal between continents. The phylogeny is redrawn from Davis et al. (2014).
图4 不同类型翅果的降落速率与果翅负荷(果实质量/果翅面积)的相关性。改自Augspurger (1986)。
Fig. 4 Descent velocity and its relationship with wing loading (fruit mass / wing size) of samaras and pollen grains. Revised from Augspurger (1986).
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