Effects of grassland utilization and altered precipitation intervals on soil inorganic phosphorus fractions in a temperate meadow steppe

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0085

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Changes in precipitation intervals and grassland utilization can substantially influence soil inorganic phosphorus (Pi) fractions.

Methods This study combined field experiments and laboratory analyses to investigate how three grassland utilization methods—grazing, mowing, and enclosure—affect soil Pi fractions in a temperate meadow steppe under different precipitation intervals.

Important findings Under the ambient precipitation regime, aluminum-bound phosphorus (Al-P) content was highest in the mowing grassland, occluded phosphorus (O-P) content was highest in the grazing grassland, and iron-bound phosphorus (Fe-P) and calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) contents were highest in the enclosed grassland. When the precipitation interval was extended, all Pi fractions were highest in the enclosed grassland. Precipitation interval and grassland utilization not only directly altered soil Pi fractions but also indirectly regulated them through changes in soil organic carbon (SOC). Specifically, SOC significantly promoted the accumulation of Al-P and Fe-P by increasing total phosphorus (TP) content and further influenced Pi fractions through its effects on microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and phosphorus (MBP). Within the microbial community, dominant bacterial phyla, including Actinomycetota and Pseudomonadota, were significantly associated with soil properties such as SOC and MBN contents. Among fungal phyla, Chytridiomycota and Basidiomycota showed contrasting relationships with available phosphorus (AP) content, while AP content was significantly positively correlated with O-P content. Overall, changes in precipitation intervals and grassland utilization jointly regulate soil Pi dynamics through physicochemical and microbial pathways, providing a theoretical basis for phosphorus management and ecological restoration in grassland ecosystems.

Key words: temperate meadow steppe, grassland utilization method, precipitation interval, soil inorganic phosphorus fraction

YUAN Shu-Ya, HE Jing, GUO Jia-Qing, SU De-Rong. Effects of grassland utilization and altered precipitation intervals on soil inorganic phosphorus fractions in a temperate meadow steppe[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(6): 1316-1330.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0085

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2026/V50/I6/1316

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1 Layout diagram of experimental plots for experiments on different grassland utilization methods and control of precipitation time intervals. A two-factor random complete block design was adopted. The two fixed factors were the grassland utilization methods (enclosure, mowing, grazing) and the precipitation time intervals (normal precipitation interval (CK), precipitation interval of 10 days (10 d), precipitation interval of 15 days (15 d)). There were a total of 9 treatment combinations, and each treatment was replicated 3 times.

Table 1 Soil physicochemical properties at different precipitation intervals and different grassland utilization methods (mean ± SE)

		pH	SOC (g·kg^-1)	TP (mg·kg^-1)	AP (mg·kg^-1)	MBC (mg·kg^-1)	MBN (mg·kg^-1)	MBP (mg·kg^-1)
CK	M	7.23 ± 0.35^a	13.52 ± 3.21^a	129.33 ± 21.89^a	6.04 ± 2.03^a	284.73 ±70.70^a	48.85 ± 9.75^a	14.18 ± 9.95^a
	E	7.20 ± 0.14^a	12.35 ± 3.11^a	130.53 ± 14.84^a	3.64 ± 0.98^b	425.63 ± 285.00^a	81.84 ± 62.86^a	12.82 ± 8.87^a
	G	7.24 ± 0.25^a	12.88 ± 5.14^a	148.47 ± 40.30^a	5.81 ± 2.30^a	390.91 ± 26.16^a	67.36 ± 18.96^a	14.49 ± 7.40^a
10 d	M	7.09 ± 0.14^a	11.09 ± 2.91^a	107.81 ± 24.04^b	6.31 ± 3.76^a	501.60 ± 288.84^a	87.30 ± 69.46^a	9.71 ± 8.77^b
	E	7.11 ± 0.12^a	13.73 ± 5.64^a	147.90 ± 26.58^a	7.92 ± 3.46^a	390.96 ± 187.04^a	76.80 ± 16.49^a	10.11 ± 8.88^b
	G	6.92 ± 0.26^b	14.58 ± 4.86^a	125.69 ± 20.97^ab	5.44 ± 2.87^a	505.84 ± 176.42^a	88.20 ± 28.96^a	45.21 ± 34.51^a
15 d	M	7.06 ± 0.20^a	15.63 ± 4.63^a	129.72 ± 20.33^a	6.60 ± 10.10^a	513.24 ± 245.32^a	82.25 ± 42.63^ab	17.44 ± 12.83^a
	E	7.09 ± 0.17^a	18.45 ± 3.05^a	143.38 ± 31.78^a	6.77 ± 2.98^a	722.20 ± 219.73^a	121.69 ± 31.95^a	12.90 ± 5.05^a
	G	7.20 ± 0.33^a	14.52 ± 4.90^a	120.28 ± 26.03^a	7.30 ± 3.90^a	602.79 ± 146.47^a	73.92 ± 46.55^b	17.95 ± 16.43^a

Table 2 Two-factor ANOVA of soil physicochemical properties at different precipitation intervals and different grassland utilization methods

	pH		SOC		TP		AP		MBC		MBN		MBP
	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
草地利用方式 Grassland utilization method	0.06	0.94	0.76	0.47	3.315	0.04	0.017	0.98	1.21	0.30	1.919	0.15	6.840	<0.01^**
降水时间间隔 Precipitation interval	4.58	0.01^*	4.97	<0.01^**	0.800	0.45	1.198	0.31	10.13	<0.001^***	2.923	0.06	1.944	0.15
草地利用方式×降水时间间隔 Utilization method × precipitation interval	1.56	0.20	1.53	0.20	2.645	0.04^*	0.815	0.52	1.67	0.17	1.586	0.19	5.002	<0.01^***

Fig. 2 Relative abundances of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) communities at the phylum level at different precipitation intervals under different grassland utilization methods. CK-M, mowing at regular precipitation intervals; CK-E, enclosure at regular precipitation intervals; CK-G, grazing at regular precipitation intervals; 10 d-M, mowing 10 days apart from precipitation; 10 d-E, enclosure 10 days apart from precipitation; 10 d-G, grazing 10 days apart from precipitation; 15 d-M, mowing 15 days apart from precipitation; 15 d-E, enclosure 15 days apart from precipitation; 15 d-G, grazing 15 days apart from precipitation.

