Differences in soil nutrients and phenolic acid metabolites contents in American ginseng cultivated soils with different restoration years

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2020.0401

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The cultivation of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is of high economic benefits, but the continuous cropping has begun to limit the sustainable development of its industry. At present, the research on the problems of continuous cropping is limiting. In this study, the changes in soil nutrients and phenolic acid metabolites were measured and analyzed to investigate the key nutrient and allelopathic factors that may cause problems under continuous cropping of American ginseng, using the restoration plots for 1, 10, and 20 years after the long-term use of American ginseng cultivation (A1, A10, A20, respectively) and the control plot (CK) without cultivation of American ginseng.
Methods Soil nutrients contents were determined by conventional chemical methods and the gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phenolic acid metabolites contents in soil were determined by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Important findings The results showed that soil pH in the three groups of restoration plots was significantly lower than the CK plots. The contents of 25 organic nutrients (amino acids, sugars and alcohols) in A1 were significantly decreased, and the contents of N-acetylornithine, 5-aminovaleric acid, serine, leucine, glycerin and sophora in all restoration plots were significantly decreased compared to those in CK and had not returned to the control level even after 20 years of restoration. Simultaneously, contrary to expectations, the contents of coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid in A1 were significantly lower than those in CK, but could return to the control level after 10 years of restoration. In addition, the contents of p-coumaric acid and syringic acid in A1, A10 and A20 were significantly lower than those in CK, and even after 20 years of restoration, it had not returned to the control level. Attention should be paid to the positive effects of phenolic acid metabolites on the growth of American ginseng. The correlation analysis showed that most of the above organic nutrients contents, pH and phenolic acid metabolites contents showed significantly positive correlations among each other, indicating that there was a significant interaction between soil characteristics. In conclusion, soil acidification, decreases of organic nutrients contents and phenolic acids contents and synergistic effect of soil properties caused by cultivation of American ginseng may be the key factors leading to the problems of continuous cropping.

Key words: Panax quinquefolius, continuous cropping obstacle, organic nutrients, phenolic acid metabolites, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

LI Chong-Wei, BAI Xin-Fu, CHEN Guo-Zhong, ZHU Ping, ZHANG Shu-Ting, HOU Yu-Ping, ZHANG Xing-Xiao. Differences in soil nutrients and phenolic acid metabolites contents in American ginseng cultivated soils with different restoration years[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2021, 45(11): 1263-1274.

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2021/V45/I11/1263

Figures/Tables 7

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序号 No.	CK	A1	A10	A20
1	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m, 小麦, 空地 Triticum aestivum, Blank	37.07° N, 122.11° E, 70 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, Panax quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 小麦, 花生 T. aestivum, Arachis hypogaea	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 40 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
2	37.18° N, 122.24° E, 70 m, 空地, 空地 Blank, Blank	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m, 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Zea mays	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 空地, 番薯 Blank, Ipomoea batatas
3	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Zea mays	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 小麦, 花生 T. aestivum, A. hypogaea	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 40 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
4	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 空地, 花生 Blank, Arachis hypogaea	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 60 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
5	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 玉米, 小麦 Z. mays, T. aestivum	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 60 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
6	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 空地, 空地 Blank, Blank	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.11° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.11° N, 122.07° E, 70 m 空地, 空地 Blank, Blank
7	37.19° N, 122.25° E, 40 m 小麦, 花生 T. aestivum, A. hypogaea	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.11° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.11° N, 122.07° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z mays
8	37.19° N, 122.25° E, 40 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.11° N, 122.07° E, 0 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
9	37.19° N, 122.25° E, 35 m 杂草, 玉米 Weeds, Z. mays	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.13° N, 122.06° E, 60 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays
10	37.19° N, 122.25° E, 35 m 杂草, 花生 Weeds, A. hypogaea	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 小麦, 花生 T. aestivum, A. hypogaea	37.13° N, 122.06° E, 60 m 空地, 空地 Blank, Blank

