Effects of biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on tree seedling survival in a secondary mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest in Changbai Mountain

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0366

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Our study aimed to understand the effects and the relative importance of biotic neighborhood and habitat heterogeneity for tree seedling survival in a secondary mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest in Changbai Mountain, north-eastern China.
Methods The generalized mixed linear model was used to examine the relative effects of biotic neighborhood and habitat heterogeneity on seedling survival over two years.
Important findings Our results showed that both biotic neighborhood and habitat heterogeneity had significant effects on the seedling survival at community level. The local environment suitable for the adult growth was also suitable for seedling survival. The soil moisture and soil available nitrogen exhibited significant positive effects on seedling survival. On the other hand, seedling density had significant negative effects on seedling survival due to the individual competition. Particularly, we found significant negative density-dependent effects on seedling survival which was caused by conspecific adult and seedling neighbors. As expected, with the increasing of seedling survival age, the habitat heterogeneity became more important on seedling survival. These results suggest that both local biotic neighborhood and habitat heterogeneity drive seedling survival in this temperate forest, and their relative importance varies with different seedling age classes and species traits.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/ZWSB201607007

Key words: secondary mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest, generalized linear mixed model, tree seedling survival, biotic neighborhood, habitat heterogeneity

Shuai LIU, Jia-Xing LIAO, Cui XIAO, Xiu-Hua FAN. Effects of biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on tree seedling survival in a secondary mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest in Changbai Mountain[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2016, 40(7): 711-722.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0366

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2016/V40/I7/711

Figures/Tables 9

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土壤变量 Soil variable	PCA1	PCA2	PCA3
有机质 Organic matter	-0.455	-	0.367
全磷 Total phosphorus	-0.476	-	-0.202
有效磷 Available phosphorus	-0.223	0.721	-0.372
全钾 Total potassium	0.395	0.166	-0.353
有效钾 Available potassium	-0.435	0.344	-
全氮 Total nitrogen	-0.396	-0.285	-
有效氮 Available nitrogen	-0.117	-0.489	-0.745
变量解释 Variation explained	39.9%	15.6%	15.1%

土壤变量 Soil variable	PCA1	PCA2	PCA3
有机质 Organic matter	-0.455	-	0.367
全磷 Total phosphorus	-0.476	-	-0.202
有效磷 Available phosphorus	-0.223	0.721	-0.372
全钾 Total potassium	0.395	0.166	-0.353
有效钾 Available potassium	-0.435	0.344	-
全氮 Total nitrogen	-0.396	-0.285	-
有效氮 Available nitrogen	-0.117	-0.489	-0.745
变量解释 Variation explained	39.9%	15.6%	15.1%

变量 Variables	数据 Data
变量 Variables	最小值 Min	最大值 Max	平均值 Mean	中值 Median
幼苗高度 Seedling height (h, cm)	1	98	11.82	7
大树邻体作用 Adult effect
同种个体数 No. of conspecific individuals (ind.c)	0	76	8.69	5.00
异种个体数 No. of heterospecific individuals (ind.h)	19	132	73.34	73.50
同种胸高断面积 Conspecific basal area (ba.c)	0.000	0.510	0.007	0.001
异种胸高断面积 Heterospecific basal area (ba.h)	0.002	4.700	0.096	0.047
幼苗邻体作用 Seedling effect
同种幼苗 Conspecific seedlings (s.c)	1	20	4.39	3
异种幼苗 Heterospecific seedlings (s.h)	0	37	6.89	5
幼苗年龄 Seedling age	1	未知 Unknown	-	-
土壤特性 Soil property
第一主成分 The first principal component (PC1)	-3.901	3.646	0.572	0.789
第二主成分 The second principal component (PC2)	-1.978	2.840	-0.112	-0.144
第三主成分 The third principal component (PC3)	-2.286	4.385	0.186	0.169
土壤pH值 Soil pH value	4.29	6.73	5.22	5.18
土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	29.06	69.46	40.31	39.78
林冠开阔度 Canopy openness (%)	6.76	29.73	11.96	11.88

变量 Variables	数据 Data
变量 Variables	最小值 Min	最大值 Max	平均值 Mean	中值 Median
幼苗高度 Seedling height (h, cm)	1	98	11.82	7
大树邻体作用 Adult effect
同种个体数 No. of conspecific individuals (ind.c)	0	76	8.69	5.00
异种个体数 No. of heterospecific individuals (ind.h)	19	132	73.34	73.50
同种胸高断面积 Conspecific basal area (ba.c)	0.000	0.510	0.007	0.001
异种胸高断面积 Heterospecific basal area (ba.h)	0.002	4.700	0.096	0.047
幼苗邻体作用 Seedling effect
同种幼苗 Conspecific seedlings (s.c)	1	20	4.39	3
异种幼苗 Heterospecific seedlings (s.h)	0	37	6.89	5
幼苗年龄 Seedling age	1	未知 Unknown	-	-
土壤特性 Soil property
第一主成分 The first principal component (PC1)	-3.901	3.646	0.572	0.789
第二主成分 The second principal component (PC2)	-1.978	2.840	-0.112	-0.144
第三主成分 The third principal component (PC3)	-2.286	4.385	0.186	0.169
土壤pH值 Soil pH value	4.29	6.73	5.22	5.18
土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	29.06	69.46	40.31	39.78
林冠开阔度 Canopy openness (%)	6.76	29.73	11.96	11.88

数据子集 Data subsets	备选模型 Candidate model
	零模型 Null model		生物模型 Biotic model		生境模型 Habitat model		生物生境模型 Biotic + Habitat model
	AIC	ΔAIC	AIC	ΔAIC	AIC	ΔAIC	AIC	ΔAIC
群落水平 Community level	1 683.30	361.94	1 563.96	242.61	1 346.31	24.96	1 321.36	0.00
种子传播方式 Seed dispersal mode
风媒传播 Wind dispersal	788.51	67.56	792.04	71.09	724.23	3.28	720.95	0.00
重力传播 Gravity dispersal	253.48	6.79	289.26	42.57	246.69	0.00	249.40	2.71
年龄级 Age class
一年生 One year old	994.63	257.96	882.44	145.78	766.17	29.50	736.66	0.00
二至三年生 Two to three years old	266.32	35.69	258.77	28.14	230.63	0.00	235.21	4.58
四年生以上 Above four years old	290.00	9.53	297.74	17.27	280.47	0.00	287.74	7.28
耐阴性 Shade tolerance
阳性 Light-demanding	344.57	0.72	368.37	24.51	343.85	0.00	353.90	10.05
中性 Mid shade-tolerant	108.20	0.00	117.34	9.14	113.90	5.70	113.70	5.50
阴性 Shade-tolerant	587.24	40.95	585.02	38.73	547.34	1.04	546.30	0.00
物种 Species
紫椴 Tilia amurensis	209.68	4.31	218.52	13.15	205.37	0.00	206.29	0.92
簇毛槭 Acer barbinerve	255.25	56.51	236.21	37.47	207.61	8.87	198.74	0.00