Table 3 Comparison of inorganic soil inorganic phosphorus (Pi) fractions concentrations at different precipitation intervals and different grassland utilization methods (mean ± SE)

		Al-P (mg·kg^-1)	Fe-P (mg·kg^-1)	O-P (mg·kg^-1)	Ca-P (mg·kg^-1)
CK	M	4.04 ± 1.60^a	8.96 ± 1.32^b	1.26 ± 0.23^a	17.29 ± 2.14^b
	E	3.96 ± 1.11^a	13.89 ± 4.01^a	1.52 ± 0.51^a	22.83 ± 3.54^a
	G	3.96 ± 1.11^a	13.75 ± 4.00^a	1.63 ± 0.30^a	17.85 ± 0.82^b
10 d	M	2.86 ± 0.32^b	12.09 ± 2.45^a	1.30 ± 0.28^b	17.09 ± 1.24^b
	E	6.09 ± 0.87^a	13.86 ± 5.16^a	1.79 ± 0.36^a	19.82 ± 1.94^a
	G	3.23 ± 0.35^b	11.39 ± 3.80^a	1.50 ± 0.30^ab	16.25 ± 2.18^b
15 d	M	3.69 ± 1.72^ab	10.12 ± 2.33^b	1.69 ± 0.29^a	18.41 ± 1.25^a
	E	5.01 ± 2.04^a	13.11 ± 3.10^a	1.97 ± 0.59^a	19.01 ± 0.56^a
	G	2.89 ± 0.29^b	8.78 ± 1.84^b	1.30 ± 0.82^b	18.05 ± 3.81^a

Table 4 Two-factor analysis results of soil inorganic phosphorus (Pi) fractions concentrations at different precipitation intervals under different grassland utilization methods

	Al-P		Fe-P		O-P		Ca-P
	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
草地利用方式 Grassland utilization methods	15.35	<0.001^***	6.78	<0.01^**	6.83	<0.01^**	17.15	<0.001^***
降水时间间隔 Precipitation interval	0.18	0.83	2.28	0.11	1.80	0.17	3.53	0.04^*
草地利用方式×降水时间间隔 Utilization methods × precipitation interval	5.47	<0.01^**	2.49	0.05	3.72	<0.01^**	3.28	0.02^*

Fig. 3 Percentage of inorganic phosphorus content (Pi) fractions in total phosphorus content (TP). CK-M, mowing at regular precipitation intervals; CK-E, enclosure at regular precipitation intervals; CK-G, grazing at regular precipitation intervals; 10 d-M, mowing 10 days apart from precipitation; 10 d-E, enclosure 10 days apart from precipitation; 10 d-G, grazing 10 days apart from precipitation; 15 d-M, mowing 15 days apart from precipitation; 15 d-E, enclosure 15 days apart from precipitation; 15 d-G, grazing 15 days apart from precipitation. Al-P, the content of aluminum-bound phosphorus; Fe-P,the contents of ferrum-bound phosphorus; O-P, the content of occluded phosphate; Ca-P, the content of calcium-bound phosphorus.

Fig. 4 Correlation analysis of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) fractions in different soils and related soil properties. In the Pearson correlation analysis (A), red indicates a positive correlation, and blue indicates a negative correlation. The redundancy analysis (RDA) (B) takes pH, SOC, TP, AP, MBC, MBN, and MBP contents as environmental factors, and the four inorganic phosphorus components (Al-P, Fe-P, O-P, and Ca-P) contents as the explained variables. CK-M, mowing at regular precipitation intervals; CK-E, enclosure at regular precipitation intervals; CK-G, grazing at regular precipitation intervals; 10 d-M, mowing 10 days apart from precipitation; 10 d-E, enclosure 10 days apart from precipitation; 10 d-G, grazing 10 days apart from precipitation; 15 d-M, mowing 15 days apart from precipitation; 15 d-E, enclosure 15 days apart from precipitation; 15 d-G, grazing 15 days apart from precipitation; AP, available phosphorus content in soil; MBC, microbial biomass carbon in soil; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen in soil; MBP, microbial biomass phosphorus in soil; SOC, soil organic carbon content; TP, total phosphorus content in soil; Al-P, the content of aluminum-bound phosphorus; Fe-P,the contents of ferrum-bound phosphorus; O-P, the content of occluded phosphate; Ca-P, the content of calcium-bound phosphorus. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

Fig. 5 Effects of precipitation interval and utilization pattern on soil inorganic phosphorus (Pi) fractions were investigated using Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM). The numbers on the arrows are the effect values of the relationships, with the red line indicating a significant positive relationship and the gray color indicating an insignificant relationship. GUM, grassland utilization methods; MB, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content; PI, precipitation intervals; Pi_fraction, soil inorganic phosphorus component; PU, precipitation intervals and grassland utilization methods; SOC, soil organic carbon content; TP, total phosphorus content in soil. GOF, goodness of fit. **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

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