序号 No.	CK	A1	A10	A20
1	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m, 小麦, 空地 Triticum aestivum, Blank	37.07° N, 122.11° E, 70 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, Panax quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 小麦, 花生 T. aestivum, Arachis hypogaea	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 40 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
2	37.18° N, 122.24° E, 70 m, 空地, 空地 Blank, Blank	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m, 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Zea mays	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 空地, 番薯 Blank, Ipomoea batatas
3	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Zea mays	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 小麦, 花生 T. aestivum, A. hypogaea	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 40 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
4	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 空地, 花生 Blank, Arachis hypogaea	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 60 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
5	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 玉米, 小麦 Z. mays, T. aestivum	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 60 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 50 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
6	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 空地, 空地 Blank, Blank	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.11° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.11° N, 122.07° E, 70 m 空地, 空地 Blank, Blank
7	37.19° N, 122.25° E, 40 m 小麦, 花生 T. aestivum, A. hypogaea	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.11° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.11° N, 122.07° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z mays
8	37.19° N, 122.25° E, 40 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.11° N, 122.07° E, 0 m 空地, 花生 Blank, A. hypogaea
9	37.19° N, 122.25° E, 35 m 杂草, 玉米 Weeds, Z. mays	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays	37.13° N, 122.06° E, 60 m 空地, 玉米 Blank, Z. mays
10	37.19° N, 122.25° E, 35 m 杂草, 花生 Weeds, A. hypogaea	37.18° N, 122.23° E, 40 m 小麦, 西洋参 T. aestivum, P. quinquefolius	37.07° N, 122.12° E, 70 m 小麦, 花生 T. aestivum, A. hypogaea	37.13° N, 122.06° E, 60 m 空地, 空地 Blank, Blank

化学性质 Chemical property	CK	A1	A10	A20
pH	4.69 ± 0.07^a	4.19 ± 0.04^c	4.49 ± 0.08^b	4.34 ± 0.04^bc
有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	16.38 ± 0.91^a	14.43 ± 0.83^a	13.63 ± 0.80^a	15.15 ± 1.02^a
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	0.97 ± 0.07^a	0.99 ± 0.07^a	0.89 ± 0.05^a	1.03 ± 0.09^a
全磷含量 Total phosphorus content (g·kg^-1)	0.84 ± 0.08^a	0.70 ± 0.07^a	0.71 ± 0.05^a	0.92 ± 0.07^a
碱解氮含量 Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)	103.17 ± 13.79^a	147.84 ± 21.33^a	131.01 ± 11.50^a	117.03 ± 12.67^a
有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	84.82 ± 14.10^a	88.72 ± 24.19^a	94.72 ± 14.80^a	131.70 ± 17.49^a
有效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)	123.97 ± 13.76^b	208.98 ± 7.65^a	132.97 ± 13.26^b	142.87 ± 13.74^b

化学性质 Chemical property	CK	A1	A10	A20
pH	4.69 ± 0.07^a	4.19 ± 0.04^c	4.49 ± 0.08^b	4.34 ± 0.04^bc
有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	16.38 ± 0.91^a	14.43 ± 0.83^a	13.63 ± 0.80^a	15.15 ± 1.02^a
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	0.97 ± 0.07^a	0.99 ± 0.07^a	0.89 ± 0.05^a	1.03 ± 0.09^a
全磷含量 Total phosphorus content (g·kg^-1)	0.84 ± 0.08^a	0.70 ± 0.07^a	0.71 ± 0.05^a	0.92 ± 0.07^a
碱解氮含量 Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)	103.17 ± 13.79^a	147.84 ± 21.33^a	131.01 ± 11.50^a	117.03 ± 12.67^a
有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	84.82 ± 14.10^a	88.72 ± 24.19^a	94.72 ± 14.80^a	131.70 ± 17.49^a
有效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)	123.97 ± 13.76^b	208.98 ± 7.65^a	132.97 ± 13.26^b	142.87 ± 13.74^b

氨基酸类 Amino acids and amino acid analogues	CK	A1	A10	A20
N-乙酰鸟氨酸 N-acetylornithine	0.242 89^a	0.213 73^b	0.212 66^b	0.213 41^b
5-氨基戊酸 5-aminovaleric acid	0.012 67^a	0.011 24^b	0.010 63^b	0.011 16^b
丝氨酸 Serine	0.000 73^a	0.000 51^b	0.000 55^b	0.000 56^b
亮氨酸 Leucine	0.000 07^a	0.000 04^b	0.000 04^b	0.000 04^b
甘氨酸 Glycine	0.005 02^a	0.002 84^c	0.005 35^a	0.003 93^b
组氨酸 Histidine	0.024 44^a	0.008 39^b	0.016 55^ab	0.011 67^b
焦谷氨酸 Pyroglutamic acid	0.001 77^a	0.000 46^b	0.001 77^a	0.000 89^b
苏氨酸 Threonine	0.000 38^a	0.000 26^c	0.000 36^ab	0.000 29^bc
鸟氨酸 Ornithine	0.006 34^a	0.004 55^b	0.005 97^a	0.005 58^a
丙氨酸 Alanine	0.011 65^a	0.004 62^b	0.014 57^a	0.010 09^ab
酪氨酸 Tyrosine	0.000 16^a	0.000 07^b	0.000 23^a	0.000 16^a
谷氨酸 Glutamate	0.001 30^a	0.001 24^a	0.001 06^b	0.001 06^b
N-氨甲酰天冬氨酸 N-carbamoylaspartate	0.000 24^a	0.000 22^ab	0.000 19^b	0.000 20^b
β-丙氨酸 Beta-alanine	0.007 24^a	0.006 87^a	0.005 83^b	0.005 75^b
N-甲基丙氨酸 N-methylalanine	0.019 22^a	0.017 51^ab	0.016 96^b	0.018 00^ab
氨甲环酸 Tranexamic acid	0.000 83^a	0.000 73^ab	0.000 74^ab	0.000 73^b
异亮氨酸 Isoleucine	0.008 87^ab	0.005 10^b	0.013 20^a	0.008 99^ab
L-丝氨酸 L-serine	0.002 20^ab	0.000 95^b	0.003 39^a	0.002 00^ab
L-苏氨酸 L-threonine	0.001 81^ab	0.000 74^b	0.002 80^a	0.001 68^ab
4-氨基丁酸 4-aminobutyric acid	0.002 22^ab	0.001 01^b	0.003 36^a	0.002 72^ab
脯氨酸 Proline	0.002 20^ab	0.000 92^b	0.003 63^a	0.002 50^ab
天冬酰胺 Asparagine	0.002 46^a	0.002 55^a	0.002 21^b	0.002 45^ab
天冬氨酸 Aspartate	0.011 07^b	0.013 10^a	0.012 79^a	0.013 75^a
正缬氨酸 Norvaline	0.002 01^b	0.005 72^a	0.002 30^b	0.003 02^b
甘油 Glycerol	0.177 17^a	0.097 79^b	0.117 46^b	0.125 96^b
槐糖 Sophorose	0.218 81^a	0.112 03^b	0.133 39^b	0.102 29^b
肌醇半乳糖苷 Galactinol	0.005 07^a	0.000 73^b	0.000 97^b	0.001 65^ab
正丁醇 1-butanol	0.003 66^a	0.003 14^b	0.003 70^a	0.003 33^b
帕拉金糖醇 Palatinitol	0.009 99^a	0.007 41^b	0.009 59^ab	0.008 42^bc
松三糖 Melezitose	0.036 72^a	0.013 83^b	0.028 28^ab	0.019 30^bc
葡萄糖 Glucose	0.008 27^a	0.003 69^b	0.007 58^a	0.006 65^ab
双半乳糖醛酸 Digalacturonic acid	0.006 84^a	0.002 20^b	0.007 78^a	0.005 30^ab
麦芽三糖 Maltotriose	0.032 44^a	0.003 75^b	0.007 49^ab	0.008 01^ab
葡萄糖-1-磷酸 Glucose-1-phosphate	0.006 10^a	0.002 89^b	0.005 98^a	0.004 97^ab
麦芽三醇 Maltotriitol	0.007 87^a	0.003 62^b	0.009 20^a	0.005 87^ab
Udp-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖 Udp-N-acetylglucosamine	0.006 06^a	0.001 73^b	0.003 87^ab	0.003 78^ab
D7葡萄糖 D7-glucose	0.002 09^a	0.002 01^a	0.001 55^b	0.001 58^b
己六醇 Hexitol	0.002 40^a	0.002 13^ab	0.001 95^b	0.002 03^b
D-木糖醇 D-xylitol	0.004 85^ab	0.003 63^b	0.012 68^a	0.008 61^ab
3-脱氧葡萄糖醇 3-deoxyhexitol	0.000 74^ab	0.000 08^b	0.000 98^a	0.000 46^ab
山梨醇 Sorbitol	0.834 54^ab	0.363 63^b	1.198 04^a	1.234 67^a
乙二醇 Ethylene glycol	0.025 64^a	0.021 76^ab	0.015 39^b	0.021 35^ab
甲基β-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷 Methyl beta-d-glucopyranoside	0.042 22^ab	0.011 58^b	0.062 45^a	0.027 06^b
1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇 1,5-anhydroglucitol	0.000 23^b	0.000 43^a	0.000 25^b	0.000 27^b